朝鲜朔州碱性杂岩体蛭石-磷矿床

朝鲜朔州碱性杂岩体蛭石-磷灰石矿床是塔里木-中朝准地台北缘最早发现并勘探的典型偏碱性超基性岩-碱性岩-碳酸岩三位一体的碱性杂岩体蛭石-磷灰石矿床,其后的20年里我国陆续发现矾山、且干布拉克、马伸桥三个典型碱性杂岩体磷矿,表明塔里木-中朝准地台北缘具有良好的碱性杂岩型磷矿成矿地质构造条件,是具有重要成矿远景的成矿带。朔州杂岩体为印支期侵位于太古宇黑云母花岗岩、片麻岩中,大地构造位置属于营口-宽甸-狼林隆起。岩体由三个侵入期岩石组成,第一期侵入岩为偏碱性超基性岩,第二期为碱性岩,第三期为碳酸岩,磷灰石矿体按成因类型分为碳酸岩型、碱性岩型和交代型,磷矿与碳酸岩和碱性岩有关,蛭石矿与超基性岩有关,磷矿探明储量1亿t,远景储量数亿t,为大型蛭石--磷矿床。     

塔里木-中朝准地台北部内生磷矿成矿带研究

塔里木一中朝两个准地台相关构造-岩浆带中,有两个巨大的超基性-碱性-碳酸岩杂岩型磷矿成矿带。塔里木准地台北缘巴楚-柯坪区、黑应山区、焉耆县胡拉沟区、赛列克布拉克-且干布拉克-阔克塔格区、团结村-北山区等是一个与碱性杂岩有关的磷、蛭石、铁、铌、钽、铍、锆石、稀土等系列矿种的成矿带。中朝准地台北部可划分出蒙中卓资-兴和区、阳原-怀来区、蓟县东部区、兴隆-青龙-绥中区、辽宁凤城-朝鲜朔州区等磷成矿远景区,其中阳原、怀来区中还可进一步确定出5个磷矿找矿靶区。     

内生磷矿成矿规律及预测准则

内生磷矿（主要是岩浆岩型矿床）在世界磷矿资源中占据重要地位。世界三大内生磷矿中，最佳成矿模式为在古老地台边缘或地台活化带，受深大断裂控制的超基性 碱性 碳酸岩杂岩体型磷矿。我国已发现４０多处碱性杂岩，主要分布在华北地台和塔里木地台，展望北方找磷前景乐观。对岩浆岩型磷矿的预测应按其成矿规律、杂岩体分布规律及矿床特征加以把握。     

天津蓟县马伸桥含磷硷性杂岩及其地质意义

马伸桥岩体是由同源不同期次的超基性-硷性-碳酸岩构成的三位一体的杂岩体,其中超基性岩体是一个多韵律的层状岩系,产有9层磷矿,累计厚度68.25m.该类杂岩在世界各古老地台均有产出,半数以上产有磷、铁、稀有金属、稀土元素等矿产.马伸桥岩体是一个比较典型的超基性-硷性-碳酸岩三位一体杂岩,在我国属首例.马伸桥硷性杂岩体产于...     

世界内生磷矿地质及成矿规律

内生磷灰石型矿床在世界磷矿工业中的地位不断上升。世界内生磷矿可划分为超基性-碱性-碳酸岩类(占内生磷矿储量的90％以上,又分超基性-碱性-碳酸岩型、碱性-碳酸岩型、超基性-碱性岩型、超基性-碳酸岩型、碳酸岩型、碱性岩型六亚类),基性岩与超基性岩类,其它类等三大类。各类矿床主要岩石类型,矿物组合,岩体形态、产状、结构,矿体与矿石及其主要产地、大地构造位置等都各具特色。以成矿理论与成矿规律为指导,通过地、物、化、遥综合手段找矿将取得事半功倍的效果。     

塔里木地台北缘内生磷矿预测及资源远景评价

塔里木地台北缘深断裂两侧有多处碱性杂岩体分布。通过对其长约2000km范围内地质资料的搜集,实地地质调查,遥感资料解译,航、地磁异常资料的分析与实测工作、重点评价区工程验证等一系列成果的综合分析与研究,发现260km铁磷矿化带,控矿岩体具有“串珠状等距性特征,铁磷矿体主要赋存在辉石岩和黑云母辉石岩中。”在三个调查区中划分出9个找矿远景区。尉犁-兴地调查区中发现多处偏碱性超基性杂岩体,其中三处远景区经深部验证均发现铁磷矿体。是寻找内生磷矿颇具找矿前景的地区。温宿-拜城调查区是寻找Nb-Ta—P矿前景的最佳地段。巴楚-阿图什调查区应是寻找碳酸盐型磷-稀土矿的有利地区。经研究提出：“古老地台边缘受深大断裂控制的偏碱性-超基性杂岩成矿,碱幔分异-碱性偏碱性不混熔岩浆成矿-熔离作用形成层状铁磷矿体的成岩成矿模式”。     

巴西与碱性岩- 碳酸岩杂岩体相关的关键矿产成矿作用与规律

在巴西,与碱性岩- 碳酸岩杂岩体相关成矿作用复杂,产出了世界上唯一的霞石正长岩型斜锆石矿床、全球最大的铌矿床以及巴西最大的铀矿和镍矿集区,资源储量丰富,具有重要的经济价值和战略意义,同时也是关键矿产成矿作用研究的殿堂。本文在前人研究基础之上,整理分析了35处与碱性岩- 碳酸岩相关的关键矿产地质特征。根据成矿作用特征,划分了4个成矿系列:①霞石正长岩碱性杂岩相关的U- Zr- Mo- REE 和萤石成矿系列;②碱性岩- 碳酸岩杂岩(正长岩+辉石岩+霓霞岩+碳酸岩等)相关的Nb- P- Ti- REE和蛭石成矿系列;③阿拉斯加型超基性岩- 碱性杂岩体相关的Ni成矿系列;④交代正长岩相关的U- P成矿系列。根据关键矿产资源时空分布规律,划分了5个成矿带:(Ⅰ)Lancinha- Cubato碱性岩- 碳酸岩相关REE- P- U- Zr- Ni- Mo- 蛭石成矿带;(Ⅱ)Rio de Janeiro- Rondnia碱性岩- 碳酸岩- 金伯利岩相关的Nb- REE- Ti- Zr- P- 金刚石成矿带;(Ⅲ)Ceará- Mato Grossodo Sul 超基性岩- 碱性岩- 碳酸岩相关的Ni- U- P- 蛭石成矿带;(Ⅳ)亚马逊地区碳酸岩相关Nb- REE- Th- Ti- P成矿带;(Ⅴ)巴伊亚地区与变正长岩相关的U成矿带。本文还详细介绍了典型矿床成矿地质特征和成矿条件,为走出去寻找关键矿产资源基地提供了理论支撑。     

我国首例典型超基性-碱性-碳酸岩杂岩体及磷矿的发现

通过40年前验证马伸桥航磁异常获得的隐伏超基性碱性岩体钻孔原始编录等资料的综合分析研究,发现了岩体深部为火成碳酸岩体,从而确立为我国首例典型超基性岩-碱性岩-碳酸岩三位一体的杂岩;发现超基性岩为一多韵律的层状岩系;发现9个磷矿层,累积厚度68.25m,P2O5含量6%¹2.6%,已构成大型中品位磷灰石矿床。马伸桥杂岩体与矾山杂岩体具有诸多相同或相似性特点,有极大可比性:都是航磁发现的隐伏岩体、围岩为中元古代蓟县系白云岩、产出的地质构造为燕山台褶带、成矿时代为印支期、多韵律的层状岩系、产大型到超大型磷灰石矿……。这才是"矾山式"磷矿的独特特点。     

新疆且干布拉克岩浆型磷矿

正成矿区带:塔里木陆块北缘隆起成矿带(Ⅲ-13)。建造构造:赋矿偏碱性基性超基性-碳酸岩体,可划分出含磷灰石黑云母次透辉石岩相、磁铁矿次透辉石岩相、纯橄岩相、碳酸岩相。其中磷灰石矿床主要赋存在含磷灰石黑云母次透辉石岩相、碳酸岩相和磁铁矿次透辉石岩相内。成矿时代:新元古代。且干布拉克辉石岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(818±11)Ma;碳酸岩斜锆石U-Pb年龄为(810±6)Ma(王玉往等,2013)。     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区铁磷矿成矿条件及找矿预测

通过对库鲁克塔格地区基性-超基性杂岩带成矿条件、地球物理、含矿杂岩体特征、岩体地球化学等几个方面的综合研究。将库鲁克塔格地区基性-超基性杂岩划分出卡乌留克塔格-团结村北山、兴地河两大杂岩矿集区。总结了控矿因素与成矿规律,建立找矿标志,进行了成矿远景预测,划分出7个成矿远景区,通过预测首次发现铁磷矿床与矿化带,为在我国北方寻找内生磷矿拓展了方向。     

Flotation of calcareous Mussorie phosphate ore

Separation of Mussorie rock phosphate (P₂O₅ = 20%) from Uttar Pradesh, India, containing pyrite, calcite and other carbonaceous impurities by flotation has been successfully attempted to upgrade the phosphate values. Based on Hallimond cell flotation results of single and synthetic mineral mixtures of calcite and apatite using oleic acid and potassium phosphate, conditions were obtained for the separation of calcite from apatite which is considered to be the most difficult step in the beneficiation of calcareous phosphates. Further studies using 250 g of the mineral (?60 +150 and ?150 mesh fractions, deslimed) in laboratory size Fagergren subaeration machine employed a stagewise flotation viz. carbonaceous materials using terpineol, pyrite using potassium-ethyl xanthate and calcite using oleic acid respectively. Separation was, however, found to be unsatisfactory in the absence of a depressant.Among starch, hydrofluosilicic acid and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, which were tried as depressants for apatite in the final flotation stage, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate proved to be superior to others. However, the tests with the above fractions did not yield the required grade. This was possibly due to insufficient liberation of the phosphate mineral from the ore body and different experimental conditions due to scale up operations. Experiments conducted using ?200 mesh deslimed fractions has yielded an acceptable grade of 27.6% P₂O₅ with a recovery of about 60%. The results have been explained in terms of the specific adsorption characteristics of phosphate ions on apatite and the liberation size of the mineral.     

The oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate as an effective tracer for phosphate sources in Hongfeng Lake

In order to characterize the oxygen isotopic composition of internal phosphate and explore the possibility of using these data to identify phosphate sources, we measured oxygen isotopic compositions of phosphate (δ¹⁸O_p) in sediment pore water in Hongfeng Lake, a typical deep-water lake in a mountainous area. These data, in combination with δ¹⁸O_p in surface water samples and water column samples, were successfully used to identify phosphate sources. The δ¹⁸O_p value of sediment pore water ranged from 15.2‰ to 15.8‰, with an average value of 15.5‰—the δ¹⁸O_p value of internal phosphate. The δ¹⁸O_p values decreased gradually through the water column from 19.4‰ in surface water to 16.4‰ in deeper water, implying that internal phosphate had more negative δ¹⁸O_p values than external phosphate. This finding was substantiated by horizontal variations in δ¹⁸O_P values, which decreased with increasing distance from inflowing rivers. All collected evidence suggests that external and internal phosphate have distinctly different isotopic signatures and that these signatures have not been considerably altered by biological mediation in Hongfeng Lake. Therefore, δ¹⁸O_P can be used to distinguish phosphate sources. A two-endmember mixing model showed that internal phosphate had an average contribution of 40%, highlighting the influence of internal phosphorus loading on aqueous phosphate and eutrophication. This study illustrates the need to reduce the internal phosphorus load from sediment and provides guidance for nutrient management and in-lake restoration treatment in Hongfeng Lake. The data presented here are limited, but serve to highlight the great potential of δ¹⁸O_p as an effective tracer for identifying phosphate sources. Systematic investigations of the oxygen isotopic compositions of external phosphate, internal phosphate, and phosphate through the water column, in combination with in-lake P biogeochemical cycle study, would be desirable in further research.     

Bacterially-mediated authigenesis of clays in phosphate stromatolites

Authigenic clays in close textural relation to carbonate fluorapatite within finely laminated phosphate stromatolites of Upper Jurassic age have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM). Stromatolite laminae consist of hexagonal prisms of francolite (sizes ranging between 0·1 and 1 μm) that are surrounded by poorly crystalline smectite and amorphous Fe–Si–Al oxyhydroxides. Microanalyses show that smectite is Fe rich, with highly variable composition, particularly regarding Fe and Si contents. Smectite has significant beidellitic, montmorillonitic and non-tronitic substitutions. Although the lack of fringe contrast in some areas adjacent to the smectite packets with 1·0–1·3 nm spacing is due to differences in orientation of layers, textural and analytical data clearly indicate the presence of Fe–Si–Al amorphous phases intimately intergrown with smectite. The occurrence of poorly crystalline smectite and associated amorphous phases within microbially precipitated stromatolite laminae, both as envelopes around, and as pore-fillings between extremely small calcium phosphate crystals, demonstrates authigenic smectite growth from a precursor Fe–Si–Al amorphous material. This material is formed in close association with a phosphate-rich precursor. The textural and structural relations, the preservation of chemical precursors of glauconite such as nontronitic montmorillonite, and the presence of Fe–Si–Al amorphous mineral phases, imply crystallization of the observed crystalline phases from synsedimentary (bacterially precipitated) amorphous precursors during early diagenesis in postoxic environments. Carbonate fluorapatite was the first phase to crystallize from the primary gel; smectite and associated amorphous Fe–Si–Al oxyhydroxides were the residual material of the crystallization process. The slow rate of transformation (at low temperatures) from Fe–Si–Al-rich gels to smectite, explains the textural relations between the poorly crystalline phases and the phosphate crystals, as well as the preservation of amorphous substances in relation to clays. Authigenic smectite represents the first step in glauconitization.     

沙特北部恩乌尔磷矿床磷块岩地球化学特征 及沉积古环境分析

对沙特北部恩乌尔(Umm Wu'al)磷矿的磷块岩的常量、微量和稀土元素地球化学特征进行分析研究,探讨矿区内Arqah磷矿段中磷块岩的沉积古环境。分析结果表明,区内磷块岩主要由内碎屑、少量陆源碎屑、生物碎屑和填隙物等组成,以富含CaO、P_2O_5,少MgO、SiO_2为特点。磷块岩中Ba含量高达350×10~(-6),Sr含量高达1433×10~(-6),表明磷块岩成矿与生物作用关系密切。磷块岩Sr/Ba比值1.96～21.20,反映出其是为正常沉积的,而U/Th比值2.83～21.83,均大于1,则反映出成矿过程中有热水作用参与。δU为1.79～2.0,均大于1,表明磷块岩形成于明显的缺氧沉积环境。磷块岩稀土总量较高(平均150×10~(-6)),经北美页岩标准化的稀土配分模式曲线呈现近乎水平,轻重稀土分异程度低,轻稀土相对亏损,重稀土富集的特征。LREE/HREE比值0.63～2.08,绝大多数大于1,(La/Yb)_N平均为1.14,接近1,显示出磷块岩总体成矿古地理环境变化不明显,局部时段受海平面升降有所变化。δCe平均为0.28,小于1,负异常显著,进一步表明磷块岩形成于明显的缺氧的沉积环境。δEu平均为0.91,接近1,综合分析认为该区磷块岩形成于远岸的古地理变化不明显的缺氧沉积环境。     

宜昌磷矿北部某矿区磷矿选矿试验研究与评价

针对宜昌磷矿北部某矿区磷矿矿石性质及可选特性,进行了单一反浮选试验、重液浮沉试验和重介质-反浮选联合工艺扩大试验,并对试验结果进行了综合评价。结果表明,采用重介质-反浮选联合工艺,比较适合该矿开发利用,在分选介质密度2.415g/cm3,磨矿细度-200目(-0.076mm)含量63.70%,原矿P2O5品位20.81%、Mg O含量6.08%时,获得了精矿产率54.69%、P2O5品位30.58%、Mg O含量0.87%,磷回收率80.36%的选矿指标。试验研究结果为该类矿石的合理开发利用提供了参考。     

贵州瓮福磷矿含磷岩系层序特征及黔中古陆控矿意义

新元古代末期震旦系陡山沱阶和早古生代早期寒武系梅树村阶是全球两大成磷时期。贵州瓮福磷矿含磷岩系—早震旦世陡山沱组磷矿a矿层与b矿层,是震旦系陡山沱阶成磷事件的典型代表。瓮福磷矿含磷岩系为在浅水陆棚地区沉积的一套与磷矿有成因联系的岩石组合,属于浅海台地相型;含磷岩系具备早期准备阶段、磷质富集阶段及晚期磷质贫化消失阶段的沉积特征,在纵向上呈三段式递变;以陡山沱组内三段(Z_1d~3)与四段(Z_1d~4)侵蚀间断面分隔,两次海侵旋回造成两次磷质的富集,经生物化学、机械破碎簸选及后期改造形成a、b两层工业磷矿体。瓮福磷矿陡山沱期构造位置位于上扬子陆块东南部,雪峰运动结束冒地槽沉积造就了黔中古陆以及东部半封闭的海湾浅滩。瓮福磷矿陡山沱期处于黔中古陆东缘,东临大海,整体地势西高东低;以黔中古陆为中心,从西到东、由陆向海形成古陆—滨岸—浅海—深海的古地理格局。黔中古陆在陡山沱期两次海侵旋回中,一方面其边缘海湾浅滩为磷质富集提供有利的沉积环境,另一方面其遭受剥蚀和夷平作用后为磷块岩矿床的形成提供含石英、长石、白云石、黏土等矿物的陆源碎屑。通过典型岩相剖面分析,黔中古陆边缘海湾浅滩的沉积环境及岩相直接控制了瓮福磷矿床的形成和分布,其具有重要的控矿意义。     

在我国首次发现的三种磷酸锌矿物

在广东某锰矿区的南部,笔者发现三种罕见的磷酸锌矿物——副磷锌矿、磷钙锌矿、三斜磷锌矿。这三种矿物在我国均属首次发现。笔者对这三种矿物作了物理性质、化学性质、晶体光学性质、晶体结构、红外吸收光谱、差热分析等方面的测试,所得数据与国外资料对比基本相同。但经多次测定,该副磷锌矿为二轴晶负光性而与丹纳氏矿物学描述不同。本文较详细地描述了这些矿物的光性特征。     

Evaluation of coal as adsorbent for phosphate removal

This paper reports the adsorption of phosphate ions on coal, charcoal, and coal ash. The influences of factors such as contact time, and initial adsorbate concentration have been studied. Adsorption of phosphate ions on virgin coal was significant compared to charcoal, coal and coal ash evacuated at 200°C. The significant adsorption capability of coal is due to the porosity as well as due to organic carbon and inorganic elements present in coal. The evacuation of coal proved to be ineffective in enhancing its capability for phosphate ions retention. The adsorption behaviors of all the three adsorbent used was conformed using Freundlich’s adsorption model. The results suggest that coal could be used as an efficient adsorbent for removing phosphate ions from wastewater.     

Coral skeleton P/Ca proxy for seawater phosphate: Multi-colony calibration with a contemporaneous seawater phosphate record

A geochemical proxy for surface ocean nutrient concentrations recorded in coral skeleton could provide new insight into the connections between sub-seasonal to centennial scale nutrient dynamics, ocean physics, and primary production in the past. Previous work showed that coralline P/Ca, a novel seawater phosphate proxy, varies synchronously with annual upwelling-driven cycles in surface water phosphate concentration. However, paired contemporaneous seawater phosphate time-series data, needed for rigorous calibration of the new proxy, were lacking. Here we present further development of the P/Ca proxy in Porites lutea and Montastrea sp. corals, showing that skeletal P/Ca in colonies from geographically distinct oceanic nutrient regimes is a linear function of seawater phosphate (PO_4 SW) concentration. Further, high-resolution P/Ca records in multiple colonies of Pavona gigantea and Porites lobata corals grown at the same upwelling location in the Gulf of Panamá were strongly correlated to a contemporaneous time-series record of surface water PO_4 SW at this site (r² = 0.7-0.9). This study supports application of the following multi-colony calibration equations to down-core records from comparable upwelling sites, resulting in ±0.2 and ±0.1 μmol/kg uncertainties in PO_4 SW reconstructions from P. lobata and P. gigantea, respectively.

     

Uranium deposits with a new phosphate type of blacks

Data on ningyoite [CaU(PO₄)₂ · 2H₂O] occurrences in uranium ores and on deposits with ores composed entirely or largely of this mineral are considered. Most of the recent findings of ningyoite mineralization are confined to infiltration deposits, and only sporadic ones, to pegmatites and hydrothermal deposits. The geological settings and mineral assemblages indicate that ningyoite ores are formed from neutral or slightly alkaline solutions at higher Eh values relative to other types of uranium blacks (uraninite, coffinite) and are localized in the reducing zone at the boundary of redox zoning. The factors that testify to the decisive role of microbiological processes in the formation of monomineral ningyoite ore are considered. All hydrogenic deposits (occurrences) of ningyoite ore known to date in Japan, Bulgaria, Canada, Kazakhstan, and Siberia belong to the same ground-infiltration genetic type.