An analytical solution for modeling thermal energy transfer in a confined aquifer system

A mathematical model is developed for simulating the thermal energy transfer in a confined aquifer with different geological properties in the underlying and overlying rocks. The solutions for temperature distributions in the aquifer, underlying rock, and overlying rock are derived by the Laplace transforms and their corresponding time-domain solutions are evaluated by the modified Crump method. Field data adopted from the literature are used as examples to demonstrate the applicability of the solutions in modeling the heat transfer in an aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system. The results show that the aquifer temperature increases with time, injection flow rate, and water temperature. However, the temperature decreases with increasing radial and vertical distances. The heat transfer in the rocks is slow and has an effect on the aquifer temperature only after a long period of injection time. The influence distance depends on the aquifer physical and thermal properties, injection flow rate, and injected water temperature. A larger value of thermal diffusivity or injection flow rate will result in a longer influence distance. The present solution can be used as a tool for designing the heat injection facilities for an ATES system.     

Using TOUGH2 numerical simulation to analyse the geothermal formation in Guide basin,China

The Guide sedimentary basin is located in the northeastern part of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which is rich in geothermal resources. However,exploitation of the geothermal resources has so far been limited,because of limited understanding of the resources quantity and storage gained from scientific researches. In this study,using a typical cross section across the basin and taking into account its geothermal and geological conditions,a new water-heat coupled model was built and associated modelling was done by the software TOUGH2. During modelling process,the accuracy and applicability of the model was confirmed through the calibration of relevant parameters for modelling the heat and water transport and the formation of geothermal reservoir across the basin,with particular focus on the Neogene geothermal field. Results show that the groundwater that flows from the basin margins to the center is heated by the Neogene and Paleogene sedimentary rocks with high geothermal gradients. Since the east-west extending fault F1 is conductive,it acts as preferential flow paths which on one hand provide additional and rapid flows to the thermal reservoir; and on the other hand,cool down the thermal water to a certain extent due to the infiltration of shallower water sources in the vicinity of the fault. Furthermore,the estimated geothermal resources quantity is close to that of previous studies. In comparison with the Paleogene rock formations,the Neogene geothermal reservoir shows a better nature in terms of water content,aquifer permeability and resources exploitability,although the resource quantity of the Paleogene reservoir is considerable.     

Seepage-heat transfer coupling process of low temperature return water injected into geothermal reservoir in carbonate rocks in Xian County,China

Fracture seepage and heat transfer in the geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks after the reinjection of low temperature geothermal return water is a complex coupling process,which is also the frontier of geothermal production and reinjection research. Based on the research of cascade comprehensive development of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xian County),the carbonate geothermal reservoir of Wumishan formation in the geothermal field in Xian County is investigated. With the development of the discrete fracture network model and the coupling model of seepage and heat transfer,the numerical solution of seepage field and temperature field with known fracture network is reached using the finite element software COMSOL,and the coupling process of seepage flow and heat in carbonate rocks is revealed. The results show that the distribution of temperature field of fractured rocks in geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks has strong non-uniformity and anisotropy. The fracture network is interpenetrated,which constitutes the dominant channel of water conduction,and along which the fissure water moves rapidly. Under the influence of convective heat transfer and conductive heat transfer,one of the main factors to be considered in the study of thermal breakthrough is to make the cold front move forward rapidly. When the reinjection and production process continues for a long time and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir on the pumping side drops to a low level,the temperature of bedrocks is still relatively high and continues to supply heat to the fissure water,so that the temperature of the thermal reservoir on the pumping side will not decrease rapidly to the water temperature at the inlet of reinjection,but will gradually decrease after a long period of time,showing an obvious long tail effect. The distribution of fractures will affect the process of seepage and heat transfer in carbonate reservoirs,which should be considered in the study of fluid thermal coupling in carbonate reservoirs.     

地热储层单裂隙岩体渗流传热数值模拟研究

研究地热储层裂隙岩体中的渗流传热过程对干热岩地热资源的开采具有重要的意义。本文以干热岩地热工程为背景,采用COMSOL Multiphysics数值模拟软件对地热储层单裂隙岩体中渗流传热机理进行了研究,并分析了流体注入速度和温度对岩体温度场的影响及其对干热岩地热工程的影响。研究发现流体参数对岩体温度场的影响主要体现在两个方面：一方面是对岩体温度场受扰动区域以及幅度的影响,另一方面是对岩体温度场达到稳态所需要时间的影响。流体注入速度的提升会降低系统的寿命和寿命期的出口法向总热量值,当考虑出口法向总热通量时,存在最佳流体注入速度,本研究中最佳流体注入速度为0.011m/s。流体注入温度的提升会增加系统的寿命和系统的出口法向总热通量和总热量。研究为干热岩自热资源的开发与利用提供了理论依据,为工程运行参数的设计提供了参考依据。     

胶东半岛不同构造单元深部热流分流聚热模式

中生代、新生代时期地壳剧烈运动将胶东半岛划分为胶北隆起、胶莱凹陷、胶南-威海隆起三大构造单元,其中隆起山地区广泛分布花岗岩、变质岩,凹陷盆地区主要分布砂岩沉积地层,胶北隆起区与威海隆起区相对于胶莱凹陷盆地区具有更高的大地热流值.为系统分析胶东半岛大地热流值分布特征及其形成机理,本文在分析胶东半岛构造-热发展史、地热地质背景、地温场分布、岩石热导率、钻孔岩性与测温数据、地热流体化学成分等基础上,发现胶东半岛地热资源均为断裂构造控制类型的中低温对流型,其热源主要为三元聚热:导热断裂带水热对流、大地热流传导、地下水运移传导-对流;构造分布、岩石热物性、地热热储分布、地下水活动等是影响地温场分布的主要因素.针对胶东半岛地温场特征及其控制因素,提出了适合该地区的隆起-凹陷分流聚热模式与概念模型,即隆起山地区岩性以导热率、渗透率相对较高的侵入岩、变质岩为主,凹陷盆地区岩性以导热率、渗透率相对较低的砂岩为主,低导热率、低渗透率的凹陷区底部更像是一个相对隔热、隔水的顶板,使得来自地壳深部的大地热流及携带热量的流体、气体等在上涌的过程中在凹陷区的底部发生折射与再分配,从而导致热流在隆起山地区的底部形成一个温度相对更高的聚热区,反映在地表即是隆起山地区相对凹陷盆地区具有更高的大地热流值,特别隆起山地区轴部位置为热流值最高的区域,高热流值区域分布形态呈NE、NNE向分布,基本与胶东半岛NE、NNE向的深大断裂走向一致,该模式的提出可以更好地为胶东地区的地热资源勘探提供指导方向.     

河北汤泉地热田地温场分布及其控制因素研究

汤泉位于河北省遵化市西北部,为山前丘陵地貌,地热资源丰富。本文对汤泉地热田内分布的诸多基岩热水井进行了钻孔测温,利用测温结果对该地热田地温场分布特征及控制因素进行了研究。研究发现:钻孔温度明显受地下水流的影响,绝大部分测温井表现为对流传热特征,个别表现为传导为主的传热特征;地温异常区域位于汤泉福泉宫和疗养院一带,异常中心呈两极分布,地热异常中心50 m埋深水温为51~54℃,100 m埋深水温可达60~67℃;该地热系统中地热水系地下水在深循环过程中,在正常的大地热流背景下被围岩逐渐加热所致;由花岗岩隔水底板构造形态所形成的隐伏盆地,构成了福泉宫至疗养院一带的蓄水构造;由于断裂构造切割花岗岩体,造成深部的热流沿断裂上升,混合并加热赋存于福泉宫至疗养院一带蓄水构造中的片麻岩裂隙水,形成该地段的地热异常现象;福泉宫地区和疗养院地区片麻岩含水层裂隙发育,使得深部热量能够快速到达浅部地层,并在浅部出现局部异常高温;汤泉地热田片麻岩热储层地热流体属于含岩盐地层溶滤的陆相沉积水,主要来源于大气降水。     

盆地潜凸起岩溶热储地热田成因机理：以菏泽潜凸起为例

盆地潜凸起岩溶热储地热田是我国主要供暖用热储之一,具有分布面积广、水温高、水量大等特点,是北方清洁供暖的重要可再生热源。本文以菏泽潜凸起岩溶热储地热田为例,通过地质构造、岩溶发育特征、同位素和水文地球化学特征、地温场空间分布规律、地热水动力场的系统分析,揭示地热田岩溶地热水补给源、运移途径和富集机理：地热水来源于东北部梁山、东部嘉祥一带基岩山区大气降水入渗补给,主要循环富集于层间岩溶与断裂破碎带复合处。根据地温场空间分布特征揭示的热源及其传递和聚集特征,提出了四元聚热机制,一元是大地热流毯状传导聚热、二元是凸起区高热导率分流聚热、三元是导热断裂或岩体接触带带状对流聚热、四元是地下水运移传导-对流聚热。在热储富集和聚热成因机理研究基础上,构建了基于水源、热源及深部岩溶发育特征的地热田成因机理模型,揭示了地热能富集规律。     

Heat extraction from aquifer geothermal systems

This study aims to model temperature distributions in an aquifer thermal extraction (ATE) system that contains a single extraction well in a thin confined aquifer. The aquifer is bounded by hot dry rocks with different thermomechanical properties and thicknesses. Based on the heat convection–conduction equation, a mathematical model is developed to describe the spatial and temporal temperature distributions of the ATE systems. The mechanisms of heat transfer in the model involve horizontal convection and thermal conduction in the aquifer, and vertical thermal conduction in both rocks. A semi‐analytical solution in dimensionless form is developed using the Laplace transform technique and its corresponding time‐domain result is computed by the modified Crump method. In addition, the steady‐state solution is obtained by applying the final value theorem. The simulation results from the semi‐analytical solution indicate that the aquifer temperature distributions are affected by aquifer thickness, the thermomechanical properties of the aquifer and rocks, geothermal gradient, outer boundary temperatures of the rocks, extraction rate, and operating time. The present solution can be used as a preliminary tool for assessing heat extraction efficiency in ATE systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

缝网间距对高温岩体储留层温度影响规律模拟

为研究高温岩体储留层注水过程中缝网间距对储留层岩体温度的影响规律,建立了考虑热对流和热传导效应的热流固耦合力学模型。以水平井多簇缝网地热开发为例,将缝网及其周围岩体简化为等效的多孔介质,利用ABAQUS二次开发功能实现了流固耦合和热对流耦合。模拟结果表明：储留层岩体温度的变化按注水持续时间分为3个阶段：初温保持阶段,该阶段储留层岩体温度保持原始温度,缝网间距的不同对储留层岩体整体温度无影响;快速降温阶段,该阶段储留层岩体温度下降随注水时间呈现负指数变化规律,缝网间距与储留层岩体温度呈正相关关系;温度缓慢下降平稳阶段,该阶段初期缝网间距与储留层岩体温度的关系和快速降温阶段一致,但后期缝网间距与储留层岩体温度呈负相关关系。空间上,在岩体温度高的区域,缝网间距越小,岩体温度变化梯度越大;在岩体温度较低的区域,缝网间距越小,岩体温度变化梯度越小。     

济南北部地热勘探与开发综述

通过对济南北部地质构造、水文地质条件、地热特征、地热田控制因素及分布分析认为,该地区岩浆活动较为强烈,热储层以奥陶系石灰岩含水岩层为最佳层状热储,奥陶系埋藏条件在区域北倾单斜构造的背景下,总体由南而北逐渐深埋。该地南部山区大气降水下渗向北径流,其中少量岩溶水在水头差作用下岩体继续向北径流,进行深循环加温,至地热田形成地下热水。在充分分析该地水文地质条件上基础上,根据它们分布和赋存深度,探讨寻找地下热水的区段及其方向,为区内地热开发提供依据。     

新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热资源研究进展

归纳了新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热地质条件,分析了区内地质构造、地温分布、地热流体化学及同位素特征,研究了地热形成机理,计算了曲曼地热田的地热资源量和可开采量。结果表明: 研究区地热资源受断裂构造控制; 地温变化与盖层、完整基岩、断裂带(热储)表现出明显的一致性,目前实测最高热储温度为161 ℃,深部热储计算温度可达222~268 ℃,地温梯度最高为149.20 ℃/100 m; 地热流体具有深循环特征,与浅表冷水的水化学和同位素特征具有明显的差异; 地热流体来源于大气降水,在断裂及裂隙内储存、运移、富集,在侵入岩体放射性生热和结晶余热的热量供应下,地下流体不断与围岩进行热量及物质交换,在热储围岩和盖层中,热量以传导方式为主,在热储内,热量以对流方式为主; 曲曼地热田储存的热量为55.919×10¹¹ MJ,地热流体可开采量约为12 593 m³/d,产能(热能)约为77.9 MW。因此认为,塔什库尔干谷地热储埋藏深度浅,易开采,具有可观的直接和间接经济价值。     

Analysis of thermal parameters of Triassic,Permian and Carboniferous sedimentary rocks in central Poland

The paper shows thermal tests results (thermal conductivity, specific heat) carried out during the research project to recognize the potential of hot dry rocks for heat and electricity production in Poland. Analysis of such parameters of the rock medium has fundamental significance in search of structures for location of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Analyses of thermal conductivity as well as specific heat determine the possibility of effective extraction of heat from hot rock formations and its efficient transfer to the land surface. Reservoir rock should be characterized by the lowest possible porosity and permeability, and the highest possible thermal conductivity. In order to recognize reservoir parameters of rocks that form potential reservoirs for EGS, 300 samples of sedimentary rocks were taken from 11 wells located in central Poland. For samples, sizes of which enabled measurement of thermal parameters, tests of thermal conductivity and specific heat were carried out. Independently, measurements of porosity were made. The porosity magnitude determines values of measured thermal parameters. Measurements of thermal conductivity of rocks were made for 24 samples collected from Triassic, Permian and Carboniferous deposits in six wells. Measurements of specific heat on rock samples were made for 20 rock samples. Among sedimentary rocks, principally sandstones and limestones with reservoir parameters favourable for this type of systems are considered to be petrogeothermal reservoirs and are often characterized by favourable thermal parameters for EGS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川西南喜德热田地下水水文地球化学特征

地下热水的形成和化学组分特征常受断裂构造和热储地层岩性的影响。川西南喜德地热田内出露的冷泉水和地热水严格受断裂控制,前者为主断裂控制的浅循环型碎屑岩或岩溶裂隙孔隙水;后者则为次级断裂所控制的深循环型裂隙水,其热储层为碳酸盐岩。基于喜德热田形成的地质构造背景,通过开展热田内地热水和冷泉水水化学指标的测试和分析及水岩相互作用模拟,对该热田水文地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明：喜德热田地热水和冷泉水水源均为大气降水,补给高程分别为2 874~3 092 m和2 584~2 818 m。受温度、含水层矿物类型、水岩相互作用的影响,地热水和冷泉水水化学类型和各组分差别较大,前者为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水,后者为HCO3-Ca·Mg型水。水岩相互作用模拟表明碳酸盐岩矿物、石膏矿物的溶解和沉淀及阳离子交换过程是导致地热水和冷泉水水化学组分差别较大的主要原因。此外,采用二氧化硅类温标计算喜德热田热储温度为56~90 ℃,循环深度为1 422~2 558 m。研究结果对阐明喜德热田的成因模式,地热水的进一步开发和热水资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。     

太原盆地岩溶热储地热资源评价

太原盆地断裂构造发育,地热资源丰富,是我国具有代表性的中低温地热田,故太原盆地地热资源的整体评价对其大规模的开发利用具有重要意义。以太原盆地构造演化分析、地震和电法等剖面解释、最新钻井测井解释成果为研究基础,以盆地二级构造单元为划分依据,采用“热储体积法”将太原盆地划分为8个地热田并作为评价单元。针对8个评价单元的寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶热储进行了精细评价。综合评价得出太原盆地碳酸盐岩岩溶热储具有热储盖层稳定、埋深浅、储集层段多、储量大等特点。表现为岩溶热储上覆盖层厚度400~2 000 m,储集层从老至新依次发育了奥陶系峰峰组、上马家沟组、下马家沟组、亮甲山组和寒武系凤山组、长山组6套主力含水层段。地温梯度一般为3~4 ℃/100 m之间,热储温度为30~80 ℃。在此基础上,根据地热田热储面积和厚度、热储温度、孔隙度、比热容和密度等参数,计算西温庄地热田地热资源量,得出太原盆地可采资源量13.84×10⁸ GJ,折合标煤4 721.9×10⁴ t,初步摸清了太原盆地的地热资源分布规律以及资源量。     

福州盆地地热水微量元素特征

福州地热田是以燕山晚期侵入岩为主要热储层的中低温对流型地热系统.通过对福州盆地不同类型地下水的取样分析发现,福州盆地不同类型地下水中微量元素质量浓度变化关系较复杂.研究表明,地热水微量元素质量浓度主要受含水介质的岩性控制,也与地下水温度有关.对所检测的19个微量元素,除个别元素外,第四系孔隙水微量元素质量浓度均大于基岩裂隙水;Ga、Rb、Sb、Se、Sr、Tl元素质量浓度随水温的升高而增高.基岩裂隙热水与第四系孔隙水混合形成的第四系热水中,As、Cd、Cu、Mo、Pb、Sb、Se、Sr等元素质量浓度明显增高,说明在混合过程中这些元素又发生了溶解作用.根据地热水微量元素与盆地周围不同期次侵入岩体微量元素质量浓度的聚类分析,得出福州地热水形成的地球化学环境主要与福州岩体、魁岐岩体和文笔山岩体的岩性有关.地热水微量元素是地热水在形成过程中与这些岩体的岩石接触发生水-岩相互作用形成的.     

井口水温与热储层温度关系的有限元模拟及实例剖析

热储温度是地热研究和地热资源开发中一个重要参数,但直接测量深部热储温度有时有困难。笔者在建立围岩体热动态方程和将热水井作为热管降温的热动态方程的基础上,以有限元法对围岩体的热过程和热水井的温度场进行分析研究,并以北京、冀中和湛江地区的热水井为例,揭示井口温度与热储温度之间的函数关系,从而求得热储温度或预测井口温度。     

Controls on the deep thermal field: implications from 3-D numerical simulations for the geothermal research site Groß Schönebeck

The deep thermal field in sedimentary basins can be affected by convection, conduction or both resulting from the structural inventory, physical properties of geological layers and physical processes taking place therein. For geothermal energy extraction, the controlling factors of the deep thermal field need to be understood to delineate favorable drill sites and exploitation compartments. We use geologically based 3-D finite element simulations to figure out the geologic controls on the thermal field of the geothermal research site Groß Schönebeck located in the E part of the North German Basin. Its target reservoir consists of Permian Rotliegend clastics that compose the lower part of a succession of Late Carboniferous to Cenozoic sediments, subdivided into several aquifers and aquicludes. The sedimentary succession includes a layer of mobilized Upper Permian Zechstein salt which plays a special role for the thermal field due to its high thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the salt is impermeable and due to its rheology decouples the fault systems in the suprasalt units from subsalt layers. Conductive and coupled fluid and heat transport simulations are carried out to assess the relative impact of different heat transfer mechanisms on the temperature distribution. The measured temperatures in 7 wells are used for model validation and show a better fit with models considering fluid and heat transport than with a purely conductive model. Our results suggest that advective and convective heat transport are important heat transfer processes in the suprasalt sediments. In contrast, thermal conduction mainly controls the subsalt layers. With a third simulation, we investigate the influence of a major permeable and of three impermeable faults dissecting the subsalt target reservoir and compare the results to the coupled model where no faults are integrated. The permeable fault may have a local, strong impact on the thermal, pressure and velocity fields whereas the impermeable faults only cause deviations of the pressure field.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘延安地区中深层地热能特征研究

近年来水热型、浅层地热能发展产生的缺点问题日益突出,以取热不取水为原则,中深层U型水平对接换热技术成为新的技术方向。通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘延安地区地层岩性、地温梯度特征、热储层特征等特征研究,分析了研究区中深层地热资源潜力,研究结果表明鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶系马家沟组为良好的热传导型热储,深部地温梯度为3.05℃/100m。当马家沟组深度在3157m时,对应温度达到110.67℃。测井及注水试验结果表明,奥陶系马家沟组为极弱含水层,几乎没有流体,属于良好的干热岩型地热资源,具有较高的开采价值。充分确定了该区地热地质条件良好、地热资源潜力巨大。为合理、高效开发利用该区地热资源提供了科学依据,对进一步开发利用该区的地热能具有重要意义。     

重庆市温塘峡背斜地热资源特征

温塘峡背斜是华蓥山帚状穹褶束中的背斜之一,地热水资源丰富,地热显示主要表现为天然温泉和人工温泉2类。通过统计和分析背斜两翼地热钻井的水量、水质和含水层资料,发现该构造主要热储含水层为嘉陵江组四段和二段,次要热储含水层为嘉陵江组三段和一段。水化学类型以硫酸盐型为主,但两翼有所不同,镁钙离子当量浓度比小于1,说明地热水化学成分主要来源于灰岩含水层。水质和水量受地质构造作用控制。温塘峡背斜具备热储盖层、热储层和下部热储隔热隔水层的层状热储结构特征,热储温度表现为西翼和东翼相当。物探测井数据显示,1 700~2 000 m深度处热储温度在26.42~51.7 ℃之间,且自北向南略有升高。研究成果可为温塘峡地热水资源进一步勘查开发提供参考和指导。     

山东临沂地区古生代复合热储成矿模式研究

山东临沂地区地热资源丰富,前人对于临沂地区沂沭断裂带成热模式存在诸多争议。通过对研究区地热地质条件、地球物理特征和地热井数据进行综合研究,从地热产生的源、通、储、盖四要素进行分析,研究结果表明研究区地热成矿模式为古生代层状和带状复合热储地热成矿模式,断裂带为带状热储,断裂带周边稳定区域为层状热储。研究区热储为古生代砂岩,同时张性、张扭性断裂发育,导致热储为层状和带状的复合热储,较单一成因热储要复杂。对地热井数据归一化处理分析表明,盖层岩性及厚度对深部地热水温度存在较大影响,并且热储厚度对水温也存在影响,表现为表层有第四系覆盖的地热水温度,较无第四系覆盖的要高;盖层厚度越大,水温越高,热储厚度越大,水温也越高。这为进一步地热勘查与开采提供了理论指导。