黄土高原黄土．和红粘土10Be地球化学特征

充分认识元素和同位素在不同环境条件下的地球化学行为,是运用元素和同位素示 踪环境变化的前提。对来自于黄土高原的黄土、古土壤和红粘土样品的宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be测量和化学成分分析,以及各种化学淋溶实验表明：¹⁰Be主要以吸附状态赋存于粉尘沉积物粘粒矿物的表面,部分已结合进自生的粘土矿物中;在粉尘沉积物风化过程中¹⁰Be与⁹Be和～的活动性相似,基本没有发生迁移,其原因是连续沉积的粉尘含有大量的碱性物质,阻止了…Be的解吸附和淋滤;沉积和风化作用导致了¹⁰Be浓度与化学指标在黄土-古土壤和红粘土剖面中的协同变化。     

镉在蒙脱石等粘土矿物上的吸附行为研究

研究了土壤中主要硅酸盐粘土矿物蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、海泡石对重金属镉的吸附行为.结果表明:硅酸盐粘土矿物吸附镉受酸度和离子强度的影响;吸附反应是快反应,能很好地符合Lagergren二级吸附速度方程;优化条件下的高岭石对镉吸附很弱,蒙脱石、伊利石、海泡石对镉的实验饱和吸附容量分别为2.88、1.08、2.82 mg/g,蒙脱石吸附镉更适合Freundlich拟合,伊利石、海泡石对镉的吸附结果更适合Langmuir拟合;相关性分析表明,硅酸盐粘土矿物对镉的饱和吸附容量大小与其理化性质有关,其中矿物中氧化锰含量高低与其对镉饱和吸附容量大小的相关性达到极显著水平.     

矿物材料与环境污染治理—以粘土矿物和沸石为例

矿物的性能，矿区地质测试和吸附能力实验表明，粘土矿物和沸石等矿物材料对于Cr,Cd,Pb,Hg,As等有害元素具有很强的吸附能力，是理想的低成本吸附剂，在废水处理中可用来取代活性炭或离子交换树脂来去除重金属等有害元素。     

河北宽城蛇纹石玉的宝石矿物学特征研究

河北宽城蛇纹石玉结构细腻,颜色可呈肉红色、绿色,当地市场称之为"热河玉"。本文通过常规宝石学测试结合激光拉曼光谱、电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、激光剥蚀等离子质谱以及可见光吸收光谱等手段对其进行了系统分析,并采用伽玛能谱仪对其放射安全性进行了检测。结果表明,肉红色样品折射率及相对密度值均较低,折射率为1.54~1.55,相对密度为2.33~2.43,主要组成矿物为斜纤蛇纹石,主要具纤维交织结构、纤维柱粒交织结构,局部可见变余生物骨架结构,次要矿物有方解石和透辉石,Fe和Mn元素含量相对较高,Fe元素含量范围在184.9×10^-6~951.7×10^-6,Mn元素含量为106.4×10^-6~287.3×10^-6;绿色样品折射率为1.55~1.56,相对密度为2.58~2.62,主要组成矿物为叶蛇纹石,具更加细腻的纤维交织结构,次要矿物为滑石及四方硫铁矿,Fe元素含量极高,可达5 979×10^-6~6 359×10^-6。结合可见光吸收光谱分析结果认为Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺以及Mn³⁺的综合作用是导致样品呈现肉红色的主要原因,而Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺则是导致绿色的主要原因。放射性检测结果显示样品的内、外照射指数及放射性比活度值均低于标准要求,对人体无放射性危害。     

包气带土壤组成对三氯乙烯的吸附影响研究

有机质和矿物质是包气带土壤中的主要吸附介质,其吸附特性直接影响有机污染物在环境中的迁移、转化等过程。分别采用分析纯石英砂和典型粘土矿物高岭石模拟土壤的原生矿物和粘土矿物,利用批实验的方法研究土壤中各组成部分对三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附行为。土壤有机质的吸附行为通过全土样和矿物质的对比得出。结果表明,粘土矿物是吸附氯代烃的主要矿物质,原生矿物对氯代烃的吸附量很小;土壤有机质含量和土壤吸附量之间有很好的正相关性;土壤有机碳含量与土壤粘土矿物含量的比值是影响吸附行为的另一重要因素,比值越小,Koc值越大,土壤对TCE的亲和力就越强。由于自然界中的土壤有机质大都与矿物质形成有机质-粘土矿物结合体,据此推测有机质-矿物质结合体会影响有机质的组成和形态,从而对其吸附行为有重要作用。     

河北承德锗元素生态地球化学特征及其与道地药材黄芩适生关系

道地药材生长与生态地球化学研究对实现中医药科学化和标准化具有重要意义。从承德市滦河流域与金沟屯和五道岭典型研究区阐明区域尺度和不同地质建造区Ge元素地球化学背景特征,结合多元统计采用基于Nb元素的质量迁移系数、化学蚀变指数CIA和残积系数RF、生物富集系数论述Ge元素在基岩-风化壳-土壤-黄芩系统中的迁移聚集规律,探讨Ge元素生态地球化学特征与道地药材黄芩的适生关系。结果表明：滦河流域表层土壤Ge元素平均含量为1.336 mg·kg^-1,43.54%土壤样品Ge元素含量属丰富—较丰富水平;金沟屯和五道岭区表层土壤Ge元素平均含量分别为1.352 mg·kg^-1和1.268 mg·kg^-1。不同地质建造和表层土壤Ge元素含量与TFe₂O₃含量显著相关,土壤含铁矿物对Ge元素具有吸附作用。Ge元素含量随岩土风化程度升高而增大,金沟屯区土壤风化程度高于五道岭区,土壤成熟度相对较高,Ge元素富集程度相对较高。岩石风化过程中Ge元素与TFe₂O₃、V、Ti、Co、P、Pb、Cu、Zn、Al₂O₃、SiO₂、K₂O、Na₂O质量迁移系数值相近,风化土壤与新鲜基岩Si和Ge含量发生明显分异,Ge元素主要来源于硅酸盐矿物风化过程中晶格破裂和金属硫化物矿物风化释放。金沟屯和五道岭黄芩Ge元素BCF平均值分别为0.014和0.020,黄芩根部对土壤Fe与Ge的吸收表现出明显的协同作用,土壤pH影响着Ge元素形态和生物有效性。区域土壤丰富的Fe、P和Sr元素含量为优质黄芩生长提供了有利条件;Fe族元素含量丰富,pH呈微碱性的沙壤质土壤为道地药材黄芩适宜生长和定向栽培种植区。     

四川成都经济区土壤腐殖质重金属元素含量特征研究

近地表土壤中重金属元素的累积与有机碳的含量关系密切.有研究者指出,腐殖质对重金属元素的吸附和螯合容量很大,来源于大气的重金属元素总是最终以腐殖质结合态回落土壤[1].腐殖质对重金属具有远较粘土矿物更高的吸附容量,即使很低的腐殖质含量也可吸附相当大量的重金属[2].     

离子交换水钠锰矿矿物学特征及高温相变研究

以MnSO₄为原料,以空气为氧化剂在碱性条件下合成K型水钠锰矿,并进行离子交换实验。能谱结果显示:Ba²⁺、Pb²⁺、NH⁺₄和Ag⁺能够全部置换层间的K;而Li⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Na⁺和Cd²⁺离子交换样品仍残留1%～3%的K。XRD和红外光谱结果显示,除Ag离子交换样品外,其它样品均保留了水钠锰矿的层状结构,但是离子交换过程中,矿物结晶度以及锰氧八面体的有序度均有一定程度的变化。差热-热重结果显示,离子交换样品在150～250℃和500～700℃有显著的物相变化和结构调整。层间离子半径和性质决定了高温相变产物。在650℃煅烧后,K⁺、Ba²⁺、Na⁺、Pb²⁺和Ag⁺等大半径离子交换样品生成具有(2×2)型或(3×3)型孔道矿物;而小半径离子不足以支撑水钠锰矿的层状结构,高温时发生分解生成低价态锰氧化物,其中Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cd²⁺和Zn²⁺离子交换样品分解生成黑锰矿,Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Li⁺和NH⁺₄离子交换样品则分解生成方铁锰矿。     

几种亚热带淋溶土基质和胶膜中1.4 nm过渡矿物组成的差异及其意义

以我国亚热带的黄褐土和黄棕壤的铁锰－粘粒混合胶膜为材料，分析了胶膜及其相应的淋溶土在粘土矿物类型和含量上的差别。研究结果表明：土壤和胶膜的粘土矿物均由1.4nm矿物、水云母、高岭石组成，土壤的1.4nm矿物为1.4nm过渡矿物和蛭石的混合相，而胶膜的1.4nm矿物全部由蛭石组成。由此认为，胶膜中的1.4nm过渡矿物主要来源于表层粘粒的淀积和裂隙周围基质土壤中粘土矿物的转化，胶膜的有机质含量、交换性盐基总量等性质明显不同于基质土壤，其微环境抑制了土壤中的蛭石向1.4nm过渡矿物的转化，并导致1.4nm过渡矿物向蛭石的转化。     

三峡库区重庆段土壤某些重金属污染的矿物学方法评价

分析了三峡库区重庆段51件土壤样品的矿物组成,结果表明,石英、斜长石和钾长石是土壤中主要矿物,大部分样品中石英的含量高,主要粘土矿物是伊利石,其次是蒙脱石,其他矿物含量较低。同时,参比国家水质标准,根据土壤对金属离子的临界吸附量公式计算了样品重金属污染的阈值,对样品进行了Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu的污染状况评价。结果表明,土壤中污染元素的含量与生态效应评价值并不一致;Cd和Hg的污染尚未达到临界值,危险性较小,但不能因此忽视地球化学定时炸弹的风险;Pb和Cu的污染严重。由于包括母岩在内的样品的评价结果显示污染,可能反映研究区的地球化学背景,需要采取有效措施改善和预防目前和将来的污染危害。     

Experimental study of the selective adsorption of heavy metals onto clay minerals

The interaction between minerals and heavy metals has been a hot object of study in environmental science,mineralogy and soil science,Through the selective adsorption experiment of Ca-montomorillonite,illite and kaolinite to Cu2 ,Pb^2 ,Zn^2 ,Cd^2 ,and Cr^3 ions at certain conditions,it could be concluded that Cr^3 is most effectively sorbed by all the three minerals.Also,it can be found that Pb^2 shows a strong affinity for illite and kaolinite while cu^2 for montmorillonite .Based on the adsorption experiment at varying pH of solution,it can be found that the amount of heavy etals sorbed by minerals increases with increasing pH of the solution.     

Readily dispersible clay and its role in the mobility of transition metals Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in an alkaline alluvial soil

Readily dispersible clay is the part of the clay fraction in soils that potentially disperses in water when a small amount of mechanical energy is applied to soil. Column and batch experiments were conducted to identify the effect of readily dispersible clay on the mobility of some metal ions in a disturbed soil sample. The clay fraction (<0.002 mm) was separated from an alkaline Vertisol from the Nile River Delta. X-ray diffraction technique was used to identify minerals present in the clay fraction. Clay suspensions and deionized H₂O solutions of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ were prepared and used as influents in soil columns. Adsorption capability of the studied soil among the three metal ions was investigated. The results showed high adsorption capacity of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, but not Zn²⁺ for the studied soil. Cu²⁺ was the highest adsorbed metal by soil and its sorption increased at small equilibrium concentrations compared with Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺. For the three studied metal ions, Langmuir model represented the best fit to the adsorption data. The concentration of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in leachates increased as the leaching solution volume increased, while Cu²⁺ showed a homogeneous distribution throughout the soil column. According to DTPA extractable metals, Zn²⁺ was appeared at greater depths than Cd²⁺, while Cu²⁺ had homogeneous distribution through the soil column.     

Geochemistry and environmental impacts of retorted oil shale from Jordan

Physical and chemical characterization of spent oil shale (OS) from El-Lajjun area has been carried out and compared with the original OS. The spent shale (SS) is subjected to leaching tests to detect the possibilities of heavy metals released from it into the environment. Standard column leaching experiments have revealed no detectable release of heavy metals to the percolating water. The effectiveness of the SS in removing Pb²⁺ from wastewater has been investigated. The SS is very efficient in removing most of Pb²⁺ where 1 m³ of SS has an efficiency to remove from 64 to 94% of Pb²⁺ from about 1,300 m³ wastewater sample containing 50 ppm Pb²⁺. The efficiency decreases substantially with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in the wastewater. In real situations, where Pb²⁺ concentration is very low (i.e., less than 5 ppm), the efficiency of the SS is expected to be 100%.     

潮白河受水区再生水入渗盐污染模拟柱试验

根据工程地质勘察及采样测试分析,选取北京市顺义潮白河再生水受水区3种典型代表性土壤介质(砾石含砂、细砂、粉质粘土)装柱,并采用受水区再生水进行淋溶模拟土柱试验。测试结果分析表明,在3种典型土壤介质中,阳离子交换吸附作用主要体现为K+与Ca²⁺之间的交换,且粉质粘土柱中阳离子的离子交换作用较砾石含砂柱和细砂柱更为显著。另外,试验结果还表明,随着土壤介质中粘粒含量、总有机碳含量、阳离子交换容量和粘土矿物总量的增加,典型介质淋溶模拟土柱试验中阳离子交换作用达到平衡时所需要的时间也就越长,分别为砾石含砂72 d、细砂80 d和粉质粘土86 d。定量结果计算也证明：粉质粘土介质的各阴、阳离子本底含量最高,单位质量粉质粘土介质硬度及溶解性总固体(TDS)的贡献量最大,分别为5 767 mg/g和6 952 mg/g。     

Adsorption characteristics of heavy metals in soil zones developed on spilite

Various soil zones such as Bw, C1, and C3 are developed on spilite. Montmorillonite, vermiculite and chlorite is moderately occurred in the C1 and C3 soil zones, in contrast montmorillonite and vermiculite are absent in Bw soils whereas illite and sesquioxide are relatively increased. The high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of montmorillonite and vermiculte and moderate CEC of chlorite and illite resulted in the high adsorption of heavy metals. The adsorption of the heavy metals on spilite soil zones was studied at different concentrations and pH levels. Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and copper were selected for adsorption studies considering their contribution as toxic metals in the environment. The initial solute concentrations ranged from 7.0 × 10⁻³ to 1.0 × 10² mg/L. The sorption behavior of Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cu²⁺ on soil zones of spilite was investigated using the batch equilibrium technique at 25°C. The characteristics of the adsorption process were investigated using Scatchard plot analysis (q/C vs. q) by the batch equilibrium technique at 25°C. In the adsorption of heavy metals, deviation from linearity in the plot of q/C versus q was observed, indicating the presence of multi-model interaction and non-Langmuirean behavior. When the Scatchard plot showed a deviation from linearity, greater emphasis was placed on the analysis of the adsorption data in terms of the Freundlich model, in order to construct the adsorption isotherms of the metal(s) at particular concentration(s) in solutions. The adsorption behavior of these metal ions on spilite soil zones is expressed by the Freundlich isotherms. Adsorption constants and correlation coefficients for the Cd, Pb, and Cu on spilite soil zones were calculated from Freundlich plots.     

淋滤条件下Zn2+污染对红黏土强度损伤特征试验研究

长久以来有色金属矿山的开采对矿山周围土体造成了严重的重金属污染问题。使用自制的重金属淋滤污染装置,制备室内重金属Zn2+污染土,进行固结不排水三轴剪切试验,研究淋滤条件下重金属Zn2+对桂林红黏土强度及其强度损伤规律的影响。试验结果表明:重金属Zn2+对桂林红黏土的强度损伤行为是明显的,抗剪强度平均下降了30.61% ~56.6%不等,应力-硬化关系均呈现应变硬化型,损伤变量D在0.478~0.566之间。淋滤条件下重金属Zn2+对桂林红黏土强度的损伤主要是由于Zn2+对红黏土胶结结构以及土颗粒的双电层结构产生了不可逆的侵蚀破坏,降低土体内部的联结强度,随着浓度的增大,其强度呈现出下降的趋势,其损伤变量亦有所增长,但相差较小。这是因为在长时间的淋滤过程中,红黏土对Zn2+具有一定的吸附作用,导致尽管是在低浓度的污染溶液淋滤作用下,土体的累积损伤和高浓度的效果相近似。     

地下水系统中镍污染和天然胶体共迁移特征

为了对地下水系统中天然胶体与Ni²⁺的共迁移特征进行研究,通过静态吸附实验和石英砂模拟含水层介质柱实验研究了土壤胶体对Ni²⁺在地下水中运移的影响,以及pH、离子强度（IS）、有机质等对土壤胶体吸附Ni²⁺的影响。结果表明：随着pH值升高,土壤胶体对Ni²⁺的吸附量增加;离子强度的增加会显著地降低土壤胶体吸附Ni²⁺的能力;腐殖酸（HA）的存在会增强胶体对Ni²⁺的吸附能力;在有胶体的情况下,Ni²⁺穿透砂柱的时间会缩短,吸附能力增强,吸附量增加,但当离子强度增加时,虽然Ni²⁺穿透砂柱的时间也被缩短,但是吸附量却降低。     

The impacts of common ions on the adsorption of heavy metal

Researches on the impact of common ions onto sediments are of great importance for the study of the heavy metal adsorption mechanisms. Considering the surface sediments from the relatively clean reach in the Baotou section of the Yellow River as the adsorbent, this work presents the impacts of common ions (Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, and NH₄ ⁺) on heavy metals (Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺) adsorption. The experimental results reveal that the adsorptive capacities of the heavy metals are controlled by different adsorption mechanisms in different ion concentration ranges. With the increase of the ionic strength, the adsorption of the heavy metals increases for the compression of the electric double layer, whereas decreases for the decreasing of the ionic activities of the heavy metals. The competitive adsorption and complexations between the heavy metals and common ions are also important factors controlling the heavy metal adsorption. According to the experimental results and the real concentration of common ions in the Baotou section of the Yellow River, the increase of the concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ would cause the increase of Zn²⁺ adsorption and reduce the Zn pollution. The NH₄ ⁺ from the industrial discharge of the tributaries has a strong impact on the heavy metal adsorption.     

Assessment of contamination load on water,soil and sediment affected by the Kongjujeil mine drainage,Republic of Korea

Environmental pollution in the Kongjujeil mine creek was determined on the basis of physicochemical and mineralogical properties for various kinds of waters, soils, precipitates and sediments collected in August and December 1998. The hydrochemistry of water is characterized by an enrichment in concentrations of Ca ²⁺, Si, alkali ions, NO ₃ ^- and Cl ^- in ground and surface water, where relatively the mine waters are significantly enriched in Ca ²⁺+Mg ²⁺, Al, heavy metals and SO ₄ ^2- concentrations. The mine waters have lower pH (3.24) and higher EC (613 µS/cm) compared with those of ground and surface water. The ranges of dD and d ¹⁸O values (SMOW) in the water are -50.2 to -61.6‰ and -7.0 to -8.6‰. Using a computer code, the saturation indices of albite, calcite and dolomite in the mine water show that it is undersaturated, and has progressively evolved toward the equilibrium state. Ground and surface water are nearly saturated. The gibbsite, kaolinite and smectite are supersaturated in the surface and groundwater. Geochemical modeling shows that mostly toxic metals exist largely in the form of metal sulfates and free metals in mine water. These metals in the surrounding fresh water could be formed of carbonate or hydroxide complex ions. Minerals within the soil and sediment near the mining area were partly variable consisting of quartz, mica, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, chlorite, vermiculite, berthierine and clay minerals. The separated heavy minerals, soil and sediment are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite and various hydroxide minerals. Some potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn) are found in extremely high concentrations in the surface soils in the vicinity of the mine. The enrichment index of heavy metals in sediment and surface soil of the mine drainage was very severe, while it was not so great in the cultivated soil.     

煤矸石-水相互作用的溶解动力学及其环境地球化学效应研究

煤矸石—水相互作用的溶解动力学及其环境地球化学效应研究党志（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词水—岩作用煤矸石地球化学动力学采煤矿区复垦环境效应收稿日期：１９９７－３－１０作者简介：党志男１９６２年生博士生环境地球化学煤矸石以其量多、...