新疆和田阿拉玛斯软玉成因

新疆和田阿拉玛斯矿床中的软玉矿体在花岗闪长岩和白云质大理岩中以脉状和透镜状产出。花岗闪长岩和白云质大理岩之间出现水平和垂直方向分布的软玉分带结构,这种分带包括镁铁尖晶石、透辉石、透闪石、青玉、青白玉、白玉和蛇纹石化白云质大理岩等矿物分带。采用电子探针和ICP-MS对这些白玉、青白玉和青玉的分带进行分析。这些软玉中的Cr (Cr=8.95×10^-6～178.7×10^-6) 和Ni (NiO=0.05×10^-6～3.95×10^-6) 的含量远低于与蛇纹石有关的软玉中的相关含量(Cr₂O₃=0.07%～0.43%,NiO=0.08%～0.36%)。软玉化学成分显示从白玉、青白玉到青玉的颜色变化主要与Fe元素的含量升高有关而与Cr、Mn等元素的含量关系不明显。花岗闪长岩和白云质大理岩之间的矿物分带显示了软玉分带的形成温度从高温到低温的变化、矿物从无OH^-到含OH^-的变化和透闪石颗粒从青玉到白玉不断变小。这些地质特征尤其是软玉分带现象表明了阿拉玛斯矿点是一个与白云质大理岩有关的接触交代成因的透闪石质软玉矿床。     

贵州罗甸玉特征初步研究

采用岩相学、痕量元素分析等方法,对产自贵州黔南罗甸境内的透闪石岩进行了初步研究,该透闪石岩化学成分特点与软玉平均值接近,但具有高钙低镁的特点;组成矿物中,偏光显微镜、IR、XRD等揭示其为较纯的透闪石,透闪石含量一般大于95%,多在98%以上。显微结构研究表明,该透闪石岩中透闪石因普遍发育的交织结构,纤维间的互相穿插绞...     

贵州罗甸软玉的宝石矿物学特征

近期,中国贵州省罗甸县发现了一种新的软玉矿。为了验证贵州罗甸软玉的矿物组成,采用ICP-MS,XRD及FTIR等测试仪器对该软玉样品进行了测试与研究。结果表明,贵州罗甸软玉主要由透闪石组成,含少量的方解石细脉及燧石团块;其折射率、密度与标准的透闪石接近,但普遍略低于新疆和田玉的。为了进一步评估贵州罗甸软玉的质地,运用SEM观测其显微结构,揭示其透闪石主要呈纤维状、柱状和片状变晶结构,晶粒（片）粒度小,结构细腻,具有较好的加工性能。XRD慢速扫描结果显示,贵州罗甸软玉中透闪石矿物的结晶度相对较高,推测可能与其相对稳定的结晶环境有关。     

罕见的蓝色饵-纳透闪石研究

尽管角闪石在地壳中大量存在 ,但是蓝色钾 钠透闪石却是角闪石中的稀有品种。本文采用X射粉晶线衍射和晶胞参数计算 ,确定该矿物为蓝色的钾 钠透闪石 ,用电子探针 (EMPA)精确分析了它的化学成分 ,确定为钾 钠透闪石 ,而不是蓝色软玉 (即不是透闪石或阳起石 )。     

加州软玉和缅甸软玉特征及矿物成分的研究

根据加里福尼亚州的“加州玉“和缅甸“困就“的物理性质、矿物组成、化学成分及红外光谱特征,确定“困就“的主要矿物成分是透闪石,“加州玉“的主要矿物成分为阳起石,两者的宝石名称是软玉.此两玉石较新疆和田、江苏溧阳、辽宁岫岩、俄罗斯贝加尔湖软玉具有较高的Fe、Cr、Ni含量,其矿床类型均为透闪石化或阳起石化超基性岩型.紫外可见吸收光谱特征及化学成分表明:Cr是它们的一个重要致色元素.     

韩国软玉的宝石学特征研究

近年来市场上出现的韩国软玉具有一定的宝石学价值和商业价值。在对当地区域地质进行一定了解的基础上,通过市场调研及运用现代测试方法对韩国软玉的矿物成分、化学成分和宝石学性质进行了较为系统的研究。通过显微镜下观察,韩国软玉的主要矿物成分为透闪石,含量在98%左右,交代残余结构明显,但仍以毛毡状变晶结构为主。电子探针分析结果显示:韩国软玉在化学成分上与理论值较接近。运用X射线粉晶衍射仪对韩国软玉分析表明,主要矿物成分为透闪石,其各项参数指标与标准透闪石接近,含有少量方解石、蛇纹石,结晶度较好。韩国闪石玉矿床初步推断为花岗岩与白云质大理岩的接触交代矿床,这一观点与传统的新疆和田玉玉石矿床相似。     

四川软玉（透闪石玉）猫眼的矿物学研究

采用电子探针(EPMA)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、Raman光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)和偏光显微镜等方法对四川软玉(透闪石玉)猫眼进行了研究。结果表明，四川软玉猫眼主要由微晶一隐晶质透闪石矿物集合体组成；透闪石主要呈近于平行定向排列的显微纤维状，显微纤维变晶结构是软玉猫眼的主要结构，具有此结构的软玉能表现出良好的猫眼效应；透闪石纤维较粗、相互聚集形成束状或捆状结构时，猫眼的眼线比较分散，猫眼效应较差；透闪石纤维局部相互穿插绞合是软玉猫眼表现出高韧性和较强抗断裂性能的主要因素。     

溧阳软玉的岩石矿物学研究

对采自江苏溧阳小梅岭软玉矿区的软玉样品进行了化学成分、扫描电镜、X射线粉晶衍射物相定性和结晶度等分析,确定其主要为透闪石矿物集合体,并具有显微纤维、柱状及片状3种特征结构.将分析结果与新疆软玉进行对比,发现溧阳软玉普遍显示出透闪石含量稍低、透闪石纤维(片晶)定向性良好以及结晶度偏高的特点,这与溧阳软玉矿区动力改造相对较弱密切相关;溧阳软玉显示出ALK含量(>0.51)高于新疆等其他产地(普遍<0.46)的特点,这与其成矿母岩含碱量偏高关系密切.成矿地质条件的不同是造成溧阳与新疆两地所产软玉在上述岩石矿物学特征上巨大差异的根本原因,也是造成溧阳软玉透明度高、油润度不足、工艺加工性能不高的主要原因.     

中国三地软玉的矿物组成和成矿地质背景研究

为了查明新疆玛纳斯、青海格尔木、江苏溧阳产软玉的矿物组成和了解其品质与矿物组成的内在联系,为软玉的鉴别与质量评价等提供基础资料,采用偏光显微镜、电子探针、X射线粉末衍射等测试方法对3个产地的软玉样品进行了测试分析,从矿物成因特征、结构构造、矿物组成、化学成分等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明,新疆玛纳斯、青海格尔木、江苏溧阳的软玉虽然均由透闪石组成,但其晶体中Mg与Fe的离子数量明显不同,玛纳斯碧玉中的透闪石含有更多的Fe,其化学成分十分接近阳起石的;玛纳斯碧玉的成矿地质背景与格尔木和溧阳的有所差别,形成于蛇纹石化超镁铁岩中,富含FeOT和MgO,而溧阳和格尔木软玉则产于中酸性火成岩与白云质大理岩的接触带中,其FeOT的质量分数较低。软玉的颜色、韧性和透明度主要取决于其形成的地质背景条件。     

台湾花莲软玉的组构及振动光谱特征

以台湾花莲地区所产的绿色软玉为研究对象,利用电子探针(EPMA)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、激光拉曼光谱(RAMAN)等分析测试方法,对绿色软玉的物相、组构及振动光谱特征进行了研究。结果表明,该绿色软玉的主要矿物成分为透闪石,含少量的铬铁矿以及含Cr 钙铝榴石。软玉以纤维交织变晶结构为主,部分透闪石纤维体沿其片理方向定向排列,偶见铬铁矿骸晶及交代假像结构。对花莲绿色软玉的红外吸收光谱及拉曼光谱进行了表征,并对其振动光谱的归属作了探讨。     

Multivariate discriminant analysis of bioclastic turbidites

A piston core from the southern Blake Basin penetrated nine distinct bioclastic carbonate turbidites separated by pelagic terrigenous clay units. X-ray diffraction analysis of the carbonate mineralogy of the graded, laminated, and homogenous units of the individual turbidite units indicated a general loss of unstable carbonates in the homogenous unit beyond that contained in the lower two units. Univariate and multivariate statistical tests were employed to determine the significance of the changes and to determine if different units of a turbidite sequence could be consistently grouped by statistical methods. Principal components, discriminant function, and cluster analysis were used in the multivariate tests. The graded and laminated units were closely related in mineralogy with little significant differences. The mineralogy of the homogenous units was significantly different than that of the other two units except in one example. Cluster analysis generated five groupings of the samples with the end members consisting of graded and laminated units at one end and homogenous units at the other.     

两种煤质分析指标的关联方程组研究

在综合分析大量文献资料的基础上，采用多元线性回归方法，利用MATLAB对大量煤质分析结果进行了回归分析，推导出了煤质元素分析与工业分析的关联方程组。新方法实现了由工业分析结果求元素分析成分的目的，具有重大的实用意义。     

Dynamic models of geomorphological patterns

A deformation mechanism is described and analyzed. It is intended for height patterns exposed to erosion and tectonic activity. A simulation experiment is carried out for this model. Closedform expressions are derived for the covariance field, the properties of spectral estimates, and for the optimal retrospective reconstruction of earlier, unknown height patterns. For obvious reasons the author is in no position to make claims about the verisimilitude of the model. It is offered as an example of a potential application to geology of the theory of patterns developed by the author and his coworkers in recent years. It is hoped that those more qualified than the author in the subject matter area can extend and modify the analysis to make it closer to geological reality. supported by NSF grant GJ-3100X.     

Intra-seasonal variations of kinetic energy of lower tropospheric zonal waves during northern summer monsoon

Space spectral analysis of zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind and time spectral analysis of kinetic energy of zonal waves at 850 hPa during monsoon 1991 (1st June 1991 to 31st August 1991) for the global belt between equator and 40°N are investigated. Space spectral analysis shows that long waves (wavenumbers 1 and 2) dominate the energetics of Region 1 (equator to 20°N) while over Region 2 (20°N to 40°N) the kinetic energy of short waves (wavenumbers 3 to 10) is more than kinetic energy of long waves. It has been found that kinetic energy of long waves is dominated by zonal component while both (zonal and meridional) the components of wind have almost equal contribution in the kinetic energy of short waves. Temporal variations of kinetic energy of wavenumber 2 over Region 1 and Region 2 are almost identical. The correlation matrix of different time series shows that (i) wavenumber 2 over Regions 1 and 2 might have the same energy source and (ii) there is a possibility of an exchange of kinetic energy between wavenumber 1 over Region 1 and short waves over Region 2. Wave to wave interactions indicate that short waves over Region 2 are the common source of kinetic energy to wavenumber 2 over Regions 1 and 2 and wavenumber 1 over Region 1. Time spectral analysis of kinetic energy of zonal waves indicates that wavenumber 1 is dominated by 30–45 day and bi-weekly oscillations while short waves are dominated by weekly and bi-weekly oscillations. The correlation matrix, wave to wave interaction and time spectral analysis together suggest that short period oscillations of kinetic energy of wavenumber 1 might be one of the factors causing dominant weekly (5–9 day) and bi-weekly (10–18 day) oscillations in the kinetic energy of short waves.     

Efficiency of local polynomials in contour mapping

On the basis of samples taken from a known topographic surface, the parameters of two types of linear models are estimated. The first category is defined by polynomials or trigonometric functions, whose parameters are simultaneously computed from available data. In the second category a set of local centers is defined, and in the neighborhood of each center a fixed-degree polynomial is developed. An approximative resemblance index is calculated, and contour maps corresponding to various models are compared with the topographic map. It is found that with an increasing number of grid points, maps of local polynomials are converging both in continuity and in resemblance. For a sufficient number of grid points, this resemblance is always higher than those produced by models of the first category.     

On the use of Bayesian networks as a meta-modelling approach to analyse uncertainties in slope stability analysis

In this paper, we report on the use of Bayesian networks, BNs, learnt from data generated by physical and numerical models, to overcome to a certain degree a number of complications in traditional slope stability analyses that jointly consider the mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils. Discrete Bayesian networks resulted to be useful and efficient to acquire knowledge from simulated data and to identify significant factors by the combined use of backward inference and global sensitivity analysis. Further, BNs enable decision thresholds to be estimated quickly. Along with this, backward inference and global sensitivity analysis are performed in BNs at low computation costs. Moreover, under conditions in which knowledge is scarce, we show how a practitioner can be better informed using the proposed approach. All these previously under-reported modelling features in the specialised literature encourage the further application of the proposed approach to enhance slope stability analysis.     

Compositional Data Analysis of Some Alkaline Glasses

The approach to the analysis of compositional data involving log-ratio transformation of the data has not been generally adopted by researchers wishing to analyse such data. In the context of exploratory methods of multivariate analysis, such as principal components analysis, where the hope is to identify (cluster) structure in the data, this may be because traditional methods can produce more interpretable results than the log-ratio approach. After illustrating this with an example, circumstances under which the log-ratio approach performs poorly when traditional approaches work well are identified. Log-ratio analysis can be dominated by variables having low absolute presence and high relative variation that do not contribute to, and can obscure, structure in the data. Traditional methods can detect certain kinds of structure in the data that correspond to structure on a ratio scale, after a suitable redefinition of the composition. Since traditional methods often detect such structure more directly than log-ratio analysis it can be concluded that claims that the traditional analysis is inappropriate or meaningless are exaggerated. This conclusion is based on empirical experience rather than theoretical concerns. The arguments are illustrated using compositional data for alkaline glasses, but have more general application.     

水泥土挡墙整体稳定的敏感性分析

水泥土挡墙广泛应用于软土地区基坑支护。针对目前对于水泥土挡墙的整体稳定性与其影响因素之间相关性认识不足,引入正交设计方法分析水泥土挡墙整体稳定影响因素墙体厚度、嵌固深度、土体粘聚力、土体内摩擦角、土层重度、地下水位、地面超载的重要性和敏感性规律。分析结果表明,土的抗剪强度指标是影响水泥土挡墙的最重要因素,其变化对整体稳定有高度显著影响;而墙体厚度和嵌固深度对水泥土挡墙整体稳定无显著影响。     

An algorithm andFortran-iv program for large-scaleQ-mode factor analysis and calculation of factor scores

An algorithm andFortran-iv computer program,cabfac, forQ-mode factor analysis is described. The program will accept up to 1500 items and 50 variables on a moderate-size computer.