河套平原地下水砷污染机理的探讨

地下水砷污染是影响地区居民身体健康和生活水平提高的重大环境地质问题之一。本文通过实际调查,从地质、地球化学、环境化学入手,系统分析和探讨了内蒙古河套平原地下水砷污染的形成机理。阐述了地下水中砷的来源及其聚集、迁移的地球化学条件。认为高砷地下水的形成,与特定的地质、地形、古地理和地球化学环境的背影有关。聚集于地层中的砷,由于环境的变化,从非游离态转化为游离态,在地下水动力的作用下,进入地下水中。     

内蒙古河套平原浅层高铁高氟地下水分布与成因

为了查明内蒙古河套平原高铁高氟地下水的分布与形成原因,通过实地调查、监测、资料分析和试验测试等方法手段,详细研究了地下水中铁、氟的分布、地球化学特征及其来源。结果表明:高铁水主要分布在平原中部的冲湖积平原,地势低洼和地下水的排泄地带含量最高;高氟水主要以条带状分布在山前的冲洪积扇地带;在调查研究区12510.83 km2的范围内,深度在10~40 m的浅层地下水中,分布有高铁水9310.66 km2,高氟水2308.35 km2,分别占调查研究区总面积的74.40%和18.45%;研究认为,河套平原高铁高氟地下水的形成主要是由自然地质环境所致,是不同地质环境条件下环境水文地球化学作用的结果;地下水中的铁主要来源于由黄河携带来的大量的第四系沉积物,而溶出的主要原因是地下氧化还原条件的变化;地下水中的氟主要来源于平原周边的山区,气候、地质构造、水文地质和水化学条件是氟富集的主要因素;研究表明河套平原高铁水与高氟水不存在正相关关系。     

地壳表层砷的循环与污染地下水模式

为了更好地监测和预测地下水砷污染,揭示由自然原因引起的地下水砷污染规律和机制,通过多年来对内蒙古河套平原地下水砷污染的调查研究,在充分了解和掌握砷的化学与地球化学性质以及世界各国地下水砷污染状况与分布特征的基础上,总结了砷在自然环境中的分布和污染地下水的机理。文章阐述了4种地下水砷污染类型的形成机理,并提出了地壳表层砷的循环与污染地下水模式,通过该模式在基本掌握某一地区地质环境背景的情况下,可以初步预测其可能发生地下水砷污染的地段。地下水砷污染是砷在地壳表层循环过程中发生的一种环境水文地球化学现象,污染区的分布与特定的地质、地理背景和环境条件有关。在还原解吸污染类型中,封闭的环境、硫元素和有机碳的存在是地层中砷溶出的主要控制因素。今后应加强对封闭的冲积或湖积平原、河流入湖或入海三角洲等地区地下水砷污染的调查与监测。     

内蒙河套平原砷中毒病区砷的环境地球化学研究

河套平原砷中毒病区是内蒙最严重的病区之一。本文首次对病区环境中砷的价态、化合态以及砷的迁移、富集、转化规律进行了系统研究。结果表明，粘质土、腐殖土有利于砷的富集，还原环境可使Ａｓ＾５＋向Ａｓ＾３＋转化，在富含腐殖质的还原环境中甲基化作用显著，使砷酸盐转化为甲基砷酸盐。河套平原砷的地球化学行为都是导致砷中毒严重流行的主要原因。通过勘探优质地下水，引用黄河渠系水和采用物理或化学降砷方法改水，可以有效地     

内蒙古河套平原高砷地下水赋存环境特征

内蒙古河套平原是世界地方性砷中毒较为严重的地区之一。笔者以平原西部的重病区杭锦后旗为研究区,对高砷地下水赋存环境进行了调查研究。研究表明:高砷区沉积物中As的含量为7.7～34.6mg/kg,其中粘性土和亚粘性土中As含量相对较高。高砷地下水的pH值为7.0～8.3,平均Eh值为-155.1mV,平均矿化度为1.58g/L,主要的水化学类型包括:Cl-HCO3-Na型、Cl-Na型、HCO3-Cl-Na型,As的含量为15.5～1093μg/L,且主要以As(Ⅲ)形态存在,水中DOC(0.73～35.76mg/L)、HCO3-(283.75～1290.48mg/L)、NH4+(0.27～10.48mg/L)的浓度较高,硝酸盐和硫酸盐含量较低。研究区的氟中毒现象也较严重,高氟地下水中氟含量为1.11～6.01mg/L。绝大多数高氟水中砷含量也超标,出现了一种高砷水与高氟水并存的现象。综合判断,河套平原的高砷地下水赋存环境处于还原性环境。还原条件下,高砷区沉积物中的铁/锰氧化物的还原溶解易使吸附的砷释放到地下水中。这是研究区高砷地下水形成的主要原因。     

河套平原临河区高砷地下水分布及水化学特征

文章通过地质环境、地下水野外调查以及水质分析测试等方法手段,较系统地研究和分析了河套平原临河区高砷地下水的分布及水化学特征。结果表明,该区高砷地下水主要分布在调查区的西北部,在区域上属于河套平原的沉积中心地带,局部呈小片状分布,短距离内地下水中的砷含量变化较大;该区砷含量≥0.05mg/L的地下水绝大部分为微咸水(TDS为1～3g/L),个别为淡水(TDS<1g/L)和咸水(TDS为3～10g/L),其氧化还原电位(ORP)均显示负值的还原环境。通过与非高砷区的对比研究,高砷区地下水中的铁含量超标率明显高于非高砷区(58%),达到91.3%。研究认为该区域高砷地下水的形成与沉积环境和沉积物的特征有很大的关系。     

河套平原地下水中砷的空间变异特征及影响因素分析

河套平原是我国地方性砷中毒最为严重的地区之一。基于河套平原浅层地下水的砷含量数据,利用地统计学中半变异函数分析法,对地下水砷含量的空间分布及其异质性特征进行了分析,并探讨其空间变异性的影响因素。结果显示,河套平原地下水砷含量整体上呈由南向北递增的趋势,在假设各向同性条件下,砷含量残差项的空间分布符合纯块金效应模型,在所测尺度上(2～4 km)为随机分布,不存在空间自相关性,短距离内变异较大;地下水砷含量的分维数较大(D=1.999),进一步说明该尺度上变异显著。地下水砷含量与沉积物中有机质关系密切。晚第四纪以来,河套平原北部山区的新构造运动和盆地沉积环境变迁形成多种成因、形态复杂的沉积相,导致有机质埋藏条件的高度空间变异性,进而导致地下水砷含量的高度空间变异。河套平原缓慢的地下水径流条件有利于砷元素空间变异性的维持。河套地区地下水砷的空间异质性研究,对有效预测未知地区饮水型砷暴露潜在风险、精准防控地方病和保障供水安全具有重要的科学意义。     

河套平原杭锦后旗沉积物砷元素地球化学特征及其释放和富集机制

通过对典型区域剖面布设、环境地质钻探、现场取样、测试及数据分析，较详细地研究和分析了内蒙河套平原杭锦后旗沉积物中砷的地球化学特征及迁移释放机制。结果表明：杭锦后旗典型区沉积物中As的平均含量具有明显的分带性，且与沉积环境有密切相关，从盆地中心向盆地边缘逐渐增高，与Na、Cl元素的分布规律正好相反；沉积物中As含量与Sb、Fe、Mn、B、V含量正相关，与SiO₂含量呈负相关，反映了沉积物中As的富集与地层中少砂石的含铁锰黏性沉积物有关；研究还表明，As被大量释放到地下水中并造成地下水As含量超标的主要机制与河套平原浅湖洼的还原环境有关。     

中国北方高砷地下水分布特征及成因分析

本文分析了银川平原北部饮水型砷中毒分布、水文地质条件和水化学特征,并探讨了地下水中砷离子分布规律和富集环境。研究表明:高砷地下水区呈两个条带状分布于冲湖积平原,主要为埋藏深度小于40m的潜水,水化学环境呈弱碱还原环境,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Na·Ca,Cl·HCO3-Na,Cl·HCO3-Na·Ca型;最后对比分析了中国北方内蒙古平原、山西大同盆地、新疆、吉林西部高砷地下水分布和环境地质特征。     

河套平原第四纪沉积物中砷的赋存形态分析

从水-岩相互作用的观点出发,分析沉积物中砷的含量和存在形态,把握砷如何溶于地下水是研究高砷地下水形成机理的重要视点之一。笔者通过对岩、土样品的分析、测试和不同介质(水、酸、碱)的溶出实验,研究了河套平原第四系沉积物中砷的存在形态,认为河套平原第四系沉积物中的砷主要是以非晶质的胶体形式而存在。沉积物中的砷、铁含量呈明显的正相关关系;X射线仪和电子显微镜装着的EDS分析结果表明,在砷污染区,不同深度、不同岩性的钻探岩心样品中均未发现有砷矿物的存在;岩心中的有机质与砷含量不显示有明显的相关关系,且含量很低;沉积物中的砷很容易被碱性水溶液溶解出,其中对砂质沉积物中砷的溶出率为87.5%～98.75%,对粘土类沉积物中砷的溶出率为72.73%～84.21%,而该溶液对硫铁矿矿石(砷含量为87.30mg/kg)中砷的溶出率仅为0.02%。     

Marginal-water application in arid zones

The intensified efforts to improve agricultural economy in arid zones is associated with increased demand for water. Scarcity of potable water has hightened the importance of marginal water in dry regions. Marginal water includes saline water, wastewater, and runoff water. These water sources differ in location in regards to the application site, quality, quantity, and stability of supply. Previous experience proved that each of the above alternative water sources can be used separately or in combination, for the economic benefit of the farmers.     

Distribution of stable isotopes in arid storms

 Temporal distributions of the isotopic composition in arid rain storms and in the associated runoff were investigated in a small arid rocky basin in Israel. Customized rain and runoff samplers provided sequential water samples hermetically sealed in high-density PVC bags. In several storms where the runoff was isotopically depleted, compared with the rainfall, the difference could not be explained by fractionation effects occurring during overland flow. A water-balance study relating the runoff discharge to rainfall over a rocky watershed showed that the entire discharge is produced by a very small segment (1–2 mm) of the rain storm. The major objective, therefore, was to provide quantitative relations between segments of rainfall (rain showers and rain spells) and runoff. The time distribution of the composition of stable isotopes (oxygen and hydrogen) was used to quantify the correlation between the rain spell's amount and the consequent runoff. The aim of this work was to (a) utilize the dynamic variations in the isotopic composition in rainfall and runoff and model the magnitude of surface-storage capacity associated with runoff processes of overland flow, and (b) characterize the isotopic composition of the percolating water with respect to the isotopic distribution in rainfall and runoff events. The conceptual model postulates an isotopic mixing of overland flow with water within the depression storage. A transport model was then formulated in order to estimate the physical watershed parameters that control the development of overland flow from a certain rainfall period. Part I (this paper) presents the results and the assessment of the relative depression storage obtained from oxygen-18 and deuterium analyses that lead to the physical and mathematical formulation of a double-component model of kinematic-wave flow and transport, which is presented in Part II (accompanying paper). Received, February 1997 · Revised, September 1997 · Accepted, September 1997     

Impacts of wastewater irrigation in arid and semi arid regions: case of Sidi Abid region,Tunisia

Impacts of irrigation with treated wastewater effluents on soils and groundwater aquifer in the vicinity of Sidi Abid Region (Tunisia) are evaluated. The groundwater aquifer was monitored by several piezometers, where monthly water levels were registered and groundwater salinity was evaluated. This resulted in characterizing the spatial and temporal evolution of the hydrochemical and hydrodynamic properties of the aquifer, showing thereby the impact of artificial recharge. Piezometric maps for pre-recharge and post-recharge situations were developed and a comparison study of both piezometric situations was considered. The piezometric evolution map showed a generalized rise of the piezometric level in the vicinity of the irrigation zone. The extent of recharge was shown to increase with time as the groundwater level increase, which was localized in the vicinity of the irrigation area, reached more extended zones. Several groundwater samples were withdrawn from wells and piezometers and analyzed. Examining the corresponding physical and chemical parameters showed an increase in the concentrations of nutrients (28 mg/l for NO₃ and 3.97 mg/l for NH₄) in the groundwater aquifer below the irrigation zone, which confirms again the infiltration of treated wastewater effluents. The evolution of soil salinity was examined through chemical analysis of soil samples. Electric conductivities of soils were generally shown to be less than 4 mS/cm while the irrigation water has an electric conductivity that may reach 6.63 mS/cm. This might be explained by the phenomenon of dilution and the capacity of soils to evacuate salts downward.     

利用遥感技术进行干旱半干旱区找水的方法和实践

随着遥感技术和地面物探技术的发展和深入应用,产生了一种现代的综合勘探方法。本文介绍了在内蒙古锡林浩特市胜利煤田露天矿区供水水文地质普查中运用综合水文地质勘察方法的情况、遥感方案的选择、技术思路,以及利用遥感方法进行区域水文地质调绘所取得的成果,对遥感水文地质的发展提出了作者的看法。     

Fluvial processes and settlement in arid environments

The impact of fluvial geomorphic processes on settlement in deserts is tie d to two conflicting factors: the extreme rarity of geomorphic events on the one hand, and the violence of the geomorphic forces coupled with a minimal resistance to erosion on the other.The unique character of desert floods calls for a careful geomorphic evaluation in the siting of settlements and transportation facilities. On the beneficial sid e, the geomorphic processes involved enable, under some conditions, the local exploitation of floodwaters which percolate in the alluvium of the upper tributaries, as well as the utilization of the hydraulic geometry for estimating discharge characteristics.On a larger scale, human interference often disrupts the delicate quasi-equilbrium between erosion and sedimentation in deserts. Although our poor understanding of many aspects of the mechanism of response makes it difficult to separate the effects from those of climatic changes, enough information is available to document the detrimental effect of inconsiderate management on both the regional and local levels.     

干旱区资料稀缺流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程。以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入。利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关。     

干旱区资料稀缺法流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程.以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入.利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证.结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关.     

Strategic groundwater resources planning in arid regions

A strategic approach is presented for future groundwater reservoir planning in arid regions where the evaluation of groundwater resources is restricted by scarcity of rainfall, data paucity, restrictive and unrepresentative methodologies, weak economies, almost nonexisting management and optimization programs, frequent groundwater quality variables along short distances, etc. This paper explains the necessary steps in preparing an effective strategic planning program that is expected to provide all the necessary data for identifying alternative solution scenarios especially in arid regions. It is shown on the basis of available scarce data that the risk model of these factors appears as the logarithmic normal probability distribution. The basic decision variables in groundwater storage and recharge planning are furnished with application to Wadi Fatimah in the western central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia along the Red Sea coast. The approach given in this paper provides a basic example for future groundwater reservoir strategic use and management studies in the Kingdom in particular and in any part of the arid regions of the world, in general.     

Bar structure in an arid ephemeral stream

This study describes the structure of gravel bars in Nahal Zin, an ephemeral stream in the Negev desert. The internal structure of the bars was examined along trenches and in shallow pits. Gravel sheets and unit bars form during transporting flow events in the main channel, on intra-bar channels and near bar heads. Unit bars are dominated by the Go facies. Compound bars develop from accretion around, and modification of, unit bars. Compound bars are active under the current flow regime and the average depth of the fill layer is about 35 cm. The structure of compound bars is dominated by Gm (massive), containing large amounts of sand. The second most common facies is clast-supported, openwork, and well sorted sediments of the Go (pebbles) facies. Bar formation, and the development of the range of facies evident in the bars is controlled by sediment supply, particularly the high volumes of sand-sized sediment, the passage of gravel sheets and bedforms during floods, and the lateral and vertical instability of the channel. Repeated scour and fill events have produced a diverse arrangement of facies, with numerous erosional contacts between depositional units. Lateral and downstream shifts in the pattern of scour and fill due to flow and antecedent conditions shape the channel morphology and bar internal structure. Ephemeral river bars differ from those of humid and proglacial rivers in terms of the dominant facies present, the arrangement of the facies within the bars, and the sedimentary structures developed within the depositional units and on the bar surface.