土质边坡的饱和−非饱和渗流分析及特殊应力修正

基于连续多孔介质原理与混合体原理引入流?固耦合模型,采用FISH语言编制程序,建立了初始渗流场设置函数、饱和?非饱和渗流分析模块、特殊应力修正模块以及非饱和单元抗剪强度修正模块,实现了利用FLAC3D进行饱和?非饱和渗流分析,同时基于饱和?非饱和渗流场修正非饱和区土体单元的有效应力以及抗剪强度,完成了将FLAC3D中饱和土流?固耦合计算原理扩展到非饱和土中。在二次开发的分析模块基础上对Liakopoulos砂柱排水试验进行数值模拟,验证了计算模型和计算程序的正确性。同时也研究了降雨入渗对土质边坡的渗流场、位移场以及稳定性演变过程的影响,揭示了降雨诱发边坡失稳的机制。     

基于SPH方法的非饱和多孔介质相变耦合研究

在考虑相变的热能平衡方程和非饱和水分迁移质量控制方程的基础上,建立温度场-水分场的耦合模型,并采用一种无网格粒子算法（SPH）进行数值求解。其中,耦合方程中考虑了水流传热以及温度势对水流的直接驱动,在不考虑相变的情况下,该耦合模型可退化为常温下的水-热耦合模型,故可用于模拟冻融循环的相关问题。从求解热能平衡方程中的含冰量出发,实现解耦并对半无限单向冻结条件下介质内非稳态温度场和体积含水率分布场进行模拟,将耦合作用下的温度场与不耦合的解析解进行对比,反映出水分迁移对温度场存在较大影响。最后,求解了路基边坡在季节性周期温度边界下,温度场、水分场分布的演变规律,并评估了边坡阴阳面受热不均对水热两场分布的影响。计算结果基本能反映土冻结相变的实际物理过程,光滑粒子算法可以用于尝试解决冻土领域的其他相关问题。     

粗颗粒硫酸盐渍土水盐迁移规律及变形特性研究

针对封闭系统下粗颗粒硫酸盐渍土在冻结过程中的水盐迁移和变形特性开展了理论和试验研究。基于非饱和多孔介质热弹性理论,考虑孔隙水盐相变,建立了适用于粗颗粒盐渍土水-热-盐-力多场耦合模型,并对单向冻结条件下粗颗粒盐渍土的温度场、水分场、盐分场和位移场分布进行了数值模拟。通过配制含硫酸盐的细砂作为土样开展了单向冻结条件下的室内试验,测定了冻结过程中的温度、水分、盐分以及变形的分布,并与数值结果进行了比较,验证了理论模型的有效性。结果表明:砂土结构孔隙更大,水分和盐分更容易渗透和迁移,在单向冻结试验中,水盐迁移速度更快;细砂的轴向位移呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,且收缩变形持续时间较黏土更长;由于暖端水分向冷端迁移致使暖端土体孔隙减小,下部土体变得更加密实,土柱下部侧壁压力大于上部。     

非饱和冻土水汽迁移与相变过程的光滑粒子法模拟

为了研究多年冻土表层的水热分布情况,在非饱和冻土的能量守恒方程和水分迁移的质量控制方程的基础上考虑冰水相变和水汽相变过程,并考虑水汽运移传热及温度势对水汽迁移的影响,建立了非饱和冻土的水-热-汽耦合模型。采用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,简称SPH)方法可方便地计算它们的演化过程。为此,在计算中先求解能量守恒方程的含冰量及气态水含量,再对未冻水含量和温度场进行求解,从而实现了温度场与水汽场的耦合。在此基础上,模拟计算了第1类热边界条件下半无限空间介质内非稳态温度场、体积含水率及水汽通量的分布情况,并将计算结果与未考虑耦合的解析解进行比较,结果显示水汽耦合的作用不容忽略。最后,针对处于季节性周期温度边界下路基的水热场的分布情况进行计算。研究表明,相比于水-热耦合模型,所建立的水-热-汽耦合模型得到的计算结果更为接近实际监测结果,可很好地揭示非饱和冻土中的水热汽迁移特征及其相变过程。     

单向冻结条件下硫酸盐渍土热质迁移及变形特性研究

对水盐补给条件下硫酸盐渍土中的热质迁移、孔隙流体相变过程以及硫酸盐渍土盐冻胀变形进行了理论和试验研究。基于非饱和土力学和热弹性连续介质理论,建立了非饱和硫酸盐渍土中水-热-盐-力多物理场耦合的数学模型,其中考虑了孔隙内相变对热力学和水力学参数的影响,通过数值模拟分析了开放系统单向冻结条件下土体内部温度场、水分场、盐分场及应力场的变化过程,并利用室内降温试验对理论模型的有效性进行了验证。研究结果表明：盐分在结晶时所析出的潜热会直接影响到水分冻结成冰的过程;土体孔隙溶液浓度在开放系统单向冻结条件的影响下随时间先快速增长至峰值而后逐渐下降,最终趋于稳定;在负温的影响下,土体内部水分相变成冰,并逐渐形成冻结锋面,随着冻结锋面的下移,土体盐冻胀程度越来越大。     

非饱和介质中热能传输及水分迁移的数值积分解

在给出非饱和介质热能-水分传输的耦合质量控制方程和基于Fourier热传导定律的热能平衡方程的基础上,对热能传输及水分迁移的基本特征和机理进行了分析。其中,考虑了温度势、吸力势和重力势的耦合作用影响。给出有热源时控制方程的简化形式,并对半无限体自由表面作用平面热源条件下介质内非稳态温度场、体积含水率分布场进行数值积分求解。利用这些解答给出常热源强度和变热源强度两种情况下,温度场随时间的变化特征以及水分迁移的演化过程,并分析了重力项对计算结果的影响。     

非饱和土中热弹性波的传播特性分析

基于非饱和多孔介质的研究成果,考虑热效应和孔隙流体迂曲度的影响,研究了非饱和土中热弹性波的传播特性。利用非饱和土中耦合热的固-液-气三相介质的质量平衡方程、渗流连续方程、动量平衡方程和广义非Fourier热传导定律,建立了问题的热弹性波动方程。通过引入势函数,经过理论推导给出了非饱和土中热弹性波的弥散特征方程。结合数值算例,分析了几类热弹性波的波速和衰减系数随迂曲度、热膨胀系数和介质温度等热物理参数的变化规律。结果表明：孔隙水迂曲度的增大将引起P1波、P3波和S波的波速增大,而孔隙气体迂曲度的增大仅使得P2波的波速增大;热膨胀系数的增大将造成P1波波速的增大和热（T）波波速的减小;介质温度的升高将引起各类热弹性波波速的增大;频率、热膨胀系数和介质温度的变化对各类热弹性波的衰减系数均有较大影响,不可忽视。     

基于孔隙胀缩的土−水特征曲线滞后增量模型

土体孔隙比对土?水特征曲线（SWCC）具有重要影响。试验研究表明,土体在经历不同水力荷载路径后,孔隙发生胀缩致使SWCC产生滞后现象。基于这一发现,假设孔隙胀缩可致使SWCC曲线及扫描曲线产生滞后现象,并以轴平移技术为例解释了土体孔隙在水力载荷作用下胀缩的细观行为。在此基础上,将由变截面毛细管模型定义的孔隙等效半径与Fredlund-Xing方程相结合,通过将孔径控制参数?d简化为常量,推导得到了考虑孔隙胀缩并能反映滞后效应的非饱和土SWCC增量方程。该模型仅需通过主干燥及任意一条扫描曲线确定模型参数,即可预测其他扫描曲线。最后,通过5组试验数据验证了该模型对不同类型土的适用性且该模型具有预测高阶扫描曲线的能力。     

考虑循环温度驱动的土−水特征曲线滞后模型

在温度、水头等边界条件往复变化时,土体内的水分迁移过程会出现滞后效应。为了模拟非饱和土在经历温度循环时水力特性,提出了一个能够反映滞后效应的经验模型,该模型假定各扫面线的曲线形态与对应边界线相似,因此利用土−水特征曲线中两条边界线的方程,无需引入新的参数,即可得到任意状态出发的扫描线方程。以高岭土为介质,设计了循环温度驱动下的土柱试验,在不透水的土柱内,利用水浴加热的方式使土样一端进行升降温循环。试验结果表明,升温后孔隙水会从高温端向低温端迁移,温度降低到初始状态后,含水率的分布不会完全恢复到初始状态,而是表现出一定的滞后效应。利用该滞后模型进行数值计算,可以较好地反映试验过程中滞后效应对土体含水率变化的影响,并结合已有的砂土、粉土试验结果,验证了该模型的有效性。该模型计算方法简单,易于通过程序实现,可应用于地质处置、供热管道设计等工程问题。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡稳定分析

针对降雨入渗土坡的稳定问题,建立一个考虑水力渗透系数特征曲线、土-水特征曲线以及修正的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的非饱和土流固耦合有限元计算模型,进行雨水入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场和应力场耦合的数值模拟,得到非饱和土边坡变形与应力的若干重要规律。研究成果为降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡的稳定分析提供了基础。     

非饱和土中水流入渗和气体排出过程的求解

采用孔隙介质力学分析方法,把土体骨架、孔隙水和孔隙气分别作为独立的研究对象,结合孔隙水和孔隙气在气液交界面上满足的力学条件建立耦合方程,求解非饱和土中孔隙水的入渗和孔隙气体的排出过程。对标准砂进行的一维有压水流入渗试验和计算表明,孔隙气的排出过程影响孔隙水的渗流运动。数值计算与试验结果拟合较好。     

水流入渗和气体驱替过程二维问题的耦合求解

采用孔隙介质力学分析方法,把土体骨架、孔隙水和孔隙气体分别作为独立的研究对象,结合孔隙水和孔隙气体在气、液交界面上的力学条件建立耦合方程,研究非饱和土中孔隙水的入渗和孔隙气体的排出过程,为水流入渗问题的求解提供了一种新的方法。将此种方法应用于二维水流入渗问题的数值求解,利用简单的工况校验了这种计算方法的可靠性。通过对砂体和粉煤灰断面进行的二维水流入渗计算表明,孔隙气体的排出过程影响孔隙水的入渗运动。     

A coupled model for heating and hydratation in unsaturated clays

Knowledge of transport processes of heat and moisture in soils of arid zones is vital to understanding the environmental and economic impacts of many activities: agriculture, waste disposal, geoenvironmental practices and earth sciences. Through extensive review and study on the different aspects of coupled transfer processes in swelling porous media, a general mathematical model for coupled heat, moisture, air flow and deformation problems in clayey soils is proposed in a consistent and unified manner. The model is characterized by the presence of a deformable solid matrix filled with two fluid phases (liquid water and air). In the proposed model, both pore water and air transfers are assumed to be governed by the generalized Darcy’s law. Fully coupled, non-linear partial differential equations are established and then solved by using a Galerkin weighted residual approach in space domain and an implicit integrating scheme in time domain. The obtained model has been finally validated by means of some case tests for the prediction of the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated swelling soils. The calculated relative errors between experimental and numerical results are 3% for temperature and 7% for stresses. Consequently, the developed numerical model predicts satisfactory results, compared to experimental test measures. The model is applicable to two-dimensional problems with various initial and boundary conditions; non-linear soil parameters can be easily included in this model.     

成层非饱和土渗流的耦合解析解

成层土在工程中很常见,研究降雨过程中成层非饱和土的渗流-变形耦合对非饱和土土力学的发展具有重要的意义。由流体质量守恒,Darcy定律和Lloret等的非饱和土本构模型可得成层非饱和土渗流-变形耦合的控制方程。采用Gardner的非饱和土的渗透系数公式以及Boltzman模型,基于Laplace变换得到耦合方程的解析解。解析及其参数分析表明,渗流和变形耦合是具有时间效应的。与吸力变化相关的土的模量F,对成层土的孔隙水压力分布有明显影响。两层土的F差异越大,孔隙水压力消散得越慢,耦合效应越不显著。增大表层土的F值有利于降低耦合效应。成层土饱和体积含水率变化对吸力变化产生有限的影响     

Semi‐analytical solution to one‐dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils with semi‐permeable drainage boundary under time‐dependent loading

This paper presents semi‐analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan's one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with semi‐permeable drainage boundary under time‐dependent loadings. Two variables are introduced to transform two coupled governing equations of pore‐water and pore‐air pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations, which are easily solved by the Laplace transform. The pore‐water pressure, pore‐air pressure and settlement are obtained in the Laplace domain. Crump's method is adopted to perform the inverse Laplace transform in order to obtain semi‐analytical solutions in time domain. It is shown that the present solutions are more general and have a good agreement with the existing solutions from literatures. Furthermore, the current solutions can also be degenerated into conventional solutions to one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with homogeneous boundaries. Finally, several numerical examples are provided to illustrate consolidation behavior of unsaturated soils under four types of time‐dependent loadings, including instantaneous loading, ramp loading, exponential loading and sinusoidal loading. Parametric studies are illustrated by variations of pore‐air pressure, pore‐water pressure and settlement at different values of the ratio of air–water permeability coefficient, depth and loading parameters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implementation of a hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model for fully coupled dynamic analysis of unsaturated soils and its validation using centrifuge test results

Prediction of unsaturated soil behavior during earthquake loading has received increasing attention in geotechnical engineering research and practice in recent years. Development of a fully coupled analysis procedure incorporating a coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model for dynamic analysis of unsaturated soils has, however, been limited. This paper presents the implementation of a coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model into a fully coupled dynamic analysis procedure and its validation using a centrifuge test. First, the fully coupled finite element equations governing the dynamic behavior of unsaturated soils with the solid skeleton displacement, pore water pressure, and pore air pressure as nodal unknowns are briefly presented. The closest point projection method is then utilized to implement the coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model into the finite element equations. The constitutive model includes hysteresis in soil–water characteristic curves, cyclic elastoplasticity of the solid skeleton, and the coupling mechanisms between the SWCCs and the solid skeleton. Finally, the analysis procedure is validated using the results from a dynamic centrifuge test on an embankment constructed of compacted unsaturated silt subjected to base shaking. Reasonable comparisons between the predicted and measured accelerations, settlements, and deformed shapes are obtained.

     

Analytical solution to 1D coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils

An analytical solution to 1D coupled water infiltration and deformation is derived using a Fourier integral transform. Exponential functional forms are used to represent the hydraulic conductivity–pore‐water pressure relationship and the soil‐water characteristic curve. Fredlund's incremental‐linear constitutive model for unsaturated soils is adopted. The analytical solution considers arbitrary initial pore‐water pressure distributions and flux and pressure boundary conditions. The corresponding analytical solutions to coupled steady‐state problems are also obtained. The analytical solutions demonstrate that the coupling of seepage and deformation plays an important role in water infiltration in unsaturated soils. In the early stages of infiltration, the difference between uncoupled and coupled conditions becomes marked over time, and in late stages, the difference caused by the coupling effects diminishes toward the steady state. The difference between the uncoupled and coupled conditions increases with decreasing desaturation coefficient (α). Pore‐water pressure or deformation changes caused by the coupling effects are mainly controlled by the degree of soil volume change due to a change in soil suction (H). The smaller the absolute value of H, the greater the effect of coupling on the infiltration and deformation. The ratio of rainfall intensity to saturated permeability (q/k_s) also has a strong influence on the coupled seepage and deformation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling coupled THM processes of geological porous media with multiphase flow: Theory and validation against laboratory and field scale experiments

A FEM model for analysis of fully coupled multiphase flow, thermal transport and stress/deformation in geological porous media was developed based on the momentum, mass and energy conservation laws of the continuum mechanics and the averaging approach of the mixture theory over a three phase (solid–liquid–gas) system. Six processes (i.e. stress–strain, water flow, gas flow, vapor flow, heat transport and porosity evolution processes) and their coupling effects are considered, which not only makes the problem well-defined, but renders the governing PDEs closed, complete, compact and compatible. Displacements, pore water pressure, pore gas pressure, pore vapor pressure, temperature and porosity are selected as basic unknowns. The physical phenomena such as phase transition, gas solubility in liquid, thermo-osmosis, moisture transfer and moisture swelling are modeled. As a result, the relative humidity and other related variables in porous media can be evaluated on a sounder physical basis. A three dimensional computer code, THYME3D, was developed, with eight degrees of freedom at each node. The laboratory CEA Mock-up test and the field scale FEBEX benchmark test on bentonite performance assessment for underground nuclear waste repositories were used to validate the numerical model and the software. The coupled THM behaviors of the bentonite barriers were satisfactorily simulated, and the effects and impacts of the governing equations, constitutive relations and property parameters on the coupled THM processes were understood in terms of more straightforward interpretation of physical processes at microscopic scale of the porous media. The work developed enables further in-depth research on fully coupled THM or THMC processes in porous media.