考虑井阻时空变化的竖井地基非线性固结解析解

软土固结过程中展现出明显的非线性压缩和渗透特性,同时竖井的淤堵效应常导致井阻在固结过程中随深度和时间不断演化,但目前能考虑井阻随时空演化的竖井地基非线性固结解析解还很鲜见。通过引入孔隙比与有效应力及孔隙比与渗透系数间的半对数模型描述了土体的非线性固结特性,建立了能同时考虑井阻随时空变化和涂抹影响的竖井地基非线性固结模型,并采用分离变量法获得了固结模型的解析解。将特定参数下固结解的计算结果与实测数据、已有的竖井地基固结解答进行了对比分析以验证其可靠性。最后,对竖井地基的非线性固结性状开展了大量计算分析。结果表明：竖井渗透系数随深度线性衰减越明显则地基固结速率越慢;外荷载一定时,随着软土压缩指数c_c与渗透率指数c_k之比的增大,竖井地基固结速度减慢;在c_c /c_k值不变的情况下,外荷载增加,地基固结速率加快。在涂抹区的3种径向渗透系数变化模式中,抛物线变化模式下的地基固结速度最快,线性变化模式下的地基固结速度次之,恒定模式下的地基固结速度最慢,且这种性状并不因为考虑井阻变化或土体非线性固结特性而发生改变。     

考虑涂抹区压缩及渗透系数变化的堆载预压固结解

为评估涂抹区土体压缩和渗透系数变化对含竖向排水体地基固结的影响,采用等体积应变假设,考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形及其水平向渗透系数沿径向分别呈线性和抛物线分布,并考虑井阻作用以及地基附加球应力沿深度任意分布,推导了随时间线性堆载预压条件下固结微分方程的显式解析解答,分析了涂抹区半径、水平向渗透系数的分布模式、以及体积压缩系数对地基整体平均固结度的影响。结果表明,涂抹区土体采用均匀折减的水平向渗透系数明显低估了地基的固结速率,而当涂抹区半径较大时,不考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形将会高估地基的固结速率。在含竖向排水体地基固结问题的分析中,这些影响不可忽视。     

考虑复杂荷载及井阻非线性时竖井地基固结解析解研究

根据浙江沿海地区滩涂围垦中的淤泥基础海堤工程设计经验,认为软土工程中竖井地基固结计算需考虑井阻随时间的影响,基于竖井渗透系数随时间指数衰减关系假定,利用竖井地基径向固结理论和等应变假设,并考虑多级线性加载及循环荷载等复杂荷载作用,重新推导了考虑井阻非线性影响下竖井地基固结解析解,通过与TANG X W等(2000)、Zhu G等（2004）恒定井阻地基固结理论的对比,验证了本文理论的正确性。根据本文理论,通过对比分析,认为线性加载时间越长,竖井地基前期固结速率越慢,与骤加恒载工况差异越显著。在循环荷载作用下,地基固结速率一般介于荷载最大值和荷载最小值的恒载情况之间;且固结度随外荷载的波动而相应地滞后性震荡,竖井渗透系数衰减越快,其震荡越明显,最终趋向于稳定震荡。     

考虑漏气及井阻非线性的真空预压地基固结解析解

基于径向固结理论和等应变假设,考虑真空预压过程中真空泵故障、漏气等不利影响以及排水体井阻时空非线性影响,推导了以排水体中超静孔隙水压uw为函数的3阶拟线性偏微分方程,并将膜下真空度随时间的变化曲线作为边界条件,考虑吹填土的自重固结影响,分别给出了真空预压地基考虑漏气影响且排水体渗透系数随深度线性衰减及时间指数衰减时的固结解析解。最后通过与现有多个固结解的对比分析,认为它们一般为新解的特例,并通过算例计算比较分析,认为井阻随时间影响参数A_2对固结度的影响比随深度影响参数A_1更敏感。当参数A_2足够大时,则认为排水体很快就淤堵以至于不具备排水能力,参数A1则可等效反映真空度随深度的衰减影响,且真空预压过程中漏气对地基固结度具有直接影响,漏气越严重则固结排水越慢,需延长真空预压时间,以保证真空预压效果。     

考虑井阻效应及径向渗透系数变化下砂井地基的大变形固结

基于Barron砂井地基等应变固结理论及Gibson一维大变形固结理论,同时考虑了砂井的井阻效应、径向渗透系数的变化及竖向渗流等因素,推导建立了更具普遍性的砂井地基大变形固结方程,并采用有限差分法对该方程进行了求解。通过将所求的差分解答与已有的固结模型及小变形解析解进行比较,对差分解答的正确性进行了验证。基于差分解答,对砂井地基的大变形固结性状展开分析。分析表明:砂井的井阻效应会降低砂井地基的固结速率,但当砂井的渗透系数增大到一定程度时,砂井的井阻效应可忽略;径向渗透系数的变化模式会对砂井地基的固结速率产生较大影响,相比于线性变化模式,抛物线变化模式下的固结速率较快;竖向渗流加快了砂井地基的固结速率,当井径比较小时,应考虑竖向渗流对砂井地基固结速率的影响;压缩指数与渗透指数的比值越大,砂井地基的固结速率越慢。     

涂抹区重叠竖井地基固结特性研究

在软基处理工程中,经常出现竖井打设变密而地基固结效率降低的现象。鉴于此,建立了重叠涂抹区内土体水平向渗透系数的分布函数,给出了涂抹区重叠时竖井地基超静孔压和平均固结度的解析解。通过分析不同工况下竖井地基固结度随竖井间距的变化情况,探究了竖井间距减小而地基固结效率不增反减的成因。最后,探讨了涂抹作用和井阻作用对竖井最小临界间距的影响。结果表明：相邻竖井涂抹区重叠是竖井地基中出现竖井最小临界间距的根本原因。涂抹作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越大;具体表现为当地基扰动程度增大时或涂抹区半径增大时,竖井最小临界间距随之增大。井阻作用越大,则竖井最小临界间距越小;具体表现为当竖井渗透系数减小时、竖井长度增大时或竖井半径减小时,竖井最小临界间距随之减小。     

涂抹区重叠竖井地基固结特性研究

在软基处理工程中，经常出现竖井打设变密而地基固结效率降低的现象。鉴于此，建立了重叠涂抹区内土体水平向渗透系数的分布函数，给出了涂抹区重叠时竖井地基超静孔压和平均固结度的解析解。通过分析不同工况下竖井地基固结度随竖井间距的变化情况，探究了竖井间距减小而地基固结效率不增反减的成因。最后，探讨了涂抹作用和井阻作用对竖井最小临界间距的影响。结果表明：相邻竖井涂抹区重叠是竖井地基中出现竖井最小临界间距的根本原因。涂抹作用越大，则竖井最小临界间距越大；具体表现为当地基扰动程度增大时或涂抹区半径增大时，竖井最小临界间距随之增大。井阻作用越大，则竖井最小临界间距越小；具体表现为当竖井渗透系数减小时、竖井长度增大时或竖井半径减小时，竖井最小临界间距随之减小。     

考虑影响区真实形状的竖向排水井地基固结解

针对现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论对影响区一律采用圆形等效假定的缺陷,研究了影响区真实形状为正六边形的按梅花形布置的竖向排水井地基的固结问题。通过建立新固结方程和引入新的边界条件,并考虑土体水平渗透系数变化,得到了相应的解析解。对于土体水平渗透系数的3种变化模式,分别给出了各种模式下的特殊解。在此基础上,分析了3种模式下3个主要的无量纲参数对地基固结性状的影响,并比较了计算结果和现有理论结果。分析结果表明,影响区和涂抹扰动区范围越大,固结越慢;土体的最大与最小水平渗透系数之比越小,固结越快;在相同条件下,考虑扰动区渗透系数线性变化的模式2固结最快,而假定扰动区渗透系数不变的模式1的解与现有理论解相当接近,验证了现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论中对影响区采用圆形等效假定的合理性     

变荷载下考虑井阻随时空变化的竖井地基固结解

竖井排水固结法中井阻随时空演变（即由淤堵和弯折所引起的竖井排水能力下降）的现象已引起广泛关注,且变井阻对竖井地基固结速率的影响不容忽略。但目前能同时考虑变荷载及井阻随时间和空间变化的固结解析解还鲜有报道。考虑井阻随时空演变过程,引入实际中广泛采用的单级或多级加载模式,建立了竖井地基固结模型,并应用分离变量法获得固结模型的解析解答。通过与已有的解析解、有限差分解及工程实测值进行对比分析,充分验证了该模型的正确性。通过大量的计算,分析变井阻参数对竖井地基固结性状的影响。结果表明：竖井地基固结速率随竖井最终排水能力的增大而加快,随深度井阻参数及时间井阻参数的增大而减缓,且时间井阻参数的影响更为显著。     

真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基固结特性理论分析

真空联合堆载预压与混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基相结合是处理深厚软土地基的一种新方法。该方法既能利用预制混凝土芯桩提高地基承载力,又能利用砂石外壳缩短排水路径、传递真空负压,加快固结。根据真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的固结特点,将堆载预压和真空预压的固结效应分开考虑,然后再进行叠加,推导出了真空联合堆载预压下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的平均固结度解析解,并利用三维数值模拟对平均固结度解析解进行了验证。通过对解析解的参数分析,探讨了置换率、涂抹区大小及渗透系数、混凝土芯砂石桩长径比和芯桩率对混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基固结特性的影响。结果表明,混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的固结速率随着置换率和芯桩率的增大而增大,随涂抹区和砂石外壳直径之比、未扰动区和涂抹区渗透系数之比、长径比的增大而减小。     

Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal,off Ennore,south-east coast of India

In order to avoid the pollution of trace metals in marine environment, it is necessary to establish the data and understand the mechanisms influencing the distribution of trace metals in marine environment. The concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co and Cd) were studied in sediments of Ennore shelf, to understand the metal contamination due to heavily industrialized area of Ennore, south-east coast of India. Concentration of metals shows significant variability and range from 1.7 to 3.7% for Fe, 284–460 μg g⁻¹ for Mn, 148.6–243.2 μg g⁻¹ for Cr, 385–657 μg g⁻¹ for Cu, 19.8–53.4 μg g⁻¹ for Ni, 5.8–11.8 μg g⁻¹ for Co, 24.9–40 μg g⁻¹ for Pb, 71.3–201 μg g⁻¹ for Zn and 4.6–7.5 μg g⁻¹ for Cd. For various metals the contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index (I _geo) has been calculated to assess the degree of pollution in sediments. The geoaccumulation index shows that Cd, Cr and Cu moderately to extremely pollute the sediments. This study shows that the major sources of metal contamination in the Ennore shelf are land-based anthropogenic ones, such as discharge of industrial wastewater, municipal sewage and run-off through the Ennore estuary. The intermetallic relationship revealed the identical behavior of metals during its transport in the marine environment.     

Kinetics of dehydration of Ca-montmorillonite

Isothermal thermogravimetric experiments have been carried out to determine the reaction kinetics of the dehydration processes in fuller's earth, a natural Ca-montmorillonite. Dehydration in swelling clays is a complex reaction, and analysis of the thermogravimetric data using empirical rate equations and time-transformation analysis reveals that the nature of the rate controlling mechanism is dependent upon both the temperature regime of the sample as well as the extent of reaction. For fuller's earth, we find that the dehydration kinetics are dominated by a nucleation and growth mechanism at low temperatures and fractions transformed (stage I), but above 90 °C the last stages of the reaction are diffusion controlled (stage II). The activation energy for dehydration during stage I is around 35 kJ · mol⁻¹, whereas the removal of water during stage II requires an activation energy of around 50 kJ · mol⁻¹. These two stages of dehydration are associated with primary collapse of the interlayer (stage I) and movement of water that is hydrated to cations within the interlayer (stage II). Received: 28 August 1998 / Revised, accepted: 27 January 1999     

Overview of the geomorphological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Eastern Desert of Egypt

Although, the Eastern Desert of Egypt forms about 22% of the surface area of the country, the area is undeveloped due to the limited availability of water. The morphologic units of the Eastern Desert consist of a number of drainage basins covering about 147,820 km² (66.5% of the total surface area of the Eastern Desert). The basins drain the occasional rainwater, either towards the Nile Valley or to the Red Sea, causing flood hazards. The availability of water from the hydrologic systems of these basins could be improved by constructing runoff controlling systems in these areas (e.g. dykes and partially effective dams), which could save and make use of a considerable amount of water. The groundwater resources in the Eastern Desert can be divided into four main water-bearing units: the fractured crystalline Pre-Cambrian aquifer, the Nubian sandstone aquifer, the fractured limestone and sandstone aquifer and the Quaternary aquifer. The most productive aquifer is the Nubian sandstone while the fractured limestone and sandstone (Miocene) are only productive along the eastern part of the desert. The Quaternary aquifer occurs along the major dry washes (wadis) and is considered of limited potential as it is recharged mainly from the occasional rainfall. Detailed assessment of these aquifers should be carried out locally for further development of the area.

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Resumen Aunque el Desierto Oriental de Egipto constituye alrededor del 22% de la superficie del país, esta área no se encuentra desarrollada por causa de la escasez de agua. Las unidades morfológicas del Desierto Oriental consisten de un número de cuencas de drenaje que cubren alrededor de 147,820 km² (66.5% del área superficial total del Desierto Oriental). Estas cuencas drenan las aguas lluvias ocasionales, bien hacia el Valle del Nilo o hacia el Mar Rojo, causando amenazas de inundación. La disponibilidad de agua a partir de los sistemas hidrológicos de estas cuencas, puede ser mejorada al construir sistemas de control de escorrentía allí (Ej. Diques y presas de efectividad parcial), las cuales podrían almacenar y permitir el uso de una cantidad considerable de agua. Los recursos de agua subterránea en el Desierto Oriental, pueden dividirse en cuatro unidades principales portadoras de agua: El acuífero fracturado cristalino Pre – Cámbrico, el acuífero de la Arenisca de Nubia, el acuífero de arenisca y caliza fracturadas y el acuífero Cuaternario. El acuífero más productivo es la arenisca de Nubia, mientras que la arenisca y caliza fracturadas (Mioceno), son productivas únicamente a lo largo de la parte oriental del desierto. El acuífero Cuaternario se encuentra a lo largo de las corrientes intermitentes mayores (Wadis) y se le considera de potencial limitado por ser recargado principalmente a partir de lluvia ocasional. Una evaluación detallada de estos acuíferos debe llevarse a cabo localmente, para el desarrollo adicional de esta área.

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Résumé Bien que le Désert Est occupe 22% de la surface de lEgypte, la région est sousdeveloppée à cause de la ressource en eau limitée. Les unités morphologiques consistent en des bassins drainant qui couvrent une surface de 147,820 km² ,représentant 66.6% de la surface du Désert Est. Les bassins drainent les plues intermittentes vers la vallée du Nil ou vers la Mer Rouge en provocant des inondations. On peut augmenter la ressource en eau dans cette région en réalisant des systèmes de contrôle de ruissellements (des digues...) qui peuvent sauver et utiliser un volume considérable deau. La ressource en eau souterraine du Désert Est est cantonnée dans quatre grandes structures: l› aquifère fracturé cristallin Précambrien, l› aquifère gréseux Nubien, l› aquifère calcaire et gréseux et l› aquifère quaternaire. Le plus productif est l› aquifère gréseux Nubien tendis que les calcaire et les grèses dage miocène sont productives seulement dans la partie est du désert. L› aquifère quaternaire se trouve au long des oueds sèches et on considéré quil a un potentiel limité, étant rechargé seulement par les plues intermittentes. Pour le futur développement de la région il est nécessaire une évaluation détaillée, à léchelle locale de ces aquifères.

     

A review of the stratigraphy of Marwar Supergroup of west-central Rajasthan

The lithostratigraphy, depositional environment and age of the Marwar Supergroup have been reviewed in the light of report of δ¹³C depletion recorded in the carbonates of the Bilara Group (middle part of Marwar Supergroup) and discovery of trilobite-like trace fossils from the ·Red bedsŽ of Nagaur Group (upper part of Marwar Supergroup). The δ¹³C depletion observed in Bilara carbonates is not a result of glaciation rather due to rapid burial and poor water circulation in the low energy water of the protected basin. Secondly, the trace fossils are, in fact, traces of notostracan crustaceans found in shallow fluvial and shallow lacustrine environment. The present paper also records a spiral, burrowing trace-fossil, possibly Gyrolithes, from a cross-bedded sandstone of the Jodhpur Group.     

Effect of incorporation of iron and aluminum on the thermoelastic properties of magnesium silicate perovskite

In situ X-ray diffraction measurements of Fe- and Al-bearing MgSiO₃-rich perovskite (FeAl-Pv), which was synthesized from a natural orthopyroxene, were performed at pressures of 19–32 GPa and temperatures of 300–1,500 K using a combination of a Kawai-type apparatus with eight sintered-diamond anvils and synchrotron radiation. Two runs were performed using a high-pressure cell with two sample chambers, and both MgSiO₃ perovskite (Mg-Pv) and FeAl-Pv were synthesized simultaneously in the same cell. Thus we were able to measure specific volumes (V/V ₀) of Mg-Pv and FeAl-Pv at the same P−T conditions. At all the measurement conditions, values of the specific volume of FeAl-Pv are consistent with those of Mg-Pv within 2 Standard Deviation, strongly suggesting that effect of incorporation of iron and aluminum on the thermoelastic properties of magnesium silicate perovskite is undetectable in this composition, pressure, and temperature range. Two additional runs were performed using a high-pressure cell that has one sample chamber and unit-cell volumes of FeAl-Pv were measured at pressures and temperatures up to 32 GPa and 1,500 K, respectively. All the unit-cell volume data of FeAl-Pv perovskite were fitted to the high temperature Birch–Murnaghan equation of state and a complete set of thermoelastic parameters of this perovskite was determined with an assumption of K′ _300,0 = 4. The determined parameters are K _300,0 = 243(3) GPa, (∂K _T,0/∂T) _P = −0.030(8) GPa/K, a ₀ = 2.78(18) × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, and b ₀ = 0.88(28) × 10⁻⁸ K⁻², where a ₀ and b ₀ are the coefficients of the following expression describing the zero-pressure thermal expansion: α _T,0 = a ₀ + b ₀ T. The equation-of-state parameters of FeAl-Pv are in good agreement with those of MgSiO₃ perovskite at the conditions corresponding to the uppermost part of the lower mantle.     

Thermomineral waters of Ca-chloride composition: review of diagnostics and of brine evolution

 Ca-chloride waters are defined as those in which Q=rCa/r(SO₄+HCO₃)>1, rNa/rCl<0.80, rMg/rCa<0.5 and wCl/wBr<286 (r=meq l^–1 and w=mg l^–1). Throughout the last 50 years, different models for the formation of such waters have been suggested. These models include: (1) filtration through semipermeable membranes under conditions of highly compacted argillaceous sediments, (2) deaquation of seawater by evaporation and/or by freezing followed by dolomitization, (3) hydrolysis of plagioclase and biotites in igneous metamorphic rock masses, (4) radiolytic modification of residual metamorphic fluids, and (5) dissolution of chalks followed by ion exchange on smectites. The better understanding of processes and of natural environments leading to the evolution and natural occurrence of such brines, is imperative for the prospection and further sustained exploitation of such waters. Received: 11 October 1996 · Accepted: 24 February 1997     

激光焦平面变化对LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年准确度的影响

元素分馏是影响LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年准确度的重要因素之一,通常利用标样进行校正。激光聚焦位置变化会引起剥蚀坑形貌及U-Pb分馏的改变,标样和样品聚焦条件不一致将导致标样难以准确校正样品,并最终影响定年结果的准确性,但影响的程度、机制及可容忍范围目前尚不清楚。为此,文章以91500为标样、GJ-1为样品,详细研究了聚焦偏离30μm范围内剥蚀标样与样品锆石的剥蚀坑形貌变化以及由此导致的U-Pb定年误差。实验表明,在距离锆石表面30μm范围内,标样和样品焦平面同步变化时,二者U-Pb分馏形式及程度基本一致,激光焦平面偏离所引起的样品年龄与TIMS推荐值的偏差小于1%;当二者聚焦不同步时,标样与样品的U-Pb分馏差别显著,年龄偏差最大可超过3%。激光聚焦不同步导致的标样与样品剥蚀坑纵横比差异是引起年龄误差的根本原因,激光焦平面偏离锆石表面超过15μm,剥蚀坑坑口明显变大,纵横比减小,U-Pb分馏形式及程度发生改变。通过预剥蚀锆石,观察剥蚀坑轮廓,使激光焦平面在距离锆石样品表面15μm范围内,可确保标样与样品剥蚀坑形貌及U-Pb分馏状态一致,提高LA-ICPMS定年的准确度。     

Geochemistry of Thermal Waters of Continental Margin of Far East of Russia

Studied waters belong to warm(T=30-50℃),alkaline(pH=8.9-9.3),low mineralized(TDS235 mg/1)Na-HCO_3 or Na-SO_4-HCO_3 thermal waters with high content of SiO_2(up to 81 mg/l)and F(up to 3.9 mg/1),occur on modern volcano-tectonic rejuvenated areas of Eastern Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt.Low~3He concentration as well as N_2/O_2 and N_2/Ar ratios exclude influence of deep mantle fluid.New rare earth element data constrain our understandmg of water-rock interaction occurring in the water source region.Meteoric origin of waters is proved by stable isotope values varying from-71‰to-136.1‰and from-10.8‰to-18.8‰forδ~2U andδ~(18)O respectively.REE patterns reflect high pH,resultfing from water-rock interaction and oxidative conditions.Calculations of deep aquifer temperature using Na-K and quartz geothermometers show 116.8-131.1°C and 82.2-125.8℃respectively.Presence of deep faults both with abnormal thermal gradient(~45-50 K/km)define unique geochemical shape of thermal waters of Sikhote-Alin,area,where no present volcanic activity is registered.     

Performance of Sample Preparation for Determination of Gold in Samples of Geological Origin

We investigate the performance of sample preparation of gold ores using vibratory (bowl, ring and puck type) mills in common use in mineral analytical laboratories. The main criteria for effective grinding are using reduced grinding charge masses ≤ ca. 50% of nominal bowl capacity and using a grinding aid to prevent caking. We show that gold particles of millimetre scale can be comminuted to ≤ 100 µm by grinding in silica flour, bauxite, synthetic carborundum, or mixtures of silica and these materials using times of up to 5 min and that 95% < 50 µm is achievable with extended grinding. This suggests that modified grinding techniques can be used to make sample masses ≤ 5 g viable for routine determination of gold in geological samples. We also demonstrate homogenisation of a gold‐bearing copper sulfide mineral flotation concentrate alone and in mixtures with silica by extended grinding at reduced charge masses. To support this work, we develop a convenient new benchmark of gold ore sample preparation performance ‘G’, an apparent maximum gold particle size interpolated from replicate analytical variance in order to overcome the limitations of laborious sieve fraction analysis of gold particle size. We show useful agreement between G and sieve fraction analysis of gold particle size in samples and test the viability of G experimentally and by analysis of literature data.     

Assessment of hydraulic properties of sedimentary and volcanic aquifer systems under arid conditions in the Republic of Djibouti (Horn of Africa)

The Republic of Djibouti (23,000 km²; 500,000 inhabitants), located within the Horn of Africa, undergoes an arid climate with an average annual rainfall less than 150 mm. Water resources are provided up to 98% by groundwater. Two types of aquifers are encountered: volcanic and sedimentary aquifers. This paper focuses on the assessment of their hydraulic properties, which is necessary for future tasks regarding the management of these aquifers. To this end, a data base consisting of all available pumping test data obtained since the 1960s was compiled. Pumping tests have been interpreted to determine transmissivity. Solely for volcanic aquifers, transmissivity also has been estimated through an empirical relationship using specific capacity corrected for turbulent well losses. The transmissivity of each type of aquifer can span up to four orders of magnitude, pointing out their strong heterogeneity. For the various volcanic rocks, the younger the rock, the higher the transmissivity. The transmissivity of volcanic rocks has therefore decreased in the course of geological time. At present, a much better understanding of the hydraulic properties of these complex aquifers has been obtained, which should enable optimal management of their groundwater resources through the use of numerical modeling.

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Resumen La República de Yibuti (23.000 km², 500.000 habitantes) está situada en el Cuerno de África, donde se han formado diversas unidades volcánicas—basaltos y riolitas—y rocas sedimentarias desde la expansión de los continentes acaecida al inicio de la deriva continental (hace 30 millones de años). La precipitación media anual es inferior a 150 mm. Las rocas volcánicas y sedimentarias, con dimensión inferior a 2.000 km², constituyen acuíferos locales. Los basaltos estratificados forman un acuífero regional que se extiende a más de 9.000 km². La multitud de datos existente ha sido almacenada desde los años 1960 en una base de datos. La transmisividad de estos acuíferos ha sido determinada mediante datos de ensayos de bombeo y una relación empírica que usa la capacidad específica corregida con las pérdidas turbulentas en el pozo. La transmisividad de estos acuíferos se comporta como una variable lognormal, hecho importante para los trabajos previstos de modelación con métodos estadísticos. La transmisividad de cada acuífero puede variar hasta en cuatro órdenes de magnitud, manifestando su gran heterogeneidad. Para los materiales volcánicos, la transmisividad es mayor cuanto más joven es la roca. La permeabilidad de las rocas volcánicas ha evolucionado por tanto con el tiempo geológico. Actualmente, se posee un mayor conocimiento sobre las propiedades hidráulicas de estos acuíferos complejos, de manera que se puede hacer una gestión óptima de sus recursos hídricos subterráneos con la utilización de modelos numéricos.

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Résumé La République de Djibouti (23,000 km²; 500,000 habitants), située dans la Corne de lAfrique, subit un climat aride avec une pluviométrie moyenne annuelle inférieure à 150 mm. Les ressources en eau sont fournies à plus de 98% par les eaux souterraines contenues dans des aquifères sédimentaires ou volcaniques. Cet article a pour objectif lévaluation des propriétés hydrauliques de ces aquifères, étape indispensable pour entreprendre par la suite des études en vue de la gestion de ces aquifères. Une base rassemblant les données dessais par pompage disponibles depuis les années Soixante a dabord été établie. Les essais par pompage ont été interprétés pour déduire la transmissivité. Concernant les aquifères volcaniques, la transmissivité a également été estimée à laide dune relation empirique reliant la transmissivité et le débit spécifique corrigé des pertes de charge anormales. La transmissivité pour chaque aquifère couvre jusquà quatre ordres de grandeur, montrant la forte hétérogénéité de ces milieux. Pour les roches volcaniques, on observe que la transmissivité est dautant meilleure que la roche est plus jeune. Leur transmissivité a ainsi diminué durant les temps géologiques. La compréhension des propriétés hydrauliques de ces aquifères complexes est à présent bien meilleure, ce qui permet denvisager une gestion optimale de leurs ressources à laide de modèles numériques.