美军反水雷作战思想探讨

美军经历了多次水雷战,尝尽了作战对手所布水雷的苦头。因此,美军吸取教训大力加强反水雷力量建设,反水雷作战理念和方法也不断地更新。对美军反水雷作战思想进行探讨,从“注重一体化作战, 运用层次防御;航空反水雷为主,舰潜兵力配合;猎扫雷方式并举,强调机动规避”3 个方面分析了其可借鉴之处,可为我军反水雷作战思想提供改进及创新思路。     

探猎雷装备探测概率分类方法研究

探猎雷装备作为海军反水雷部队的主要装备，其探测应用研究对提高建制式反水雷装备的作战效能具有重要意义。从作战部队探猎雷实战使用流程出发，结合探猎雷装备应用现状，提出了声呐探测目标的概率分类方法，建立了探测概率分类方法模型，对实际应用需解决的问题进行了探析。对开展海区水雷目标数量评估、目标的识别比对以及声呐探测航次优化等装备作战运用有一定的启发和促进作用。     

我国反水雷支援舰能力建设探讨

随着我国海军的战略转型,我军反水雷作战任务发生了变化,除了传统的近岸/ 近海反水雷任务,还增加了海峡反水雷、交通线反水雷以及海外基地反水雷等任务。 反水雷支援舰综合作战能力强、信息化与自动化程度高,在作战时为反水雷兵力提供指控、控制、通信及补给等方面的支持,快速提升反水雷系统的信息化、无人化、模块化水平,使反水雷装备能够协同工作,实现反水雷作战效能的最大化,是提高海军现有反水雷作战能力的理想装备。     

海洋环境对猎雷声呐探测识别的影响及对策建议

猎雷是各海军强国重点发展方向，猎雷作战中首要的就是探测识别水雷。从传播损失、混响、 目标强度以及海流、潮汐等多个方面分析了海洋环境对猎雷声呐探测识别的影响，并从猎雷作战角度提出了有关参数设置、作战方式、数据处理等对策建议，可为部队探测识别水雷等目标提供有效参考。     

国外无人反水雷特点及关键技术分析

许多国家将水雷视为一种重要的水中兵器，用于封锁对手、对抗强敌。针对现有反水雷装备存在的危险性高、部署速度慢、作战效率低等问题，国外海军将无人技术为代表的高新技术应用到反水雷领域，推出了多种新概念无人反水雷装备，综合运用猎、扫等多种手段，构建空中、水面、水下立体的无人反水雷装备体系，实现快速、安全、高效的反水雷作战能力，对未来反水雷作战产生重大影响。     

无人化时代反水雷装备体系构想

根据我国海洋方向面临的战略安全环境、建设“海上丝绸之路”的要求，我国的反水雷作战范围将延伸到第一岛链以外的海域，反水雷任务除了传统的近岸/ 近海反水雷任务，还增加了海峡反水雷、交通线反水雷以及海外基地反水雷等任务。 为了满足我国反水雷作战需求，结合国际上反水雷技术装备发展方向，用信息化改造、无人化拓展现有反水雷装备，构建无人化时代反水雷装备体系，形成能够在近岸、近海、中远海实施快速、安全、高效的反水雷作战能力。     

中国海军扫雷纪实

水雷战是海军的重要作战样式之一。水雷虽然是一种具有悠久历史的常规兵器，但它不仅可以完成战术和战役使命，而且还可以成功地发挥战略作用。因此，当今世界各国海军都在积极开展水雷战的研究和开发。 有矛就有盾，有水雷战就有反水雷战，反水雷战却是世界级难题，几天布设的水雷，可能需要几个月时间才能扫除，动用的舰艇和兵力，所投入的费用远远大于布雷，有时甚至可达几十倍或上百倍。可见，水雷易布难扫的特性决定了反水雷作战的艰巨性、复杂性和长期性。 新中国成立后，虽然在我国海域未发生较大规模的水雷战，但有１９４９年国民党…     

基于任务-能力的反水雷作战效能评估方法

针对层次分析法中的指标体系及判断矩阵的复杂性和随机性等不足,提出了一种便捷的反水雷装备作战效能评估方法,构建适宜多任务分析的“任务–能力”作战效能评估指标体系。给出了效能评估模型, 并对适宜岛礁反水雷的两型装备进行了作战效能评估。通过专家打分和定性评估结合,可便捷得到符合作战任务需求的效能评估结果,验证了该评估方法的可行性及有效性,对岛礁反水雷装备配置方案具有参考价值。     

军扫雷部队

国共布水雷31万枚,炸沉舰船近800艘,约占舰船总损失的三分之一。第二次世界大战期间,各国布共水雷80万枚,约有2700艘舰船被水雷炸沉、炸伤。这两次世界大战,交战双方为了对付水雷威胁,就动用了大量的扫雷兵力进行水雷作战。在二战期间、仅英、美、德、日等四国,就动用了4649艘扫雷舰艇进行反水雷作战。战后,尽管海军装备有了质的变化,海战方式发生了重大变     

美国反水雷能力现状与发展研究

水雷战是最常见的海上作战样式，对争取海上战争的主动权有着重要作用。美国十分注重反水雷作战策略研究及其装备发展。未来，美军将逐渐淡化专业反水雷和建制反水雷装备的区别，取而代之的是一些模块化、通用化的联网无人反水雷系统，从而实现反水雷武器由以平台为中心的到以能力为中心的转变。具体装备包括基于濒海战斗舰的专用反水雷舰艇、小型可用舰船上使用的反水雷模块、小型反水雷远征分队和潜航器等。     

Experimental study on the 350 msw simulated heliox saturation-370 msw excursion diving

-The chief purpose of the research was to understand the physiological function change regularity, performance and adaptability of the human body living and working under high pressure for prolonged time.In January 1989, 4 naval divers entered the habital of NMRI's 500 msw saturation diving system after a series of adaptive diving training. The breathing mixture was helium-oxygen. After 55 h compression (including intermediate stages) the 350 msw depth was reached, where the divers lived and worked for 72 h 10 min. No sign of discomfort or significant HPNS was found in the 4 divers.The second and third day of the saturation exposure, the divers carried out 370 msw dry and wet chamber excursion diving 2 man-time each, the divers effectively carried out operational work under water, the total excursion time was 1 h each excursion dive.Saturation decompression started after 3-day storage exposure, the divers were gradually brought toward the surface 25 msw a day on the average by employing the linear stead     

A Probabilistic Expert System Approach for Sea Mine Burial Prediction

Knowledge of the extent of burial of bottom sitting sea mines is critical to mine detection due to the significantly degraded capabilities of mine-hunting systems when the mines are buried. To provide an enhanced capability for predicting mine burial in support of U.S. Navy mine countermeasure (MCM) operations, an expert system approach to predicting sea mine burial has been developed. This expert system serves as a means to synthesize previous and current research on sea mine burial due to impact upon deployment and subsequently due to scour, the two dominant burial mechanisms in littoral waters. Prediction systems for impact and scour burial have been implemented as simple Bayesian networks whose probabilistic basis provides means of accounting for the inherent uncertainties associated with mine deployment methods, simplified physics-based burial models, and environmental variability. Examples of burial predictions and comparisons to results from field experiments are illustrated. In addition, a proposed risk metric is developed and applied to provide a geospatial mapping of mine burial probability.     

A self-heated first stage breathing regulator for underwater divers

This article presents a new class of first stage breathing regulators for underwater divers with built-in self-heating capabilities. In this class of regulators, the energy of the high pressure life support gas is used to heat both the inhaled gases and the regulator core in an attempt to combat problems of cold water diving.The thermal characteristics of this regulator are monitored and compared with those of a conventional regulator under different simulated dive temperatures, breathing frequencies and also under free flow conditions.The obtained results show that the self-heated first stage (SHFS) regulator delivered warm gases and performed successfully in zero°C water while the conventional regulator failed even when equipped with the environmental protection kit.This paper emphasizes the potential of the self-heated regulator as an essential part of cold water diving gear.     

模拟36.5米氮氧饱和潜水26昼夜人的生理功能变化和安全减压问题

饱和潜水技术可大大延长水下作业时间、提高潜水作业效率,是开发海底资源、水下施工、援潜救生、海洋考察和科学研究不可缺少的一种手段.近20年来,取得了较大的进展,人体氦氧饱和潜水模拟实验的深度已达650米,现场饱和潜水为460米,巡潜已达501米.     

潜水监控系统的应用研究

通过研究和分析潜水过程中出现的问题,设计了一套针对空气潜水的监控系统.系统利用计算机、视频监控、传感器技术,对潜水员的气源压力、供气压力、潜水深度、潜水时间及潜水过程中拍摄图像声音进行采集和记录.整个系统分为气源压力监测、潜水员深度监测和水下图像声音采集3个模块,可同时对4名潜水员进行实时监控,使水面人员可以准确地掌握...     

模拟36.5米氮氧饱和潜水26昼夜和60、70及75米空气巡潜对人体脑电图的影响

饱和潜水技术能提高水下作业效率,还可藉巡回潜水来增加水下作业深度,因此从六十年代以来在世界潜水技术先进国家中得到迅速发展,目前已成为进行潜水作业的一种重要手段.在空气潜水中,脑功能的变化早就引起人们的注意,高压氮会引起人体象酒精中毒样的麻醉症状,因此,一些水下生理和医学家们不但把脑电图作为潜水员选拔的体检指标,而且还用作潜水时健康检查和监护的重要手段.关于长期暴露于高气压环境下人体脑电图变化的研究尚属少见.本工作系统地记录了模拟36.5米氮氧饱和和潜水26昼夜各时期及进行不同深度空气巡潜时的脑电图,以探索长期暴露于高压氮氧环境对人体脑电图的影响以及适应过程中的变化规律.     

A self-heated second stage regulator for underwater divers

This article deals with the development, testing and performance evaluation of a new class of a self-heated breathing regulator for underwater divers.This class of regulators is introduced because of its capability of utilizing the energy of the compressed gas, used in supporting the lives of divers underwater, in heating the inhaled gases as well as in eliminating the problems of regulator freeze-up in cold waters.The paper presents the performance characteristics of the self-heated second stage regulators under different simulated dive temperatures, breathing frequencies and tidal volumes.Comparisons are also presented between the performance of the self-heated regulator and a conventional regulator in order to define the merits and limitations of each type under different dive conditions.The obtained results indicate that the self-heated regulator produced not only warm gases but performed successfully in zero°C waters while the conventional regulator has failed.This paper suggests the potential of the self-heated regulator as viable means for alleviating the problems of cold water diving.     

Manned Testing of the Diver Gas Recovery Installation

The Diver Gas Recovery Installation (DGRI) was evaluated at 80 msw saturation - 100 msw excursion diving on HeO2 in the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) of China in April, 1995. The diving depth, lockout time, breathing gas flow rate and consumption, inspired oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) were monitored. The results indicated that PO2 was controlled to fluctuate from 64.3 to 84.0 kPa and PCO2 went up from 0.01 kPa up to O.I kPa during 4 hours excursion diving; recovery of breathing gas reached 95%; three divers felt well and breathed comfortably during simulating heavy work. The test showed that it met desired performance goals. The DGRI is a kind of important equipment for long duration deep dive. It enables the gases exhaled by the divers to be re-cycled, and therefore it has great social, military and economic significance for diving operation and submarine rescue.     

A conceptual process-based reference model for collaboratively managing recreational scuba diving in Kenting National Park

The purpose of this paper is to describe a management process to better control scuba diving on coral reefs. While the dive industry permits growth in local tourism revenues it can also create a degradation of the coral reefs if there are too many divers. Consequently appropriate management is essential. In this study, a case analysis of Kenting National Park was undertaken. The authors describe a process-based reference model and information system to better manage diving through collaboration by the different units, namely the divers, dive centers, the park office, the nuclear power plant bodies, the park police and the coastal guards. The management tool set of IDEF0 (Integration Definition for Function Modeling 0) was applied to describe the overall diving service workflow. An object-oriented analysis approach was then applied to represent the design of the collaborative model. A prototype web-based platform was constructed to demonstrate the model for in situ information that potentially could monitor diving and improve communication channels between the actors.