利用海底地震仪数据分析台风对海底环境噪音的影响

在海底布设的海底地震仪（OBS）能比较清晰地记录到海底的环境噪音，而台风可以直接或间接的产生在海底传播的弹性波，从而影响海底的环境噪音，并在较大程度上影响OBS的数据记录。本文通过分析台风对工作区的整个影响过程中OBS记录数据的振幅变化，再选择合适的滤波方式，首次发现台风产生的风浪及涌浪在短周期海底地震仪的记录数据上有良好的表现特征，指出了台风对海底环境噪音的另一种可能的影响方式，并由此得出：1）台风产生的风浪和涌浪对海底环境噪音的影响模式不同；2）风浪和涌浪所加强的海底环境噪音的范围和程度不同；3）短周期OBS可以比较清晰的记录涌浪信息，其周期主要是6—8 s，且能量稳定（简称“8秒现象”）。这三点结论为后期的海洋地震研究和海洋学其他研究提供经验与借鉴。     

Combination of Least Square and Monte Carlo Methods for OBS Relocation in 3D Seismic Survey Near Bashi Channel

Abstract

The relocation of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) is a key step in analyzing the three-dimensional seismic tomographic structure of crust and mantle. In order to get the accurate location of OBSs on the seafloor, we analyze the travel times of direct water waves emitted by air-guns. The Monte Carlo and least square methods have been adopted to calculate the true OBS location. The secondary time correction is necessary if the arrivals of direct water waves show overall time drift during relocation which maybe originates from remnant of linear clock drift correction and average errors of travel time picking, mean water velocity assumption, and experiment geometry. We have improved the original OBS relocation procedure which we used previously for other experiments by deliberateness of a secondary time correction and automatically approaching the really mean water velocity. A series of synthetic tests are carried out firstly to document the feasibility of our procedure and then it is applied on a real experiment. In here, we relocate 28 OBSs in total were relocated in 3D seismic survey near Bashi Channel. Relocation results show that the drifting distances for the 28 OBSs range from 65 to 1136 m between the deployed and relocated locations deduced by relocation results. The Pearson correlation coefficient between OBS drifting direction and sea current direction is 0.79, indicating that the two sets of data are highly linearly related and further manifest the sea current as the most possible driving force for OBS drifting during landing on the seafloor but its detailed influence mechanism is unclear by now. This research is necessary and critical for velocity structure modeling, and the optimal relocation program provides valuable experiences for 3D seismic survey in other area.     

非结构网格模型在闽东沿海台风浪模拟中的应用

基于加密的非结构三角网格，以Holland模型风场叠加美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）海面风场构造的合成风场驱动第三代浅水波浪数值模型（SWAN）对2017年影响闽东海域的“纳沙”和“泰利”台风过程进行数值模拟，并运用浮标站的实测数据对模拟结果进行验证.结果表明，模型计算的风速、有效波高与实测值符合较好，合成风场能较好地模拟台风期间的风速变化过程，SWAN模式能够合理地再现闽东沿海台风浪的时空分布特征.由模拟结果可见：台风“纳沙”中心越过台湾岛进入台湾海峡北部海面，受海峡地形的约束，其波浪场呈NE—SW向椭圆状分布，北部海域的浪高大于南部，闽东沿海遍布大范围的巨浪到狂浪；超强台风“泰利”未登陆闽东，当其台风中心与大陆的距离最近时，海面波浪场分布与台风风场结构一致，台风中心附近海域为14 m以上的怒涛区，巨浪遍布于闽东沿海.研究结果可为闽东沿海台风浪灾害预警和应急管理提供技术支撑和参考依据.     

Velocity structure and gas hydrate saturation estimation on active margin off SW Taiwan inferred from seismic tomography

This paper presents results of a seismic tomography experiment carried out on the accretionary margin off southwest Taiwan. In the experiment, a seismic air gun survey was recorded on an array of 30 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) deployed in the study area. The locations of the OBSs were determined to high accuracy by an inversion based on the shot traveltimes. A three-dimensional tomographic inversion was then carried out to determine the velocity structure for the survey area. The inversion indicates a relatively high P wave velocity (Vp) beneath topographic ridges which represent a series of thrust-cored anticlines develop in the accretionary wedge. The bottom-simulating reflectors (BSR) closely follow the seafloor and lies at 325 ± 25 m within the well-constrained region. Mean velocities range from ~1.55 km/s at the seabed to ~1.95 km/s at the BSR. We model Vp using an equation based on a modification of Wood’s equation to estimate the gas hydrate saturation. The hydrate saturation varies from 5% at the top ~200 m below the seafloor to 25% of pore space close to the BSR in the survey area.     

Relocation of two earthquakes in the Southwest Indian Ridge area combining land seismic stations’ with OBSs’ data

Two earthquakes were recorded by 20 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) deployed in the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) area during a three-dimensional seismic survey in 2010. Their magnitudes (both M _b = 4.4) and hypocenters have been determined by National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) only using land seismic stations onset times. After the frequency analysis and the band-pass filtering of the OBSs’ data, 7 and 13 P-phase onset times from OBSs were successfully picked for these two events, respectively. Then these two events were relocated by HYPOSAT program with onset times together from OBSs and land seismic stations using different velocity models. These relocation experiments confirm both the importance of adding OBSs’ onset data and the need to apply a local oceanic velocity model for the location of these two events happened on the SWIR. This research has accumulated a wealth of experience for earthquakes observation and research using OBSs in the ocean.     

OBS海洋环境信号分析与应用

为研究海洋环境信号在OBS(Ocean Bottom Seismograph)原始数据中的规律及应用,根据OBS原始数据的波形及频谱特征,将研究区划分为5个时间段,依次为旧涌浪阶段、风浪渐强阶段、风浪全盛阶段、风浪消退阶段和新涌浪阶段。结合海洋天气预报,认为上述现象是由偏南风风浪对海流的影响造成的。参考野外地震数据采集记录班报,得到各阶段的时长和距离,计算风浪渐强、全盛和消退阶段OBS附近海流的平均速度。结果表明:OBS原始资料中浅海海洋环境噪音增强的主要因素是风浪,且风浪引起的噪音信号的波形变化特征是渐进式的;OBS可用于接收某种特殊阶段(如台风、海啸等)的噪音信号,并根据噪音信号的波形特征、频谱变化规律和持续时间估算该阶段的海流速度变化。     

A fuzzy–neural hybrid system of simulating typhoon waves

This study addresses a fuzzy–neural hybrid system of simulating typhoon waves. A membership function based on the fuzzy theory is expressed by a union Gaussian function to illustrate the rapid wave decaying. Four areas separated by two lines which intersect at the Hua-Lien harbor indicate the case of typhoon's position and propagation. Better simulation performance of the peak wave heights and their occurrence time in both the learning stage and the verification stage simulated by the NF2 model than by the NF1 model is identified. The wave decaying due to land effect is well described by the NF2 model. The NF2 model is applicable for well simulating typhoon waves during the whole period of a typhoon approaching to Taiwan.     

Response of a two-layer ocean to typhoon passage in the western boundary region

Effect of the typhoon passage on the western boundary region of a two-layer ocean with bottom topography is studied. The ocean is initially at rest and is set in motion by a typhoon passing parallel to the west coast. Equations that represent barotropic and baroclinic modes of motions are solved numerically by means of the method of finite differences. Motions of the barotropic mode are assumed to be horizontally non-divergent. In this mode, an elongated vortex is produced by the typhoon and propagates toward the south after passage of the typhoon. Behavior of the vortex may be interpreted as continental shelf waves. It is found that the formation and propagation of continental shelf waves are hardly affected by the density stratification. As for the baroclinic response, the typhoon causes considerable interface displacements along its track. The interface displacements are associated with geostrophic motions and remain for long time, though they are formed on the continental slope. Besides the large scale baroclinic response, internal Kelvin waves are induced along the artificial east wall.     

台湾附近海域超强台风南玛都期间风暴潮对海浪影响的数值研究

采用海浪模式(Simulating Waves Nearshore,SWAN)与风暴潮模式(Advanced Circulation Model,ADCIRC)的耦合模式,模拟研究了2011年第11号超强台风南玛都期间,风暴潮对海浪的影响。通过对比耦合模式和非耦合模式模拟结果,发现对于该超强台风过程,台风中心附近的大浪区内风暴潮对海浪有显著影响:在台风中心沿前进方向的右前方,风暴潮使海浪波高减小;在台风中心和台风中心的左后方,风暴潮使海浪波高增大。台风进入台湾海峡之前,风暴潮对海浪波高的最大影响为10%左右;进入台湾海峡后,受地形和潮汐潮流的影响,海浪波高受到的最大影响增大到25%左右。上述结果对台风期间的海浪模拟有一定参考价值。     

“烟花”台风影响下长江口水域波浪分布特征研究

台风往往会带来强风、大浪、风暴潮。强潮大浪给长江口深水航道整治工程的维护带来挑战。构建了覆盖中国海的台风浪—风暴潮耦合数学模型,模拟了台风“烟花”作用下长江口北槽水域波浪的发展过程,分析了长江口北槽水域波浪分布特点和台风强度。研究表明：叠加风场和潮汐模式共同驱动的台风浪―风暴潮耦合模型,可以准确模拟台风期间长江口水域波浪的生成和发展过程;“烟花”台风期间,外海大浪以东方向浪为主,长江口北槽南挡沙堤沿线有效波高最大值介于1.61~5.22 m之间,自东向西逐渐衰减;台风过程中,长江口北槽水域有效波高在台风二次登录时刻达到最大,口门处有5. 0 m以上大浪;依据台风过程中长江口风速及外海波高、周期与参考规范值对比分析得出,“烟花”台风过程波浪强度约为50年一遇。     

台风海况下半潜式钻井平台动力性能监测与分析

半潜式钻井平台在海洋油气资源开发中发挥着重要作用,目前主要采用模型试验和数值模拟方法对其动力性能进行研究,非常缺乏台风等极端海况下半潜式平台动力响应的实海域监测数据。以某半潜式钻井平台为研究对象,构建了一套比较完善的平台动力性能监测系统,并对台风“杜苏芮”过境阶段的监测数据进行了分析。根据平台艏部气隙及运动监测数据推算了平台吃水及环境波高;采用随机波浪的统计分析方法,计算得到短期海况的有效波高、谱峰周期、能量谱等信息,通过与多种典型海浪谱对比发现Jonswap谱与所测波谱吻合较好;对平台的横摇、纵摇及垂荡运动进行了时域统计分析和频域谱分析,得到了台风海况下被测平台波频运动的实际响应特征,对于指导平台抗台作业具有重要意义。     

高海况海洋遥感信息提取技术研究进展

中等海况下,星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)已经广泛应用于海洋动力环境要素的监测(风场、波浪、流场)。近年来,SAR高海况遥感,尤其是探测台风海面风场、巨浪、流场已经成为国内外研究热点,并突破了一些关键技术。利用SAR多极化成像模式对海观测和新发展的地球物理模式函数,可以提取高海况下的海面风速、风向、有效波高、流速和流向等海洋表面关键物理参数。这些环境要素可以用于海洋灾害监测预警;为海洋和大气数值模式提供准确的初始场和同化源,改进模式预报精度;为研究全球气候变化提供有力的观测依据。     

基于浮标站和ERA5 再分析资料的浙江沿海台风浪特征分析

为了分析台风影响下浙江沿海风和浪的演变特点，利用浙江省海洋浮标站监测数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代全球气候大气再分析数据（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5，ERA5），选取2010年以来严重影响浙江的7次台风个例，对台风作用下浙江沿海海面风和浪的演变特点进行分析。结果表明：在台风影响过程中，海浪波型多数呈现混合浪-风浪-混合浪的演变规律；涌浪波型的出现与台风强度及其与浮标站的距离和方位有关，也与海洋潮汐现象紧密相关。台风影响期间，浙江沿海浪高的变化受风速和风向共同作用影响。在风向不变的情况下，持续风速增大对浪高的增大有明显作用；风向的变化也会对浪高变化产生影响，向岸风和离岸风的转变会造成浪高出现剧烈变化。ERA5 再分析资料有效波高在台风浪较大时会呈现偏小的趋势，分析订正后的ERA5 有效波高发现，台风浪有效波高大值区与台风中心位置相关。研究结果可为严重影响浙江沿海的台风浪预报服务提供参考。     

Anomalously large seismic amplifications in the seafloor area off the Kii peninsula

Seismic wave amplifications were investigated using strong-motion data obtained from the ground’s surface (K-net) on the Kii peninsula (southwestern Japan) and from the network of twenty seismic stations on the seafloor (DONET) located off the peninsula near the Nankai trough. Observed seismograms show that seismic signals at DONET stations are significantly larger than those at K-net stations, independent of epicentral distances. In order to investigate the cause of such amplifications, seismic wavefields for local events were simulated using the finite-difference method, in which a realistic 3D velocity structure in and around the peninsula was incorporated. Our simulation results demonstrate that seismic waves are significantly amplified at DONET stations in relation to the presence of underlying low-velocity sediment layers with a total thickness of up to 10 km. Our simulations also show considerable variations in the degree of amplification among DONET stations, which is attributed to differences in the thickness of the sediment layers. The degree of amplification is relatively low at stations above thin sediment layers near the trough axis, but seismic signals are much more amplified at stations closer to the Kii peninsula, where sediment layers are thicker than those at the trough axis. Simulation results are consistent with observations. This study, based on seafloor observations and simulations, indicates that because seismic signals are amplified due to the ocean-specific structures, the magnitude of earthquakes would be overestimated if procedures applied to data observed at land stations are used without corrections.     

台湾岛邻近海域台风浪的模拟研究

基于目前国际上较为先进的第三代近岸海浪数值模式SWAN（Simulation Waves Near-shore)。在充分考虑相关物理过程（风生浪，底摩擦，白帽耗散，深度诱导波破碎，非线性波－波相互作用）基础上，以较高的分辨率对影响台湾岛邻近海域的9015号台风浪过程进行了模拟研究。模式所需风场由藤田台风风场模型同化相应台风资料后提供；用自嵌套方式提供模式波谱边界条件。模拟结果与实际台风浪资料相符较好。台风过程模拟结果表明；台风中心位于台湾岛邻近海域的不同位置，台风浪有效波高的分布特征和传播方向都有着较大的差异。可以为整个台湾岛邻近海域台风浪分布特征的了解与认识提供较好的参考。     

Seismic features and origin of sediment waves in the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea

Sediment waves have been documented around the world for several decades, and their origins are still debated because of their various characteristics in different settings. Based on numerous high-resolution seismic profiles and two boreholes, sediment waves are identified in deepwater areas of the eastern Qiongdongnan Basin, and their distribution and seismic features are illustrated. Combined with the bathymetry, the potential origins of these sediment waves are discussed. Drilling in the central canyon revealed that the channel infill comprises some along-slope fine-grained turbidites, which are good reservoir for gas plays. The sediment waves are distributed on the banks of the central canyon and their seismic features indicate that most of them are caused by turbidity current overflows along the canyon. Although previous researches on these sediment waves suggested that they were of westward-flowing contourite origin, detailed topographic map derived from the seafloor reflector on seismic data shows that there is a N–S trending ridge at the east part of sediment wave zones, which could block and divert the bottom current. According to the geometry of sediment waves, the flow thicknesses across the entire wave field are calculated as 280–560 m, and the current velocity falls in the range of 30–130 cm/s, which would favor a fine-grained composition and could be a good reservoir because of the better sorting of turbidites than contourites or other gravity flow deposits.     

基于WRF-SWAN耦合模式的台风“威马逊”波浪场数值模拟

获取高分辨率的风场数据和气压场数据是精确模拟台风浪的基础,采用经验公式构建台风风场和气压场对海浪模式进行驱动,无法反映台风影响下海气动力过程,难以提供高精度的风场、气压场数据。本文基于中尺度大气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)和第三代海浪模式SWAN(Simulating WAves Nearshore model),构建了南中国海地区大气—海浪实时双向耦合模式,针对超强台风"威马逊"进行数值模拟。将数值模拟结果与现场观测结果及卫星高度计观测结果进行对比验证,验证结果表明,本文建立的WRF-SWAN耦合模式在对台风"威马逊"影响下的南中国海台风浪的模拟中展现出较高的模拟精度,揭示了台风风场分布和台风浪分布在空间上的"右偏性"不对称分布特征及其形成机制。基于WRF和SWAN建立的大气-海浪实时双向耦合模式能够准确模拟台风动力过程以及台风浪的时空分布特征,可以推广用于南中国海地区台风浪的模拟分析。     

深圳香港海域浪潮耦合模型的建立及其应用

以河口海岸海洋模型ECOM和第三代海浪模型SWAN为基础,以全球天文潮预报模式TPXO6.2和台风参数模型风场及气压场作为驱动,采用海洋-陆架区-海岸三重嵌套网格,建立了适用于深圳香港水域天文潮-风暴潮-台风浪耦合模型。以0814号台风"黑格比"为算例,进行了耦合模拟计算,计算结果显示,天文潮、风暴潮位和浪高与实测值符合良好,天文潮的均方根误差小于0.15 m,有效波高误差0.9 m,风暴高潮位平均误差0.23 m;并分析了风暴潮位和波浪的相互影响,以及深港水域波浪场的分布,4 m水深考虑风暴潮位影响有效波高提高0.40 m,沿岸波浪增水在0.20 m以内。     

Estimation of mean and extreme waves in the East China Seas

Accurately estimating the mean and extreme wave statistics and better understanding their directional and seasonal variations are of great importance in the planning and designing of ocean and coastal engineering works. Due to the lack of long-term wave measurement data, the analysis of extreme waves is often based on the numerical wave hind-casting results. In this study, the wave climate in the East China Seas (including the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea) for the past 35 years (1979–2013) is hind-casted using a third generation wave model – WAMC4 (Cycle 4 version of WAM model). Two sets of reanalysis wind data from NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction, USA) and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) are used to drive the wave model to generate the long-term wave climate. The hind-casted waves are then analysed to study the mean and extreme wave statistics in the study area. The results show that the mean wave heights decrease from south to north and from sea to land in general. The extreme wave heights with return periods of 50 and 100 years in the summer and autumn seasons are significantly higher than those in the other two seasons, mainly due to the effect of typhoon events. The mean wave heights in the winter season have the highest values, mainly due to the effect of winter monsoon winds. The comparison of extreme wave statistics from both wind fields with the field measurements at several nearshore wave observation stations shows that the extreme waves generated by the ECMWF winds are better than those generated by the NCEP winds. The comparison also shows the extreme waves in deep waters are better reproduced than those in shallow waters, which is partly attributed to the limitations of the wave model used. The results presented in this paper provide useful insight into the wave climate in the area of the East China Seas, as well as the effect of wind data resolution on the simulation of long-term waves.     

台风浪模拟预报中的风场比较研究

在对模拟台风浪时海浪模式常用的经验模型风场和多重嵌套中尺度气象数值模式风场的结构和时间演变特征进行对比分析的基础上,分别采用这两种风场资料,应用最新版本的第三代海浪模式SWAN对Winnie(1997)引起的台风浪进行了模拟,将模拟的有效波高与TOPEX/POSEIDON和ERS-2卫星高度计资料作了详细的对比分析。结果表明,经验模型风场对实际台风风场的刻画存在诸多缺陷,这些缺陷对于台风浪的准确模拟产生了不可忽视的影响,采用模式风场试验的模拟效果优于采用模型风场的试验。论文提出了在运用海浪模式模拟台风浪时用数值模式模拟风场替代经验模型风场的必要性。