中国近海骨螺科的研究 Ⅰ. 骨螺属、翼螺属及棘螺属

骨螺属是骨螺科的模式属,远在Linnaeus(1758)时代就已经记述了60种,其中包括了一些现在认为是不同属甚至不同科的种类。以后,Kiener(1836)、Lamarck(1843)、Reeve(1845)、Kobelt(1877)、Kuester und Kobelt(1878)、Sowerby(1880)及Tryon(1880)等学者对这一属的种类均进行了较全面的记述,其中Kobelt记述的达263种之多。以往作者描述的Murex属都相当庞大,后来的作者逐渐将该属中的亚属提升为属,因而Murex的范围大为缩小,现在一般通用的Murex属是以M.tribulus Linnaeus为模式种的狭义的Murex。 中国海骨螺属的种类,以往国内外虽有一些零星记载,但尚缺系统整理D共记录过我国海骨螺属4种。我们系统地整理了解放后在全国各海所采获的400余号近1000个标本,共得5种,除以往报告过的4种外,尚有M.triremis (Perry),系我国海的新记录。 Murex属系一暖水属,在我国主要分布于广东近海。M. aduncospinosus Reeve 、M.rectirostris Sowerby及M. trapa Roeding向北可分布到浙江海域,数量较大,南海沿岸居民常用来积肥,贝壳作为烧石灰的原料; M. triremis(Perry)向北分布到福建平潭,较为习见; M. ternispina Lamarck仅见于南海。 出现于我国海的骨螺,全为印度-西太平洋种类。在印度洋均有分布;除M. ternispina Lamarck外,其他4种亦见于日本南部;与红海、大洋洲及中部太平洋各有一个共有种(表1)。M. trapa Roeding在菲律宾虽向未见有记录,但估计在那里会有分布。     

中国近海荔枝螺属的研究(腹足纲:骨螺科)

荔枝螺属Thais,隶属于腹足纲（Gastropoda）、骨螺科（Muricidae）。本属动物主要生活在潮间带的岩石上或石砾间。过去对荔枝螺属虽有些零星报道,但缺乏系统研究。作者通过整理分类中国科学院海洋生物标本馆收藏的骨螺科标本,共鉴定出荔枝螺属20种,其中2种在中国沿海为首次报道。     

中国近海蛾螺科的初步研究Ⅰ.唇齿螺属及甲虫螺属

蛾螺科(Buccinidae)是腹足类软体动物中经济价值较大、种类较多的一个科,许多种类在世界上某些地区被视为美味上品,它们不仅个体大,而且产量多,营养价值高,如香螺、东风螺等为我国主要经济贝类。该科种类遍布世界各海区,既有分布于高纬度区域的冷水种,也有局限于低纬度区域的暖水种。种类不同栖息的环境也不同,有岩石、珊瑚礁、沙、泥沙及软泥等底质;从潮间带至水深数千米的深海都有分布。 作者根据中国科学院海洋研究所多年来搜集的标本,记述了我国海域唇齿螺属(Engina)和甲虫螺属(Cantharus)种类共14种,其中5种为我国首次记录。     

中国近海骨螺科的研究 Ⅱ.核果螺属

核果螺属(Genus Drupa Roeding,1798)全为暖水性较强的种类,系珊瑚礁生物群落的一个组成部分。在中国近海,绝大多数种类仅见于广东省西沙群岛、海南岛南部及台湾省,只有少数种类分布到海南岛北部、广东大陆沿岸及福建东山岛。 我国近海的核果螺,以往的报导多在国外,并且除黑田(1941)外多是一些零星记载。 我们较系统地整理了解放前北京静生生物调查所保存的标本及解放后我所采集的标本共289号,计有个体2857个,共鉴定为20种,其中6种在我国近海为新记录(表1,有*号者)。西沙群岛共发现14种,海南岛南部15种,海南岛北部5种,广东省大陆沿岸仅发现2种。在这20种中。有2种在我国仅见于广东省西沙群岛,有2种仅见于广东省海南岛南部,有一种仅见于广东省海南岛北部、广东省大陆沿岸及福建省东山岛。 核果螺属主要分布于印度一西太平洋,个别种类可扩及非洲西岸及东太平洋。我国的种类,约一半以上广泛分布于印度-西太平洋区;其与印度洋、日本南部、菲律宾、印尼-马来半岛及中太平洋五个海域区系的相似程度大致相等。还应指出两点:(1)出现于中国近海的核果螺中,D. ricina (L.)也见于非洲西岸,D. ricina (L.)、D. morum Roeding、D. uva Roeding 及D. aspera ( Lamarck)4种在东太平洋的克利帕顿群岛亦有出现,但没有与美洲西岸的共有种;(2)出现于中国近海的核果螺中,仅分布于太平洋西岸的种类则较少,只有D. borealis (Pilsbry)为中国及日本一带的特有种,D. biconica (Blainville)为中国、日本及菲律宾一带的特有种。     

中国海汇螺科Potamididae的分类学研究II．拟蟹守螺属、锥蟹守螺属、望远蟹守螺属及笋光螺属

继中国沿海汇螺科Potamididae分类学研究I后,又完成了汇螺科的分类学研究II。本文主要论述了汇螺科中拟蟹守螺属Cerithidea、锥蟹守螺属Cerithideopsis、望远蟹守螺属Telescopium及笋光螺属Terebralia共4属9种,其中1个中国新纪录种为邱氏拟蟹守螺Cerithideaquoyii(Hombron&Jacquinot,1848)。文中对其形态特征、生活习性和地理分布等进行了研究论述,并对以往鉴定有误和使用混乱的种名进行了修订。目前为止,共整理分类出中国沿海汇螺科5属18种。为了解中国汇螺资源情况、生物多样性和生态学研究提供基础资料。     

东海大陆架缩口螺属(蝾螺科)一新种

1975-1976年,中国科学院海洋研究所东海大陆架调查时,在底栖生物采泥取样中获得3个小单売标本;经鉴定,认为是马蹄螺总科(Trochacea)、蝾螺科(Turbinidac)、缩口螺属(Collonia)中的一个新种。标本存中国科学院海洋研究所。     

中国海汇螺科Potamididae的分类学研究I.塔蟹守螺属

为了摸清中国沿海汇螺科Potamididae物种数量和分布情况,本文采用国际上最新的分类系统,对中国科学院海洋研究所历年来采集积累的汇螺科标本进行系统性的形态分类学研究,共整理鉴定出汇螺科动物5属18种,将分别进行研究报道.本文主要论述了中国沿海汇螺科、塔蟹守螺属Pirenella共9个种类的形态特征、生活习性和地理分...     

中国近海核果螺属和小核螺属(腹足纲,骨螺科,红螺亚科)的分类研究

核果螺属(Drupa)和小核果螺属(Drupella),隶属于骨螺科(Muricidae)、红螺亚科(Rapaninae)。它们为暖水性较强的热带种类,主要分布于南中国海(海南岛以南),栖息于潮间带至浅海珊瑚礁或岩礁质环境中。对中国科学院海洋生物标本馆收藏的骨螺科标本进行了整理分类,共鉴定出2属,7种。并对以往使用混乱的种名进行了修订。     

东海蛾螺属二新记录种(腹足纲,蛾螺科)

在整理近年来东海采集的蛾螺科Buccinidae标本时,鉴定出属于蛾螺属Buccinum Linnaeus,1758的两个中国新记录种:(1)白肋蛾螺Buccinum leucostoma Lischke,1872,采自于东海300—400m深的泥沙质海底;(2)古式蛾螺Buccinum koshikinum Okutani,1988采自于东海400m深的泥沙质海底。文中分别对这两个新记录种的形态特征、生活习性等进行了描述,并与相似种进行了分类学讨论。此外,文中还列出了中国海已报道的其他蛾螺属种类。     

厦门近海尖梭螺属(软体动物门, 腹足纲, 梭螺科)一新记录种

在福建厦门近海采集到梭螺科Ovulidae尖梭螺属Cuspivolva 中国海新记录种1种, 即武装尖梭螺Cuspivolva bellica (C. N. Cate, 1973)。标本采自厦门近海低潮线附近, 栖息于鞭柳珊瑚Ellisella sp.的枝杈表面, 现保存于中国科学院南海热带海洋生物标本馆。本文对此新记录种的外部形态、生活习性和地理分布等进行了描述和记录, 并与近似种进行了比较和讨论。截至目前, 我国已知尖梭螺属共8种, 该新记录种的发现和报道, 进一步丰富了我国海域梭螺科物种的多样性。     

Genotoxic impacts in Klaipeda Marine port and Bŭtinge oil terminal areas (Baltic Sea)

Genotoxic effects were evaluated in the somatic and gonadal cells of bivalve and gastropod molluscs inhabiting different sites of Klaipeda port area in Lithuania. The occurrence of aneuploidy and polyploidy of cells, meiotic injures, centromere dissociation and fragmented polyploid nuclei as cytogenetic indicators of environmental stressors was assessed in snails Lymnaea ovata . The highest level of environmental genotoxicity (in 43.2 and 46.2% of studied cells) was observed in the tissues of snails inhabiting Malku Bay in 1995 and 1996. Dredging and thus removal of contaminated sediments from Malku Bay resulted in significant decrease (up to 27.2% in 1999) of cytogenetic injures in molluscs studied over the period from 1997 to 1999. However, the frequency of cytogenetic disturbances in molluscs from Vilhelmo Channel was increasing (1.8 times) from 1995 to 1999. Therefore, the ecological safety of the biggest drinking water supply for Klaipeda population became questionable. Assessment of cytogenetic damage in Mytilus edulis (MN test) and the crustacean, Balanus improvisus, (aneugenic effects) inhabiting the Baltic Sea at B?tinge oil terminal has shown the highest genotoxicity level in the zone of sewage effluents from Palanga town and Mazeikiai oil refinery plant. Extensive cytogenetic injuries in gonadal cells indicated the potential long-term hazards of pollutants to ecological health and integrity of aquatic species.     

Genotoxic impacts in Klaip da Marine port and B ting oil terminal areas (Baltic Sea)

Genotoxic effects were evaluated in the somatic and gonadal cells of bivalve and gastropod molluscs inhabiting different sites of Klaip da port area in Lithuania. The occurrence of aneuploidy and polyploidy of cells, meiotic injures, centromere dissociation and fragmented polyploid nuclei as cytogenetic indicators of environmental stressors was assessed in snails Lymnaea ovata . The highest level of environmental genotoxicity (in 43.2 and 46.2% of studied cells) was observed in the tissues of snails inhabiting Malk Bay in 1995 and 1996. Dredging and thus removal of contaminated sediments from Malk Bay resulted in significant decrease (up to 27.2% in 1999) of cytogenetic injures in molluscs studied over the period from 1997 to 1999. However, the frequency of cytogenetic disturbances in molluscs from Vilhelmo Channel was increasing (1.8 times) from 1995 to 1999. Therefore, the ecological safety of the biggest drinking water supply for Klaip da population became questionable. Assessment of cytogenetic damage in Mytilus edulis (MN test) and the crustacean, Balanus improvisus, (aneugenic effects) inhabiting the Baltic Sea at B ting oil terminal has shown the highest genotoxicity level in the zone of sewage effluents from Palanga town and Ma eikiai oil refinery plant. Extensive cytogenetic injuries in gonadal cells indicated the potential long-term hazards of pollutants to ecological health and integrity of aquatic species.     

Biotic variation in coastal water bodies in Sussex, England: Implications for saline lagoons

Coastal water bodies are a heterogeneous resource typified by high spatial and temporal variability and threatened by anthropogenic impacts. This includes saline lagoons, which support a specialist biota and are a priority habitat for nature conservation. This paper describes the biotic variation in coastal water bodies in Sussex, England, in order to characterise the distinctiveness of the saline lagoon community and elucidate environmental factors that determine its distribution. Twenty-eight coastal water bodies were surveyed for their aquatic flora and invertebrate fauna and a suite of exploratory environmental variables compiled. Ordination and cluster analyses were used to examine patterns in community composition and relate these to environmental parameters. Biotic variation in the coastal water body resource was high. Salinity was the main environmental parameter explaining the regional distribution of taxa; freshwater and saline assemblages were evident and related to sea water ingress. Freshwater sites were indicated by the plant Myriophyllum spicatum and gastropod mollusc Lymnaea peregra, while more saline communities supported marine and brackish water taxa, notably a range of chlorophytic algae and the bivalve mollusc Cerastoderma glaucum. Site community differences were also related to bank slope and parameters describing habitat heterogeneity. A saline lagoon community was discerned within the matrix of biotic variation consisting of specialist lagoonal species with associated typically euryhaline taxa. For fauna, the latter were the molluscs Abra tenuis and Hydrobia ulvae, and the crustaceans Corophium volutator and Palaemonetes varians, and for flora they were the algae Ulva lactuca, Chaetomorpha mediterranea, Cladophora spp. and Enteromorpha intestinalis. One non-native polychaete species, Ficopomatus enigmaticus, also strongly influenced community structure within the lagoonal resource. The community was not well defined as specialist and associated taxa were distributed throughout the spectrum of sites surveyed. Implications for the identification and conservation of saline lagoons are discussed.     

管角螺消化系统的组织学研究

本研究采用解剖学及组织学方法对管角螺消化系统的结构进行了系统分析．结果表明,管角螺的消化系统由消化道和消化腺两大部分组成．消化道包含吻、食道、嗉囊、胃、肠、直肠及肛门;消化腺由唾液腺、肝及食道腺组成,其中肝为最大消化腺．唾液腺细胞分为粘液细胞和分泌细胞;食道腺细胞由排泄细胞和杯状细胞组成．在光学显微镜下,消化道的管壁由外向内依次为：外膜、肌层、粘膜下层和粘膜层4层;唾液腺、肝及食道腺均为复管状腺．管角螺的肝由肝被膜和许多盲管（肝小管）组成,肝管的组织结构与消化道基本相同,内有单层纤毛柱状上皮,可观察到肌层和管腔。     

Assessment of Impact on Seafloor Features in INDEX Area

Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions.     

Physical,biological, geochemical and sedimentological controls on the ichnology of submarine canyon and slope channel systems

Sediments of the continental slope are commonly bioturbated by endo- and epibenthic organisms, particularly in and around submarine canyons and channels. This study reviews the architecture and depositional environments associated with canyons and channels on the continental slope, and assesses the key physical and chemical conditions encountered in and around these conduits. Hydrodynamic energy, concentration and quality of organic carbon, dissolved oxygen concentration and sedimentation rate are identified as key controls on the composition of benthic ecosystems in slope environments. Submarine canyons and channels focus a variety of turbid and clear-water currents, all of which serve to increase the concentration of oxygen, labile organic carbon and other nutrients, which tend to elevate the abundance and biodiversity in the seafloor sediments, compared with those of the surrounding slope. Ancient slope channel and canyon systems reflect some of the variation in ichnological assemblages that is seen in modern analogues, although processes of erosion and trace fossil preservation mean that the benthic environment is often incompletely preserved in the ancient record. By integrating current understanding of sedimentology, oceanography, biology and ichnology of slope environments it is possible to provide a first order summary of the inter-relationships between ichnology and depositional environments on the continental slope. The combination of these data has the potential to improve our understanding of changes in deep marine benthic ecosystems through geological time, and to further the use of ichnology in assessing hydrocarbon reservoir presence, quality and performance from bioturbated slope, canyon and channel-levee hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

The Gulf of California: Review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges

The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions.     

Bacterial and cyanobacterial diversities determined by T-RFLP analyses in the Jiaozhou Bay

1Introduction Bacteriaareactivelyinvolvedinthedecomposi tionanddegradationoforganicmatterandxenobiotic compound,biogeochemicaltransformationsandnu trientrecyclingoflife essentialelements.Owingto freshwaterrunoff,wastewaterdischargeandaquacul turalpractice…     

红树林生态修复固碳效果的主要影响因素分析

红树林是具有重要碳汇功能的生态系统,其保护和修复成为海洋领域应对气候变化的重要手段。适宜的生境条件是红树林生态修复成功与否的关键因素,而红树植物物种和种植措施等也决定了修复后生态系统结构和功能的发展。本研究综述了红树林生态修复固碳功能的特点,分析了生境条件、物种和种植措施等因素对红树林生态系统固碳效果的影响,以期为红树林生态修复提供参考。总体上,红树林生态修复促进了有机碳在植物体和土壤中的累积,而在生态修复初期红树植被的固碳能力高于土壤。水文条件、滩涂高程、底质条件、物种、种植密度和种苗来源等关系到修复后红树植物的生长、颗粒态有机物的沉降、有机物的输出和保留、有机质的分解等过程,进而影响生态系统的固碳能力。因此,开展红树林生态修复时选择适宜生境条件的修复地块,合理选择物种和种植措施,在提高植被恢复效果的同时可提高红树林固碳增汇的生态功能。     

The gradual subduction-collision evolution model of Proto-South China Sea and its control on oil and gas

This study involved outcrop, drilling, seismic, gravity, and magnetic data to systematically document the geological records of the subduction process of Proto-South China Sea (PSCS) and establish its evolution model. The results indicate that a series of arc-shaped ophiolite belts and calcalkaline magmatic rocks are developed in northern Borneo, both of which have the characteristics of gradually changing younger from west to east, and are direct signs of subduction and collision of PSCS. At the same time, the subduction of PSCS led to the formation of three accretion zones from the south to the north in Borneo, the Kuching belt, Sibu belt, and Miri belt. The sedimentary formation of northern Borneo is characterized by a three-layer structure, with the oceanic basement at the bottom, overlying the deep-sea flysch deposits of the Rajang–Crocker group, and the molasse sedimentary sequence that is dominated by river-delta and shallow marine facies at the top, recording the whole subduction–collision–orogeny process of PSCS. Further, seismic reflection and tomography also confirmed the subduction and collision of PSCS. Based on the geological records of the subduction and collision of PSCS, combined with the comprehensive analysis of segmented expansion and key tectonic events in the South China Sea, we establish the “gradual” subduction-collision evolution model of PSCS. During the late Eocene to middle Miocene, the Zengmu, Nansha, and Liyue–Palawan blocks were separated by West Baram Line and Balabac Fault, which collided with the Borneo block and Kagayan Ridge successively from the west to the east, forming several foreland basin systems, and PSCS subducted and closed from the west to the east. The subduction and extinction of PSCS controlled the oil and gas distribution pattern of southern South China Sea (SSCS) mainly in three aspects. First, the “gradual” closure process of PSCS led to the continuous development of many large deltas in SSCS. Second, the deltas formed during the subduction–collision of PSCS controlled the development of source rocks in the basins of SSCS. Macroscopically, the distribution and scale of deltas controlled the distribution and scale of source rocks, forming two types of source rocks, namely, coal measures and terrestrial marine facies. Microscopically, the difference of terrestrial higher plants carried by the delta controlled the proportion of macerals of source rocks. Third, the difference of source rocks mainly controlled the distribution pattern of oil and gas in SSCS. Meanwhile, the difference in the scale of source rocks mainly controlled the difference in the amount of oil and gas discoveries, resulting in a huge amount of oil and gas discoveries in the basin of SSCS. Meanwhile, the difference of macerals of source rocks mainly controlled the difference of oil and gas generation, forming the oil and gas distribution pattern of “nearshore oil and far-shore gas”.