基于谱分析LNG船典型热点疲劳可靠性分析

研究LNG船在疲劳载荷作用下应力热点的疲劳可靠性。通过整船有限元分析得到不同浪向角规则波中各热点的应力频响函数,用谱分析法确定各热应力点在各短期海况下的应力范围模型,进而通过长期预报,用Weibull分布对各热点应力范围分布模型进行拟合并探讨热点型式和受载特性对参数变化的影响。基于线性累积损伤理论,利用S-N曲线计算各热点的疲劳累积损伤值并建立极限状态方程,评估LNG船舯部典型热点的疲劳可靠性和结构的疲劳安全性。针对不同热点讨论了应力范围长期分布函数—Weibull分布参数的取值对典型热点可靠性指标的影响,并给出典型热点目标可靠性指标和长期应力范围极值之间的关系以用于指导设计和安全性评价。     

波、流联合作用下张力腿平台系索系统疲劳可靠性分析方法研究

论述了对波流作用下张力腿平台系索进行疲劳可靠性分析的两种方法.考虑波流的联合作用,对张力腿平台进行涡激振动动力响应分析得到应力谱.采用Palmgren-Miner线性累积损伤(S-N曲线)方法和断裂力学方法分别建立失效模式的极限状态函数,进行可靠性分析.假设环境荷载的长期分布是由k个短期海况组成,且每一个海况的短期分布服从Rayleigh分布.对应力范围进行雨流修正使其服从Rayleigh分布.通过实例计算对两种方法进行了比较,可靠性分析计算采用一次二阶矩(FORM)方法和Monte Carlo方法.     

TLP平台NODE结构确定性疲劳与疲劳可靠性对比分析

TLP平台的疲劳计算在工程中常采用确定性疲劳计算方法,但是影响结构疲劳的大多数因素都是随机的,确定性的方法很难对这些因素做出客观的描述。因此,本文基于谱疲劳方法,分别采用确定性疲劳和疲劳可靠性对TLP平台NODE结构进行疲劳筛选计算,并对计算结果进行对比分析。结果显示NODE结构局部区域不满足疲劳强度要求,相比于疲劳可靠性,确定性疲劳方法更加保守。     

焊接节点低温疲劳试验与低温主S-N曲线的构建

为了拓展主S-N曲线法,使之更好地适用于低温、极地环境下船舶与海洋工程结构物的疲劳评估,进行了EH36材料T型焊接接头的低温疲劳性能试验,收集了国内外多个焊接节点低温疲劳数据,建立了疲劳试验试件的有限元模型,运用等效结构应力法,计算焊接节点的等效结构应力,构建低温环境下焊接节点的主S-N曲线。使用该曲线,预测低温疲劳试验的寿命,并与疲劳试验结果、常温主S-N曲线、常温中值D曲线的预测结果进行了比较,结果表明,所提低温主S-N曲线预测方法具有较高精度,可用于低温环境下船舶与海洋结构物疲劳寿命的预测。     

大型LNG船典型节点疲劳寿命谱分析评估

基于S-N曲线和Miner线性累计损伤理论,采用谱分析方法对16万立方薄膜型LNG船典型节点的疲劳寿命进行了评估。建立全船结构有限元分析模型及典型装载工况下的水动力计算模型,给出不同浪向角及波浪频率下典型节点的热点应力传递函数及分布带宽系数,采用北大西洋波浪散布图,得到各典型节点的疲劳寿命结果,并对各节点的疲劳寿命进行评估和分析。分析结果可为同类LNG船的开发设计提供参考依据。     

基于S-N曲线的深水半潜平台疲劳寿命分析

深水半潜平台工作环境恶劣,造价成本高,为保证安全工作,有必要对其进行疲劳寿命分析。首先利用SESAM软件建立目标平台整体模型并分析总体结构响应。然后根据平台总体结构响应计算结果,选取立柱与横撑连接处、立柱外板与上甲板连接处两个关键节点,建立关键节点有限元模型,计算其热点应力。最后采用S-N曲线分析该平台在中国南海环境条件下的疲劳寿命。分析结果显示该平台疲劳寿命符合规范要求,但立柱与横撑连接处的疲劳寿命偏低,应加强日常检修和维护。     

张力腿平台局部节点强度可靠度分析方法

局部节点可靠度分析对张力腿平台(TLP)整体安全性评估具有重要意义。提出了一个TLP平台局部节点可靠度的分析方法,首先对TLP平台整体进行分析,统计局部节点各种失效模式并得到典型失效模式及对应的典型荷载工况;然后应用改进的子模型技术对TLP平台局部节点进行极限承载能力分析,确定了局部节点在典型荷载工况下的极限承载力;对局部节点极限承载力及南海某区域的波浪荷载进行统计分析,得到其概率统计特性;在此基础上计算了TLP平台局部节点对应典型失效模式下的可靠度指标。通过算例分析表明,该TLP平台各节点可靠度指标值均大于3.1;立柱与浮箱连接节点在不同荷载工况下失效模式不同,而立柱与甲板连接节点易发生管交汇处剪切破坏。为TLP平台的安全性评估提供了一种有效的分析方法,具有一定的理论价值及实用价值。     

Truss Spar平台桁架管节点疲劳分析

Truss Spar平台在风、浪、流的作用下,结构受力十分复杂,准确分析其疲劳强度相当困难。通过建立Truss Spar平台三维有限元模型,利用HydroD软件进行载荷预报、波浪搜索,得到产生最大应力幅响应的最不利浪向和相位角。运用Sestra软件进行整体有限元分析,得到的结果作为桁架管节点细化模型的边界条件,再用Nastran软件进行局部分析求得节点的热点应力,修正壁厚影响。最后根据DNV规范的S-N曲线计算了管节点的疲劳寿命。     

深水半潜式平台结构关键节点疲劳破坏机理试验研究

深水半潜式平台结构在深海环境荷载及作业动荷载的作用下容易产生疲劳损伤累积,加速疲劳裂纹扩展,导致结构发生疲劳破坏。对深水半潜式平台横撑部位的两类关键节点进行了疲劳试验研究,分析了关键节点的疲劳破坏现象、疲劳破坏过程以及疲劳裂纹扩展规律。试验结果表明:应用规范给出的裂纹扩展模型和参数估算关键节点的疲劳寿命低于试验所得的疲劳寿命,说明应用规范给出的裂纹扩展模型和参数估算节点的疲劳寿命比较安全;根据疲劳试验结果建立的关键节点的S-N曲线参数与DNV规范给出的较为吻合;关键节点焊趾处的ε-N关系曲线可以反映出关键节点疲劳破坏的三个阶段破坏规律。研究结果为有效地预测平台结构关键节点的疲劳损伤程度,及时进行维修加固延长结构的使用寿命提供参考。     

深水钢悬链立管疲劳寿命评估分析

在时域内分析深水钢悬链立管在平台运动和波流载荷共同作用下的非线性动力响应;采用雨流计数法处理立管节点应力的时间历程,选用DoE.E型S-N曲线分析立管在单一海况和平台运动联合作用下的疲劳损伤;将各方向含概率分布的疲劳损伤进行叠加,得到立管整体的全方向疲劳损伤及疲劳寿命。平台的运动为六自由度的运动预报数据,波流载荷由某海域实际的波浪统计数据采用Morison公式计算所得。计算结果表明钢悬链立管疲劳寿命的极值点分别位于悬挂点附近和触地点附近,对立管疲劳寿命极值点各方向疲劳损伤分布情况进行了分析。所提方法为钢悬链立管疲劳分析提供了新思路,给出的结论对钢悬链立管设计分析有一定借鉴意义。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

<正>~~     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,