基于SODA数据的印度洋表层和次表层热含量变化及其与ENSO的关系

采用1950年1月至1999年12月SODA海洋上层温度的月平均资料及同期的NCEP月平均风场资料,研究了印度洋表层和次表层热含量年际变化的特征以及与海面风场的关系.通过对热带印度洋海区上层热含量异常的经验正交函数分解,发现表层与次表层热含量主要模态的分布不同,表层热含量主要模态的时、空分布与前人对海表温度(SST)异常的研究结果基本一致,第一模的空间分布为全海盆一致型,春季(夏季) 表层热含量第一模的时间序列与前一年的秋季(冬季)Ni(n)o3区SST异常的时间序列有密切的关系;第二模的空间分布为东西偶极子型,并在秋季与4-8个月前的Ni(n)o3区SST异常有密切的关系;次表层热含量异常第一模为东西偶极子型,冬季热带太平洋异常通过影响印度洋的海面风导致的海洋动力调整,进而影响印度洋次年春季次表层热含量东西偶极子型异常; 次表层热含量异常第二模在10°S以北是全海盆一致型,但却与Ni(n)o3区SST异常在统计学上无关.     

夏季江淮地区雨量与印度洋海温联系的年代际变化

探讨了近50a（1951-2000年）来太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）冷暖位相中夏季江淮地区雨量与印度洋海温年际遥相关空间分布的差异,结果显示,不同季节的印度洋海温与夏季江淮地区雨量之间的联系存在显著的年代际变化。在PDO冷位相（1951-1976年）,同期夏季和后期秋季南印度洋海温与夏季江淮地区雨量的负相关最显著;而在PDO暖位相（1977-2000年）,从前期春季到后期秋季热带印度洋表现为持续的正相关,其中同期夏季赤道东印度洋SST与夏季江淮地区雨量的正相关最大,前期春季热带西印度洋SST异常对夏季江淮地区雨量变化有重要的预示性,后期秋季热带印度洋偶极子（IOD）强度与夏季江淮地区雨量变化密切相关。它反映了印度洋海温和东亚季风降水之间年际相关的不稳定性,季风系统中年际和年代际振荡间的相互作用是引起这种不稳定的主要原因。PDO和伴随的亚非大陆和印度洋地区之间海陆热力差异的年代际变化对印度洋海温和东亚季风降水年际联系具有明显的调节作用。     

印度洋-太平洋暖池海域表层水温分析

利用1951~2003年HadISST资料集的表层海水温度（SST）资料,讨论了印度洋-西太平洋暖池（IPWP）海域,尤其是印度尼西亚贯穿流（ITF）及其周边海域SST的季节及年际变化的时空特征.研究结果表明,整个研究海域SST的年际变化均与ENSO相关,但印度洋与南海的响应特征与西太平洋的相反且不同步.前者海温变化滞后Nio3指数3~6个月,而热带太平洋西边界和ITF流经海域海温则超前1~3个月.沿ITF及其东印度洋出口,SST的年际变化规律不同于热带印度洋而与太平洋的相似,分析表明其在较大程度上受到ITF海洋桥的影响.在季节尺度上,印度洋和太平洋赤道海域SST的波动规律也有明显不同.以巽他岛弧（苏门答腊、爪哇和小巽他群岛）为界,从赤道西太平洋向西沿ITF流径,太平洋一侧SST的季节变化以0.5a周期的波动占主导,印度洋一侧则以1a周期占主导.     

热带印度洋-太平洋热力异常联合模及其指数定义研究

根据1955-2003年的全球海洋上层热含量资料,利用经验正交函数(EOF)分解法分析了热带印度洋-太平洋上层热含量距平场的时空变化.结果表明,无论在印度洋还是在太平洋,上层热含量距平场都存在着一种显著的东西向偶极型振荡,其年际变化与ENSO循环有密切的联系.据此定义了热带印度洋-太平洋热力异常联合模指数,功率谱分析和10 a滑动的t检验结果表明,该联合模具有显著的年际和年代际变化,并在1976年前后经历了一次由冷到暖的气候跃变.进一步分析还发现,该联合模的变化特征能较好地反映太平洋ENSO事件和印度洋偶极子事件的基本信息.     

西太平洋暖池热含量与南海夏季风强度的关系

为了进一步明确西太平洋暖池热含量对南海夏季风强度的影响,利用1948~2012年日本气象厅(japan meteorological agency,JMA)逐月的海温资料、Hadley中心的海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析比较了南海夏季风强度与热带太平洋上层海洋热含量和SST的关系;探讨了海洋热含量影响南海夏季风强度的机制。结果表明:(1)相比于西太暖池SST,西太暖池上层海洋热含量是南海夏季风强度更好的预测因子;(2)前期冬春季的西太平洋暖池热含量与南海夏季风强度呈现显著的正相关,尤其在3月,二者相关系数最大;当暖池热含量偏高(低)时,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱(强),赤道印度洋出现异常反气旋(气旋),印度洋上空的Walker环流分支偏强(弱),南海越赤道气流增强(减弱),最终使得南海夏季风强度偏强(弱)。     

热带太平洋—印度洋热含量变异及其与表层水温的关系

基于日本气象厅月平均温、盐度资料和英国Hadley中心月平均SST资料,利用经验正交函数(EOF)分解法研究了热带太平洋—印度洋热含量距平场和SST距平场的时空变化,并探讨了它们之间的关系。结果表明,热带太平洋—印度洋热含量距平场的年际振荡主要是由变化周期相近、空间结构不同的两个模态构成的,它们分别对应于ENSO的成熟期位相和过渡期位相;SST距平场的年际振荡主要是由空间结构和变化周期均不同的两个模态构成的,但它仅对应于ENSO的成熟期位相;虽然热含量与SST距平场第一模态之间存在着密切的正相关,但在热带东印度洋和赤道中太平洋热含量与SST的年际变化则都是反位相的。     

热带印度洋和太平洋海气相互作用事件的协调发展

对次表层海温距平的分布和变化的分析表明,在热带印度洋和太平洋都存在海温距平的偶极子模态,即在赤道附近大洋东、西两个部分的海温距平在不少年份呈反符号分布。进一步分析表明,两大洋海温距平的偶极子模态间有密切的联系。在分析它们和850hPa纬向风距平后指出,正是Walker环流异常把两大洋的海温距平变化联系起来。     

基于Argo的热带印度洋上层海温研究

利用2004年1月—2008年8月的月平均Argo再处理资料和NCEP风场资料,对热带印度洋2.5~500 m深度范围内的海温时空变化特征与机制进行了研究。结果表明:表层的阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和赤道东印度洋是海温高值中心,同时是海温标准差低值中心,海温高的地方海温变化小,两者的分布型一致。在次表层,西南热带印度洋是海温高值区,赤道东西印度洋是海温低值区,次表层的海温变化最大,尤其在10°S~10°N之间的赤道印度洋。热带印度洋不同区域和深度的海温的显著周期不同,主要有1和0.5 a的显著周期。热带印度洋表层海温年周期变化主要受太阳辐射的影响,而0.5 a周期与季风有关。次表层以下海温变化主要是热带印度洋自身内部的动力作用,其1 a周期除了与太阳辐射和风有关,还与Rossby波和沿岸Kelvin波有关;其0.5 a周期除了季风这个主要因素,还与Wyrtki急流有关。海表面风场和LaNi~na是影响2006和2007年的正偶极子强度不同的重要因素。     

Argo资料的全球上层海温年和半年周期振荡的空间分布特征

利用小波分析方法,对2003-2008年周平均的Argo(地转海洋学实时观测阵)海温资料进行了分析,给出了全球上层海温年周期和半年周期振荡的空间分布特征.结果表明,南北半球中高纬地区以表层海温的年周期变化为主,在低纬度地区,表层海温以半年周期为主,而温跃层附近海温既有年周期也有半年周期(赤道太平洋、东南印度洋和赤道西大西洋以年周期为主;赤道东、西印度洋以半年周期为主).南北半球中高纬的年周期海温和北半球中纬度的半年周期海温在表层范围最大,显著性最高,强度最强,位相最前.随深度的增加,范围减小,显著性降低,强度减弱,位相滞后.信号主要集中在水深50 m以上,影响深度在150m以浅;赤道附近的太平洋和热带东南印度洋的年周期海温以及赤道东、西印度洋的半年周期海温在水深100m范围最大,显著性最高,强度最强,位相最前,信号主要集中在温跃层附近,影响深度均可达500m.     

基于经验正交函数分解的热带印度洋海温研究

利用1945—2011年的月平均Ishii海水温度数据,采用统计方法和经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法,对热带印度洋海温的时空分布特征进行研究。结果表明:海水温度方差最大值位于100 m深度,温度跃层处于50~150 m之间,偶极子现象存在于表层至150 m深度,其位置和强度随深度逐渐变化,在100 m深度偶极子现象达到最强。50 m深度层是偶极子现象转变的关键层,50 m之上由第二模态体现为偶极子现象;50 m之下则为第一模态。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.