Leathery turtle (reptilia: Chelonia) in Foveaux Strait (note)

Further records of the leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Linnaeus), augment earlier records and perhaps indicate that this species may be a regular visitor.     

The Biology of Upogebia pusilla (PETAGNA) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)

Abstract. The distribution of the thalassinidean shrimp Upogebia pusilla was studied at four sites in the North Adriatic Sea: 1) a tidal flat in the lagoon of Grado, 2) a tidal flat at Lido di Staranzano near the mouth of the Isonzo, 3) a mud flat seawards of a salt marsh in a protected bay north of Rovinj, and 4) a sublittoral station in 6m depth near Aurisina. Information on grain size distribution, organic content, amount of debris, redox profiles and pH of sediment as well as temperature and salinity is given. Density, as determined by hole counts and a hole: burrow relationship derived from resin casting, generally increased with increasing water depth in the intertidal. The upper limits ranged between +10cm (Rovinj) and -20cm (Grado); densities between mean water and low water level varied strongly due to microtopography and macrophyte cover. Maximum densities in the intertidal ranged from 189 (Grado) to 2420 (Rovinj, juveniles) animals m². Shrimp density at the sublittoral station ranged between 80 and 230 m"². The zonation of the Upogebiidae and Callianassidae with respect to environmental parameters is discussed.     

Pleistocene Ross seal (ommatophoca Rossi) from New Zealand (note)

A fossil seal jaw from the Early Pleistocene (Wanganui Series; Hautawan Stage) of Napier, New Zealand, is identified as that of an Ommatophoca rossi juvenile of less than 1.8 m body length.     

The Biology of Upogebia pusilla (PETAGNA) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)

Abstract. Populations of the thalassinidean shrimp Upogebia pusilla were studied on tidal flats in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Biometric analysis showed a sexual dimorphism, especially in propodus size. Size frequency distributions revealed the presence of large animals during all seasons; recruitment by juveniles occurred in autumn. Moult intervals and moult increments were determined in the laboratory and used to generate growth curves which were compared with those calculated from size frequency distributions. The life span of U, pusilla is over 5 years. Ovigerous females occurred between March and September. Egg numbers were high in spring, lower in summer and increased with body size. The incubation time of embryos was 35 days; a female produces an estimated number of three egg batches during the breeding season. A total annual production of 994 kJ was estimated for a theoretical population of 100 animals; 13.5 % is spent for somatic growth, 31 % for egg production of females, and 55.2% is lost as exuviae. The population structures, growth and breeding patterns, as well as embryonic and larval development within the Upogebiidae and Callianassidae are discussed.     

波令-阿勒罗德间冰期时期西南印度夏季季风降雨的变化性

北方春季时期印度次大陆和西藏高原的差异性增热吸引了印度洋的潮湿空气穿越印度大陆,产生了世界上最显著的西南印度夏季季风(ISM)体系(Webster,1987)。世界上大约25%的人口受到这种季节降雨的影响。20世纪60年代末期,印度约150万人死于连续3年的季风失常(重大灾害数据库,2005)     

Arnoglossus boops (hector): A synonym of a. scapha (schneider) (pisces: Heterosomata: Bothidae)

The unique holotype of Arnoglossus boops Hector is compared with specimens of Arnoglossus scapha (Schneider). It is concluded that the two species are identical, and that A. boops is therefore a junior synonym of A. scapha.     

卡罗藻毒素研究进展

<正>剧毒卡罗藻Karlodinum veneficum(又称Karlodinium micrum)作为一种典型的赤潮种,是海水养殖水域和自然水体中一种常见的裸甲藻种类,为混合营养型生物。该藻自20世纪50年代被发现以来,在过去的60年中其命名曾发生过多次变更,直到最近将其归入裸甲藻种类,被译为剧毒卡罗藻[1](也有学者命名为剧毒卡尔藻[2])。该藻自首次在南非被发现     

一株桑沟湾赤潮藻的分子鉴定

2011年5月山东荣成桑沟湾近海海域暴发赤潮,其规模在桑沟湾历史上罕见,较严重地影响了该海域水产动物的人工养殖。本文作者分离得到了赤潮暴发过程中海水里的一株优势种,并对其核糖体18S RNA基因(18S rDNA)和转录单元内间隔区(ITS)进行了序列扩增和分析。依据这两种序列构建的系统进化树都显示这株藻与卡罗藻Karlodinium veneficum(=K.micrum)完全聚在一起,因此推断出其应为K.veneficum,是一种常见有害赤潮藻。本文是卡罗藻在桑沟湾海域暴发的首次报道。     

新型赤潮种类微小卡罗藻的溶血毒性检测

研究了从浙江海区分离的一株微小卡罗藻(Karlodinium micrum)对鲫鱼动脉血的溶血性,以典型鱼毒性的赤潮异弯藻作为比较,分别就细胞提取液、去藻上清液和细胞悬浮液的溶血性进行了研究。结果发现:同样处理条件下,以1%的Triton X-100作为溶血度100%的指标,微小卡罗藻细胞提取液的溶血度为70%,赤潮异弯藻细胞提取液的溶血度为32%。微小卡罗藻去藻上清液的溶血度为33%,赤潮异弯藻去藻上清液的溶血度大于100%溶血的TritonX-100组。两种藻的细胞悬浮液溶血度接近0。去藻上清液和细胞提取液具有显著浓度相关的溶血特征。在同样藻密度时,去藻上清液的溶血度大于细胞提取液的溶血度。由于微小卡罗藻在形态上容易与无毒的河口裸甲藻(Gyrodinium estuariales)混淆,因此,对于该藻的环境危害应当加以重视。对于微小卡罗藻具有溶血性的报道尚属首次。     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和海洋原甲藻APBM(P.micans APBM)的5.8S rDNA及其转录间隔区(ITS)的克隆和序列分析

对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和海洋原甲藻APBM(P．micans APBM)的5.8SrDNA及其转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行了PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定，并分析了甲藻属9株赤潮藻(7株从GenBank获得)的系统进化关系。结果表明，海洋原甲藻APBM的ITS片段(含5.8S区)为631bp，东海原甲藻的(含5.8S区)为552bp；东海原甲藻与从GenBank中获得的微小原甲藻相似程度较高，与甲藻属其他原甲藻相似程度较低；本文研究的海洋原甲藻APBM的ITS序列与其他原甲藻相似程度都较低并且在进化树上距离也较远。用ITS1或．ITS2序列构建的系统树与用ITS 5.8SrDNA序列构建的系统树反映的结果基本一致，5.8S区因过于保守似乎不适于构建系统树反映种下的亲缘关系。     

网状原角藻化感作用的初步研究

为明确海洋甲藻——网状原角藻(Protoceratium reticulatum)对海洋微藻的化感作用,揭示其化感物质作为植物源抑藻剂的开发潜能,本文探讨了网状原角藻藻细胞和无细胞滤液对几种海洋微藻——东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、拟旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)生长的影响,并进一步选取东海原甲藻和赤潮异弯藻作为受体藻种,以塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)作为阳性对照,比较了2种甲藻的藻细胞培养液和无细胞滤液对东海原甲藻、赤潮异弯藻生长的影响差异。通过比较发现,网状原角藻的无细胞滤液比塔玛亚历山大藻能更明显的抑制东海原甲藻和赤潮异弯藻的生长,尤其是对东海原甲藻,基本阻断其生长。     

东海三叶原甲藻的形态特征及其ITS序列分析

报道了首次分离于东海海域的三叶原甲藻(Prorocentrum triestinum Schiller)藻株号(LAMB100721),通过利用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜及分子生物学方法,对其形态特征、显微结构和分子系统进化进行了详尽描述和鉴定。细胞长卵形或披针形,后端细长且尖,前端圆,最宽部位于细胞中央。顶刺长而显,三角状。壳面光滑,无刺或突起物。刺丝胞孔稀疏而不规则地分布于壳面边缘。叶绿体无具体形状,分布于整个细胞中,细胞核球形,位于中下部。老化的细胞可见细胞边缘的间接带,且间接带表面光滑。细胞长为19~25 μm,平均值为(22.6±0.9)μm;宽为11~16 μm,平均值为(13.2±1.1) μm。所测目标藻株的rDNA ITS序列长度为569 bp,其中GC含量为47.6%。三叶原甲藻系赤潮种,为东海原甲藻春季大规模赤潮的伴随种。加强有害赤潮的预防和监测工作是减少危害的有效途径,而对赤潮原因种的准确识别和鉴定则是基础和关键。     

东海三叶原甲藻的形态特征及其ITS序列分析

报道了首次分离于东海海域的三叶原甲藻(Prorocentrum triestinum Schiller)藻株号(LAMB100721),通过利用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜及分子生物学方法,对其形态特征、显微结构和分子系统进化进行了详尽描述和鉴定。细胞长卵形或披针形,后端细长且尖,前端圆,最宽部位于细胞中央。顶刺长而显,三角状。壳面光滑,无刺或突起物。刺丝胞孔稀疏而不规则地分布于壳面边缘。叶绿体无具体形状,分布于整个细胞中,细胞核球形,位于中下部。老化的细胞可见细胞边缘的间接带,且间接带表面光滑。细胞长为19~25 μm,平均值为(22.6±0.9)μm;宽为11~16 μm,平均值为(13.2±1.1) μm。所测目标藻株的rDNA ITS序列长度为569 bp,其中GC含量为47.6%。三叶原甲藻系赤潮种,为东海原甲藻春季大规模赤潮的伴随种。加强有害赤潮的预防和监测工作是减少危害的有效途径,而对赤潮原因种的准确识别和鉴定则是基础和关键。     

三株赤潮硅藻5.8SrDNA及转录间隔区(ITS)的克隆及序列分析

对引发赤潮的3株硅藻——1株尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzshia pungens)和2株中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的5.8SrDNA和ITS(internal transcribed spacers)序列进行了PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定,并分析了硅藻门10株赤潮藻(7株从GenBank获得)的系统进化关系.研究结果表明,尖刺拟菱形藻的ITS和5.8SrDNA的长度为693bp,SK-1(分离自东海赤潮暴发区)测序得到715bp,除ITS和5.8SrDNA外,还包含部分18SrDNA和28SrDNA;SK-2(分离自青岛养殖场)的ITS和5.8SrDNA的长度为331bp,尖刺拟菱形藻与从GenBank中获得的2株尖刺拟菱形藻相似程度最高,为100%,与该属的多列拟菱形藻相似程度稍低,为82.9%.SK-2的ITS序列与SK-1的相似程度很低,只有51%,但与拟中肋骨条藻的ITS序列相似程度高,为95.5%.SK-1的ITS序列与拟中肋骨条藻的相似程度也低,为56.7%.系统进化树反映的结果与相似性反映的结果一致.研究的该株尖刺拟菱形藻从根据ITS序列研究的结果与形态鉴定的结果看是一致的;SK-2可能属于拟中肋骨条藻;SK-1比较特殊,有待于用其他的方法进一步研究确定其分类地位.     

北部湾涠洲岛红色赤潮藻的分子鉴定

为了弄清北部湾涠洲岛6株疑似红色赤潮藻（Akashiwo sanguinea）株的种类，作者采用光学显微镜和荧光显微镜对其进行形态学初步鉴定；并对藻株SSU rDNA、LSU rDNA和ITS序列测序，利用最大似然法构建系统发育树。结果表明，北部湾涠洲岛6株藻与红色赤潮藻形态特征基本符合；3种序列系统发育树分析均发现北部湾涠洲岛6株藻与不同海域来源的红色赤潮藻聚在同一大分支上，自展值高达99、100、100；与来自亚洲海域的韩国安山株、新加坡株、中国厦门港株序列差异最小，亲缘关系最近，而与其他地理来源的红色赤潮藻序列差异大，亲缘关系较远。红色赤潮藻SSU、LSU、ITS种内遗传距离分别为0.001~0.008、0.003~0.025和0.045~0.406，明显小于该藻与其他裸甲藻科（Gymnodiniaceae）藻属下的种间遗传距离0.032~0.072、0.165~0.222和0.589~1.559，因此可确定北部湾涠洲岛6株藻均为红色赤潮藻。研究结果将为北部湾海域赤潮生物来源与组成、赤潮的发生与管理提供基础信息。     

基于ITS序列分析的赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)分子鉴别

对五株赤潮异弯藻核糖体转录单元内间隔区(ITS区)进行了PCR扩增和序列测定,并结合GenBank中收录的所有赤潮异弯藻ITS序列信息,比较了它们的遗传距离和相似系数,同时结合GenBank中发布的针胞藻纲其他三个属的代表种ITS序列信息,采用邻接法(neighbour-joining,NJ)和最小进化法(minimum evolution,ME)构建系统发育树。结果表明,五株赤潮异弯藻ITS全序列总长度及碱基组成完全一致,均为538 bp,与GenBank中收录的四株赤潮异弯藻仅有一个碱基不同,遗传距离和相似系数分别为0.002和0.980,而与其他赤潮异弯藻ITS序列完全相同,遗传距离和相似系数分别为0.000和1.000。用两种方法构建的系统发育树结构完全一致,赤潮异弯藻属与海洋卡盾藻属亲缘关系较近,而与另外两属的亲缘关系较远。     

Rectification of nomenclature for Melagraphia aethiops (Gmelin) and Diloma bicanaliculata (Dunker) (Mollusca: Trochidae)

Alterations to nomenclature for two common intertidal New Zealand ‘top shells’ necessitated by re‐examination of type material have been confused by ambiguities in the way the alterations were first presented. We draw attention to recent misinterpretations and clarify the nomenclature. Condensed synonymies that indicate names used for each species during the interregnum are given, allowing papers dealing with these trochids to be read without uncertainty as to which species were really meant by the authors.     

Chromium(VI) reduction by sulphur(IV) in aqueous solutions

The rates of the reduction of Cr(VI) with S(IV) were measured in deaerated NaCl solution as a function of pH, temperature and ionic strength. The rates of the reaction were found to be first order with respect to Cr(VI) and second order with respect to S(IV), in agreement with previous results obtained at concentrations two order higher than the present study. The reaction also showed a first-order dependence of the rates on the concentration of the proton and a small influence of temperature with an apparent energy of activation ΔH_app of 22.8 ± 3.4 kJ/mol. The rates were independent of ionic strength from 0.01 to 1 M. The rate of Cr(VI) reduction is described by the general expression

−d[Cr(VI)]/dt=k[Cr(VI)][S(IV)]²