气垫式保真筒保压特性的参数影响分析

介绍配套了气垫式保真筒的深海天然气水合物采样器的结构及其工作原理,同时为提升气垫式保真筒的保压性能,基于压降模型仿真分析了关键参数(预充压力、气腔长度、筒体长度、筒体内径和筒体壁厚)对采样终了筒内压降的影响。仿真研究结果表明:预充压力、气腔长度和筒体壁厚对气垫式保真筒的保压性能影响较大,且取值越大保压效果越好;筒体长度、筒体内径与筒内压降正相关且对其影响较小;同时综合保真筒的整体性能来讲,提高预充压力和增加气腔长度是提高气垫式保真筒的保压性能可选的有效方式。     

海底沉积物保真采样技术研究进展

海底沉积物保真采样对于诸多海洋科学研究非常重要，各种研究目标的实现与沉积物样品的原位信息密切相关。本文论述了海底沉积物保真采样的目的和意义，提出了保真采样的定义，介绍了保真采样器的发展现状。论文重点讨论了保真采样器在采样过程中所涉及的共性关键技术。在此基础上，介绍了我国重力活塞式天然气水合物保真采样器的研究进展。最后，提出了关于发展我国保真采样技术的如下几点设想：1）重视沉积物低扰动技术研究，为相关海洋科学研究提供样品层次清晰、物质成分完备的沉积物样品。2）与HYACINTH计划类似，为适应不同海底地质条件，开发系列保真采样器。对松软的非岩性沉积物（从软泥、沙到砂砾）采样时，可采用重力驱动或震动冲击驱动保真采样装置；对硬质岩化的沉积物采样时，可采用回转式保真采样装置。3）重点开展沉积物样品无压降转移技术。实现实验室内的保真分析、存储和小段样品获取，开展原位压力条件下沉积物样品的地球物理学测试、地球化学、微生物、和石油物理学等研究分析。4）开展长柱状沉积物保真采样技术研究，为我国天然气水合物研究提供技术保障。     

天然气水合物样品保压转移及处理技术系统设计

天然气水合物样品保压取样技术已经成熟,但保压样品只能进行压降处理成为常压样品,这种方法很大程度上影响了水合物在沉积物中的存在初始状况,压力的急骤变化以及温度的变化都会引起沉积物中水合物成分析出,影响后处理的判别。样品保压转移及处理技术不仅是未来天然气水合物资源勘探技术的发展趋势,也是重要技术手段之一。天然气水合物保压样品的获取、检测、处理是天然气水合物取样技术从初级走向成熟阶段的重要标志。介绍了天然气水合物沉积物样品保压转移及处理技术的设计思路及系统各组成单元。该系统主要由天然气水合物样品保压转移系统、天然气水合物保压样品在线探测及岩心分析系统等2部分组成。该系统的设计为今后天然气水合物资源的勘探和开发提供了很好的技术支撑。     

非保温保压采集深海天然气水合物原位样品的外观与保存状况研究

因为取样时未使用保温保压工具，所以通常情况下采集到的天然气水合物样品在被放入液氮罐冷藏之前，必定已经发生了部分分解；具有代表性意义的ODP 204取得的样品85％分解了，且转变成六方晶体冰。因此，分析描述天然气水合物分解的状况、外观和特征十分必要。综述了利用可确定天然气水合物中冰、水合物和其他矿物相对数量以阐明其保存程度的同步加速X光衍射（XRD）技术和可在低至几十纳米分辨率条件下对样品进行详细观测的低温扫描电镜技术进行非保真采取水合物样品外观和保存状况研究的概况，包括Ⅰ型结构水合物及孔隙横截面均为六边形和亚微米级孔隙区域到密集孔隙区域特征等成果，指出取心时水合物分解耗热，是吸热反应并导致分解释放水同步冻结；同时气体膨胀和气体脱溶也形成冰；这类样品中天然气水合物周围小区域内温度很低并在局部成冰，水合物实现自我保存，这一特性允许天然气水合物在稳定正常的温压条件以外存在一段时间，对于天然气水合物商业储运具有重要意义，但是，多数情况下水合物还是分解了。在“水合物海脊”，样品含天然气水合物量仅少数超过15％，极少数达到70％，只有在原位状态为大块状的天然气水合物中，才可以用肉眼观察到高含量的天然气水合物组分。     

区别于DSDP-ODP的深海保压保温天然气水合物钻探取心技术

到目前为止，任何深海天然气水合物原位岩心样品的钻探、取心技术都离不开ODP(大洋钻探计划)或DSDP(深海钻探计划)专用船舶钻探技术，该技术主要通过从工作母船上连接几百到几千米钻杆到海底，实现500—1000m的钻探，再通过不同类型PCS(保压取心器)与PTCS(保压保温取心器)取心工具实现样品采集。重要特点是投入经费巨大。新型保压保温取心钻具是将钻具直接固定在深海海底，实现样品的原位保真采集，针对国内外两类着底式天然气水合物钻探、取心技术进行了分析，对于深海浅表层天然气水合物原位样品采集作业反映了创新的思维、技术模式、设计方案与科学方法     

深海热液样品保温保压储存装置系统设计

设计了一套深海热液样品保温保压储存装置,该装置由结构系统和控制系统两部分组成,可实现热液样品的长时间自动保真储存,并可完成样品由该储存装置到后续培养分析设备的分时、分批转移。结构系统由支撑架、筒体、自动保压系统组成,筒体保温储存样品,自动保压系统对样品长时间自动保压。控制系统由PLC控制加热,并能实现样品状态参数的自动采集和全程记录。整个装置结构简单紧凑、功能完备,为深海热液样品的长时间保真储存以及转移提供了一套安全可靠的装置。     

天然气水合物保压转移装置的压力维持系统

天然气水合物在转移到检测装置的过程中,压力会发生较大波动,导致结构的不稳定而分解。天然气水合物样品保压转移装置能够维持样品的高压环境,并将其转移到其他压力容器。文中主要介绍了转移装置及压力维持系统的工作原理,利用AMESim软件对保压转移装置的压力维持系统进行建模,分析了不同预充压力的蓄能器对压力变化的响应,最后通过样品的转移实验验证压力维持系统的有效性,同时得出球阀的关闭对样品的压力影响最大的结论。     

天然气水合物保压子取样装置压力特性研究

从海底采集的长柱状保压天然气水合物一般不能被直接分析,需要被切割成小段再转移。保压子取样装置是在天然气水合物保压转移系统的基础上研发的,该装置能够获取任意小尺寸的带压岩心,并将其转移到测试装置中进行原位检测。介绍保压子取样的总体结构和工作原理,并分析系统压力变化的趋势,然后利用AMESim软件对压力维持部分进行仿真,最后通过水合物转移实验,验证保压子取样技术的可行性。重点讨论了蓄能器对于系统压力维持能力的影响,得出预充压力越大蓄能器保压效果越好的结论。     

流体剖面上溶解硫酸盐的含量能否反映原地甲烷通量

在天然气水合物稳定带中，受生物地球化学因素制约的甲烷通量是控制天然气水合物分布和含量的关键。我们将通过非保压岩心和保压岩心数据进行说明，这些数据分别来自孟加拉海两个海盆：克里希纳河－哥达瓦里河盆地（K—G）和印度东南部近海的Mahanadi盆地（水深9001170m），以及位于安达曼海（水深1600m）的1个站位和卡斯卡底古陆（水深890m）的水合物脊上的2个站位。以上所有站位都发现了天然气水合物存在的证据，但每个站位水合物的含量、分布和含水合物沉积物的结构各不相同。     

罗斯海天然气水合物成藏条件及资源量评估

罗斯海位于南极洲太平洋侧,通过对罗斯海气源沉积条件、地质构造条件和温、压条件对罗斯海天然气水合物成藏条件进行综合分析,结果表明罗斯海具备良好的天然气水合物储藏条件和勘探前景。本文在温、压条件的基础上,利用热流数据定量计算了天然气水合物稳定带的厚度,并使用体积分方法初步估算了该区域的天然气水合物的资源前景量。计算结果表明,罗斯海区域的天然气资源量为3.6×1011 m3,具有可观的经济价值。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,