辽宁海岛开发与保护对策的初步研究

结合辽宁省海岛资源特征、开发利用现状和当地社会经济状况等,文章分析了海岛开发利用与保护中存在的主要问题,提出加强全民海岛保护的意识,建立海岛保护与利用规划体系,建立海岛综合管理体制,强化科技支撑等开发管理海岛的对策建议,以维护海岛发展的良性循环和海岛资源的可持续利用。     

辽宁海岛资源及可持续利用

叙述了辽宁海岛自然概况和海岛资源的现状，对各种资源进行了简要评价，并结合海岛的地理位置及其拥有资源的特殊性，指出了加快海岛开发建设的重要意义。在海岛资源开发利用方面，提出应加强社会各界对海岛价值的认识，坚持因岛制宜、开发与保护并重、兼顾当前和长远利益的原则，以维护海岛自然生态系统的良性循环和资源可持续利用。     

从青岛开发区看海岛开发与保护的问题与对策

海岛,是壮大海洋经济、拓展发展空间的重要依托,是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台,更是捍卫国家权益、保障国防安全的战略前沿。2011年4月12日,国家集中公布了第一批开发利用176个无居民海岛名录,青岛开发区的牛岛名列其中,如何发挥海岛资源优势、实现海岛资源的可持续利用和海岛经济的发展,是一项重要课题。     

山东省长岛县海岛资源可持续利用对策研究

选择长岛县为研究样点,根据社会统计资料和实地调查研究,分析了该县海岛资源特点。结果表明,长岛县是海域广阔,自然条件优越,海洋资源与旅游资源丰富,海水养殖、海洋捕捞与旅游业是重要支柱产业。目前存在的主要问题是：淡水资源紧缺、海水内侵、土地资源数量少,人地关系矛盾突出。针对长岛县海岛资源的特点及存在的主要问题,提出了长岛县海岛资源可持续利用的新观点和新措施。     

有居民海岛土地开发利用强度评价研究——以东海岛为例

针对海岛土地资源的特殊性,制定了适合于有居民海岛的土地开发利用强度评价流程,给出了有居民海岛土地开发利用强度评价方法,并以东海岛为例,对其2006—2010年的土地资源开发强度进行评价。评价结果分为弱、较弱、中、较强、强和极强6个等级,各等级所占比重分别为94.00%、3.28%、1.98%、0.59%、0.04%和0.11%。评价结果表明,东海岛2006—2010年土地资源总体开发强度较弱。     

浅析国际著名海岛旅游开发与管理对我国海岛的借鉴作用

以我国现阶段海岛旅游的开发利用现状及存在的问题为研究基础,以国际上著名海岛旅游的开发与管理方式为案例分析,研究得出海岛旅游可持续发展的关键是开发过程中加强对海岛旅游资源及其生态环境的保护,目标是实现海岛旅游资源、环境、社会和经济四效益的统一,并为我国海岛旅游的可持续开发利用与管理提供相关对策和建议.     

粤西主要海岛功能区划执行情况监测

海洋功能区划是实施海域使用和海洋环境保护管理的重要依据,是实现海域合理开发和可持续利用的重要手段。海岛作为连接陆域和海域的海上基地,其资源丰富,逐渐成为发展海洋经济的第二支点,是海洋功能区划中不可或缺的部分。了解海岛土地利用与覆盖变化是对海岛海洋功能区划执行情况进行评估的基础。遥感具有高分辨率、对同一地区进行快速、重复监测的特点,被广泛用于大范围的土地利用与覆盖变化监测。文章利用国产CBERS-02BCCD遥感影像,对粤西6个主要海岛的功能区划执行情况进行了监测,结果表明：粤西6个主要海岛的实际开发利用类型与区划类型间存在一些不符合区域,这些不符合区域中大部分没有丧失原有属性,即从实际类型可以开发利用为区划类型,但也有部分区域丧失了原有属性,很难再利用为区划类型。     

海岛旅游模式及环境影响对策分析——以青岛为例

随着海洋渔业资源的衰退,旅游业发展成为世界沿海岛屿主要的经济增长点之一.与大陆旅游发展相比较,海岛旅游具有鲜明的特点.作为我国东部沿海的旅游强市,青岛市具有丰富的海岛旅游资源,具有发展海岛旅游得天独厚的优势,但也面临着海岛地理空间狭小、基础设施落后、自然环境脆弱以及海岛旅游产品单调等诸多因素的制约.因此,面向高端休闲度假及生态旅游游客,开发海岛生态旅游度假产品将成为青岛市未来海岛旅游开发的主要模式.海岛生态旅游的发展需要从海岛旅游规划与管理、海岛环境保护与监测以及海岛旅游产品设计等多方面进行综合考虑,以确保青岛市海岛旅游的可持续健康发展.     

我国海岛旅游环境承载力研究述评

作为典型的生态休闲旅游形式,海岛旅游业近年来发展迅速,但由于对其旅游环境承载力研究与认识的不足,在一定程度上导致了旅游资源过度开发,旅游环境破坏等不良现象。文章从概念与内涵、指标体系、评价标准和评价方法等方面对我国海岛旅游环境承载力的研究现状进行概述,并结合海岛旅游环境管理的需求及国内外旅游环境承载力的研究情况指出我国海岛旅游环境承载力研究的不足及未来研究的关切点:丰富基础理论、改进评价方法、强调评价的规范化、合理把握时空尺度、建立预警系统、紧密联系管理实际和提高公众参与度。以期为指导我国海岛旅游环境承载力的进一步研究和发展,促进海岛旅游环境的可持续利用提供一定的借鉴作用。     

无居民海岛有偿使用制度浅析

实行无居民海岛有偿使用制度是贯彻国家建立健全资源有偿使用制度这一方针的重要举措,是推进无居民海岛自然资源管理和利用的重大变革,对促进无居民海岛资源合理开发与可持续利用具有重要的意义。文章从自然资源管理、国有资产、价值评估、经济调控、管理模式等5个角度论述了加快推进无居民海岛有偿使用制度的必要性和紧迫性,并就取得方式、流转方式、效率公平和监督管理等技术问题进行了研究和探讨。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...