不同海区石英悬浮体颗粒表面微结构特征及其成因

悬浮石英颗粒表面在不同的水动力环境中会形成一些特有的表面结构,对这些特点的研究有助于理解微小颗粒在水中的行为以及沉积环境的变化。基于对在不同海区采取表层和不同深度的悬浮石英颗粒表面结构的扫描电镜的观察,发现在水动力较强的南海海域石英颗粒表面大多呈现出机械作用成因的结构,化学溶蚀痕迹不明显;马六甲海峡、孟加拉湾南部海域、阿拉伯海东部海域站位石英颗粒表面开始出现明显的化学溶蚀痕迹,为机械-化学溶蚀作用的结果;莫克兰海沟站位表层样品石英颗粒表面化学溶蚀作用强烈,随着深度的增加,溶蚀作用减弱,200m水深以下,石英颗粒表面的结构主要为机械-化学溶蚀作用的结果。中国南海西南部3号站位、马六甲海峡北部7号站位以及孟加拉湾南部的11号站位的表层石英悬浮体颗粒较大,可以达到10μm左右,大于其他海区的石英颗粒(3～4μm)。研究海区海水中悬浮体石英颗粒大都呈现棱角状,表现为近源沉积,偶尔可见磨圆度较好且表面有新月形撞击坑,推测可能为风尘沉积。     

北部湾北部沉积物中石英砂表面的微结构

本文利用扫描电镜,观察了调查区现代石英砂表面的微结构。研究结果表明,在亚热带海域中的石英颗粒表面化学溶蚀痕迹最为发育。     

南极石英颗粒表面表面结构数据库系统

研究海洋沉积物中石英颗粒的形态和表面结构能够揭示相应海区所经历的古沉积环境和气候变化。为了将此工作更深入进行,特编制了南极石英颗粒表面结构数据库系统,现已收录了南极普里兹湾陆坡区一个柱样的１３个层位和长城湾中部一个柱样的６个层位中的石英颗粒的形态和典表面结构资料。     

渤海南部碎屑石英表面微结构特征等沉积环境

运用扫描电镜研究渤海南部碎屑石英颗粒表面微结构,并根据各种形痕的组合特征,判断沉积物所处的沉积环境,定性分析控制沉积环境的主要因素。     

我国不同海区沉积物石英颗粒表面的微结构

同为海洋沉积环境，不同海区底质沉积物石英颗粒表面的微结构不同，反映出不同的海区沉积环境下的动力能，化学能的强弱，同时温度是化学溶蚀作用重要因素。     

一句话新闻

据扫描电镜对辽东湾晚更新世末期沉积物石英颗粒表面微结构观察，发现具有与现代柴达木、腾格里、库有齐，毛乌素沙漠中石英砂相似的大型蝶形坑、新月型坑、硅质鳞片，沉淀裂纹等明显的风蚀特征．系风成或受风动力改造而成．     

乐东—陵水凹陷古近系黄流组峡谷水道碎屑岩的源区分析

基于储层岩石学分析资料、重矿物测试等资料,借助偏光显微镜、阴极发光显微镜和扫描电镜镜下观察,分析了乐东—陵水凹陷峡谷水道碎屑沉积物的物源。结果表明:(1)研究区碎屑颗粒的结构成熟度和成分成熟度自西向东逐渐变好,石英颗粒表面机械碰撞痕常见且自西向东逐渐增多,说明碎屑颗粒来自西部物源且搬运距离较远;(2)重矿物组合特征揭示,黄流组峡谷水道受西部海南隆起和红河所控物源的影响。     

超声改性对不同粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响

粘土表面改性方法是提高改性粘土絮凝有害藻华效率的关键。本文研究了超声改性法对粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响,对比分析了粘土颗粒在改性前后的粒度分布、扫描电镜图像以及表面电位等理化特征变化,进而初步探讨了超声改性的作用机制。结果显示,超声改性处理可以有效提高本研究中所试验五种粘土去除藻华生物能力。超声改性导致粘土颗粒粒径进一步减小,且超声时间越长,颗粒粒径越小;超声处理后的粘土粒度分布集中、颗粒均匀,延长超声处理时间可以有效提高增效效果。同时发现,超声改性后粘土颗粒的表面电位负电性变弱,降低了粘土颗粒与表面负电性藻细胞之间的静电斥力,从而提高了粘土对藻华生物藻细胞的絮凝去除能力。本研究探索了提高粘土去除藻华生物效率的新方法,为进一步增强改性粘土去除能力提供了参考。     

生物痕迹学的地质意义及应用例选

痕迹学是研究现代和古代生物活动痕迹的科学。该学科最早由里克特(1936)提出,他指的是“活着的动物在沉积物内或沉积物表面上活动所产生的构造”或称为“生物扰动构造”。尔后,国外许多学者,诸如塞拉赫、舍费尔、赖内克等人,提出各种分类意见并不断加以充实。特别是近二十年来,痕迹学已逐渐发展成为一门研究沉积环境的新兴学科。人们把研究现代生物活动痕迹叫新痕迹学;把研究古代生物活动痕迹叫古痕迹学。不论是现代或古代动物活着时留下的“足迹、移迹、潜穴、钻孔、栖息、觅食、逃逸、隐伏、粪便”等痕迹,它们都属于生物成因的构造。痕迹或痕迹化石是当时沉积环境的真实记录。国外学者     

菲律宾海沉积物中石英的来源及其搬运方式

为了识别菲律宾海沉积物中风尘信号和源区,以及沉积物的搬运方式,取菲律宾海沉积物中的石英,系统研究了石英的粒度组成、形貌特征、氧同位素特征和结晶度指数。菲律宾海中远离岛弧和海脊的石英粒度较细,西菲律宾海中石英主要由EM1(众数粒径平均为2.9μm)、EM2(众数粒径平均8.17μm)和EM3(众数粒径平均为21.67μm)三个端元组成,东菲律宾海中主要由EM1和EM2两个端元组成。靠近岛弧和海脊的石英粒度较粗,吕宋岛附近的石英具有众数粒径平均为103μm的EM4端元。EM1端元石英表面有明显的碰撞凹坑, EM2端元石英有溶蚀孔洞, EM3端元石英呈棱角状,表面相对光滑。包含EM1端元的石英的δ18O值和结晶度指数与塔克拉玛干沙漠中相同粒级石英的特征相近,不包含EM1端元的石英的δ18O值和结晶度指数与火山岛弧来源的石英特征相近。综合分析表明,EM1端元的石英为主要来自于塔克拉玛干沙漠的风尘石英,经由盛行西风搬运至太平洋,并由南向或西南向的风搬运,最终在菲律宾海沉积。EM2和EM3端元石英主要来源于太平洋火山岛弧,其中, EM2端元的石英经历了强烈的化学风化,经河流或洋流输送到研究区; EM3端元的石英没有经历长距离运输,可能是附近岩石风化的产物。     

南极无冰区古海蚀龛石英颗粒表面结构特征及其环境意义

石英砂表面结构特征组合能指示沉积物的搬运历史和沉积环境。利用电镜扫描方法分析了南极法尔兹半岛上海蚀成因的古海蚀龛沉积物中的石英砂表面结构特征组合。结果表明，在所有的石英砂表面上均表现出冰川和水流共同作用的结构特征组合，龛中沉积物是冰水沉积环境下的产物，在沉积过程中，沉积物先经过较薄的冰川搬运，后经历了不同能量的流水改造作用，但冰川和流水的搬运距离有限。上述研究结果表明，南极法尔兹半岛上的冰盖解体并退出长城站区的时间应早于4600aBP。     

S. E. M. analysis of quartz sand grains from selected Hong Kong and Chinese littoral environments

This pilot study attempts to demonstrate some underlying scanning electron microscopy themes of quartz grain surface textures. A variety of textural patterns and individual features are described for grains selected from various littoral environments. An attempt was made to differentiate samples on surface textures alone, but limitations of using this technique in sedimentological isolation were apparent. Statistical analysis of checklist data and photographic evidence revealed some of the more important feature combinations used in environmental diagnosis. The use of discriminant analysis provided quantitative sample separation.     

Large-Scale Structure of Thermal Fronts in the East Part of the Tropical Atlantic and Their Seasonal Variability

On the basis of the climatic array of hydrological annual and monthly average data on temperature and the data of satellite observations of the surface temperature of the ocean, we refine the annual average structure of the temperature fronts and study their seasonal variability in the east part of the Tropical Atlantic in the meridional sections made along 30, 20, and 10°W, 0°, and 10°E. It is shown that the maximum intensity and seasonal variations are typical of the North Subequatorial and South Tropical Fronts varying with predominant annual period. We revealed a delay of 2–3 months in the attainment of the maximum intensity of the South Tropical and South Subequatorial Fronts in the west-east direction. Various mechanisms specifying the seasonal variability of the surface and subsurface North and South Subequatorial Fronts are discussed. There exists good agreement between the specific features of the seasonal variability of characteristics of the fronts established according to the hydrological and satellite data. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, pp. 46–59, March–April, 2005.     

南海大尺度地转环流的季节特征

使用Ｓ．Ｌｅｖｉｔｕｓ的温度、盐度的气候资料，用诊断分析方法获得南海年平均和各季的海面起伏以及大尺度地转环流的统计结果，并比较了其季节变化。结果表明：南海冬、夏季的地转环流场有相反的流动趋势；但在东北部常年存在气旋式环流，在其驱动下巴士海峡西侧存在准定常的Ｎ向流；南海还存在明显的随季节变化的强流区。     

Global latitudinal species diversity gradient in deep-sea benthic foraminifera

Global scale patterns of species diversity for modern deep-sea benthic foraminifera, an important component of the bathyal and abyssal meiofauna, are examined using comparable data from five studies in the Atlantic, ranging over 138° of latitude from the Norwegian Sea to the Weddell Sea. We show that a pattern of decreasing diversity with increasing latitude characterises both the North and South Atlantic. This pattern is confirmed for the northern hemisphere by independent data from the west-central North Atlantic and the Arctic basin. Species diversity in the North Atlantic northwards from the equator is variable until a sharp fall in the Norwegian Sea (ca. 65°N). In the South Atlantic species diversity drops from a maximum in latitudes less than 30°S and then decreases slightly from 40 to 70°S. For any given latitude, North Atlantic diversity is generally lower than in the South Atlantic. Both ecological and historical factors related to food supply are invoked to explain the formation and maintenance of the latitudinal gradient of deep-sea benthic foraminiferal species diversity. The gradient formed some 36 million years ago when global climatic cooling led to seasonally fluctuating food supply in higher latitudes.     

基于漂流浮标观测分析日本福岛以东表层海洋物质的散播轨迹

认识海洋中的物质如何散播对于理解海洋环境变化和人类活动污染在海洋中的扩散过程具有非常重要的意义。利用历史海表漂流浮标观测数据,对日本福岛以东海域的表层物质散播轨迹进行了拉格朗日示踪分析和观测模拟试验研究。结果发现,福岛以东海域海表浮标的散播路径主要分为东、南两支,其中速度较快的东支为主要通道,沿黑潮延伸体汇入北太平洋流,最短用时大约22个月即可到达北美西海岸;南支则沿黑潮延伸体以南的大范围南向流向西南方向运移,速度较慢且明显受涡旋活动影响,最快大约5个月即可到达吕宋海峡和中国台湾以东海域,进而进入南海和东海等中国近海海域。通过开展观测模拟试验,发现海表浮标散播的概率密度分布呈现以福岛附近海域为核心、向西南和正东方向递减扩展的形态,其中,到达中国近海的浮标主要通过吕宋海峡进入。文章详细讨论了研究结果的局限性、不足之处,以及因基于大量现场观测而具备的重要参考价值。     

Diagenesis and reservoir properties of Middle Jurassic sandstones,Traill Ø, East Greenland: The influence of magmatism and faulting

The c. 500 m thick Middle Jurassic sandstones of the fluvial Bristol Elv and marine Pelion Formations of the East Greenland Basin are evaluated here in order to improve the understanding of the processes that influenced the diagenetic evolution. The study may help to predict the reservoir properties of sandstones affected by magmatism and faulting, both in general and specifically in undrilled areas on- and offshore East Greenland and, in the Vøring Basin on the Mid-Norwegian shelf. The study shows a variety of authigenic mineral phases dominated by quartz cement, carbonate cement, illite and iron-oxide. One of the clear differences between the two formations is the presence of early carbonate-cemented horizons in the marine sandstones; these horizons are inferred to reflect a primary concentration of biogenic clasts and fossil shells. Intense quartz cementation occurs primarily in the fluvial sandstones but the marine sandstones are also highly quartz-cemented. Two episodes of burial and uplift are recorded in the diagenetic sequence and widespread grain-crushing in coarse-grained intervals is believed to result from overpressure and subsequent compaction due to sudden pressure release along major faults. Maximum burial depths may only have been around 2000–2500 m. Cathodoluminescence analyses show that grain crushing was followed by intense quartz cementation. The quartz cement is to a great deal believed to have formed due to increased surface area from crushing of detrital quartz grains, creating fresh nucleation sites for the quartz. Cathodoluminescence investigations also show that only minor pressure dissolution has taken place between detrital quartz grains and that the ubiquitous quartz cementation displays several growth zones, and was thus in part the result of the introduction of silica-rich extra-formational fluids related to the flow of hot fluids along reactivated faults and increased heat flow and temperature due to magmatism. This interpretation is supported by fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures between 117 and 158 °C in quartz cements. In one of the two study areas, the development of macroscopic stylolites has significantly enhanced quartz cementation, probably in connection with thermal convection flow. As a result of the magmatic and fault-related quartz cementation and illitization, the reservoir quality of the sandstone formations deteriorated and changed drastically.     

Formation rates of subtropical underwater in the Pacific Ocean

Water mass formation rates were calculated for subtropical underwater (STUW) in the North and South Pacific by two partially independent methods. One is based on the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)/TOGA drifter array over two periods: 1988–1992, and 1992–1996. Drifter velocities were used to calculate two components of the subduction rate, lateral induction and vertical pumping. The second method used CFC-12 data (1987–1994) from WOCE and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory to calculate ages on σ_θ surfaces. Subduction rates were estimated from the inverse age gradient. The two subduction rate methods are independent, but they share a common identification of STUW formation area based on satellite-derived surface temperature maps. Using both methods, one can put bounds on the formation rates: 4–5 Sv in the North and 6–7 Sv in the South Pacific. The drifter calculated STUW subduction rates for 1988–1992 and 1992–1996 are 21 and 13 m/yr in the North Pacific and 25 and 40 m/yr in the South. The CFC-12 calculated STUW subduction rate in the North Pacific is 26 m/yr, and 32 m/yr in the South. The South Pacific rates exceed those in the North Pacific. Consistent differences between the two methods support earlier studies, they conclude that mixing contributes to STUW formation in addition to the larger-scale circulation effects. The drifter and tracer rates agree well quantitatively, within 22%, except for the second period in the North Pacific and there are some differences in spatial patterns. Tracer rates integrate over time, and drifters allow analysis of interannual variability. The decrease in subduction rate between periods in the North Pacific is due to negative lateral induction entraining STUW into the mixed layer. The increase in the South Pacific rate is due to an increase in the vertical pumping. Although Ekman pumping is in phase in the North and South, the subduction rate is out of phase. These results confirm that subduction depends on the large-scale circulation and a combination of the outcrop pattern and air–sea fluxes. Temporal differences in rates and partitioning between the hemispheres are consistent with interannual changes in gyre intensity and current positions.