水产胶原蛋白的提取纯化及理化特性的研究进展

胶原蛋白是一种重要的功能性蛋白质。水产动物源胶原蛋白因其丰富的来源和特殊的优点受到广泛关注,本文对国内外水产源胶原蛋白的提取、纯化方法以及理化性质的研究进展了综述,并对今后的研究方向做了展望,以期为水产胶原蛋白的进一步应用研究提供一定的理论基础。     

PEF结合酶法提取方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)多糖工艺条件

为了优化提取方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)多糖工艺实验条件,采用PEF酶法提取方格星虫多糖,依据料液比、浸提温度、酶底比、PEF电场强度、浸提时间、脉冲数对多糖提取率的影响,以响应曲面法优化方格星虫多糖提取的最优工艺条件,通过紫外可见分光光度计测定多糖吸光度进而计算提取率。结果表明:各因素对方格星虫多糖提取率的影响程度为:料液比电场强度提取温度提取时间;最优工艺条件为:料液比(g/mL) 1︰7,浸提温度50℃,酶底比为2.5%,电场强度30 kV/cm,脉冲数为12,浸提时间2 h;多糖最大提取率为6.45%。     

裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子超微结构的比较分析

用透射电子显微镜,观察了裸体方格星虫和可口革囊星虫精子的超微结构.这2种星虫成熟精子均由头部、中部和尾部组成,但其精子头部的超微结构不尽相同:裸体方格星虫精子的头部与可口革囊星虫精子的头部相比较小,由棒状"八"字形顶体与哑铃形细胞核及顶体下腔构成,而顶体下腔内没有明显的顶体棒结构.可口革囊格星虫精子的头部虽也由顶体、顶体下腔和核组成,其顶体呈圆弧形,精核为鸭梨形,核物质电子密度高,核内含空泡,顶体下腔中似有一顶体棒结构.这2种星虫精子的中部和尾部基本类似,仅中部的线粒体数目不同,裸体方格星虫精子的线粒体略少,有4～5个,而可口革囊星虫精子有5～7个.精子的尾部由远端中心粒延伸而出,均为细长鞭状,由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构.研究结果表明,精子的超微结构可以作为鉴别这2种星虫的依据.     

中国沿海戈芬星虫属(星虫动物门)的研究

戈芬星虫属隶属于方格星虫纲、戈芬星虫目、戈芬星虫科,世界共报道10种,其中2个种各有2个亚种。本文报道我国沿海戈芬星虫属共计3种,即:珠光戈芬星虫、长戈芬星虫和普通戈芬星虫。     

中国沿海方格星虫属(星虫动物门)的研究

本文报道作者采自我国沿海的方格星虫属共计5种,分隶于2亚属。反孔亚属印度方格星虫和方格亚属裸体方格星虫、挪威方格星虫、强壮方格星虫、拟安氏方格星虫。     

急性低盐度胁迫对可口革囊星虫存活、Na+/K+-ATP酶及磷酸酶活力的影响

为探讨低盐度急性胁迫对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的影响规律,研究可口革囊星虫对急性低盐度胁迫的响应机制,本试验先通过急性毒性试验确定可口革囊星虫96 h内对低盐度的耐受范围,再选取96 h最小死亡率盐度,研究该盐度急性胁迫下可口革囊星虫(平均体质量0.85±0.07 g)体质量、体壁含水量、Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力以及酸碱磷酸酶活力在96 h内的动态变化。结果表明:在本试验盐度3.0～7.0范围内,可口革囊星虫24 h的最大死亡率盐度是3.0,可口革囊星虫96 h的最小死亡率盐度为7.0;可口革囊星虫死亡率随盐度降低逐渐升高,但相同盐度下随着时间延长,可口革囊星虫死亡率基本不变,可口革囊星虫96h内能耐受的最低盐度是7.0;在低盐度7.0胁迫下,可口革囊星虫体质量和体壁含水量在12 h内显著增大(P0.05),12 h后趋于平稳(P0.05);Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力也在6 h内显著升高至最大值(P0.05),6 h至12h又显著降低(P0.05),此后稳定在高于对照组水平;酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力变化趋势与Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力类似,均是先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),最后稳定在高于对照组水平。以上研究表明,可口革囊星虫能够通过Na~+/K~+-ATP酶、酸碱磷酸酶等渗透和免疫相关的生理调节机制,迅速响应低盐度环境,其对低盐度有很强的适应力和耐受力。     

可口革囊星虫Phasolosma esculenta体腔液的抗菌活性研究

可口革囊星虫Phasolosma esculenta为我国特有的一种可食用海洋经济动物。本文以可口革囊星虫为研究对象,利用琼脂径向扩散、涂板计数等方法研究其体腔液中物质的抗菌活性以及理化特性。研究结果表明,可口革囊星虫体腔液中存在抗菌活性物质,并且该物质对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus等3种革兰氏阳性细菌具有明显的抗菌效果,但对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli等3种革兰氏阴性细菌以及葡萄牙假丝酵母Candida lusitaniae抗菌效果不明显。结果还发现:(1)不同提取方式出现明显不同的抗菌效果,与体腔液上清液和2%乙酸提取体腔液所得提取物的抗菌效果相比,超声破碎处理提取物的抗菌效果最为明显。(2)理化特性研究发现该抗菌物质抗菌效力持久,抗冻融,并且在5~30 ℃范围内最适抗菌温度约为25 ℃;该物质不耐高温,60 ℃处理10 min后该物质的抗菌作用完全消失;此外,该物质的抗菌作用不依赖金属离子的存在。(3)超滤管过滤截留琼脂扩散结果表明该抗菌物质的分子量在100 kDa以上。     

西沙群岛星虫类研究Ⅱ管体星虫属一新种

关于西沙群岛的星虫类,作者于1982年曾报道过9种,其中管体星虫属(Siphono-soma)仅有邱米管体星虫S.cumanense(Keferstein)一种(Sato,1939年曾报道采自我国台湾)。本文报道西沙群岛管体星虫属的一新种一南海管体星虫S.nanhaiensissp.nov。 此新种于1980年4月26日采自我国西沙群岛的石岛,模式标本存在青岛海产博物馆,编号为XSX 80-45-1。 南海管体星虫(新种)Siphonosoma nanhaiensis sp.nov。体大,圆筒状,后端骤然变细,呈圆锥形。体谈肉红色。躯于长150-200毫米,宽8-15毫米,吻长40—60毫米,宽6—10毫米。触手指状,围绕口部呈放射状,共12纵列,长短各6列,相间排列,每列     

几种鱼皮胶原蛋白的理化特性及其影响因素

利用水产加工废弃物研究了鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成、粘度、凝胶强度、热变性温度(Td)等理化特性及其影响因素。结果表明,在0．1mol／L的乙酸溶液中鱼皮胶原蛋白溶液的粘度随着胶原蛋白浓度的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而下降。热水法提取鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的热变性温度分别为30℃,25℃,27℃。鱼皮胶原蛋白的凝胶强度则随着粘度、温度、pH值、外加介质等的变化而变化。     

水产动物源胶原蛋白医学应用研究进展

胶原蛋白具有免疫原性低,生物相容性较好等优点,同时还具有可降解、止血和促进细胞生长增殖的特性。其中水产源胶原蛋白在提取工艺、安全性方面具有更大优势,因此在医学应用方面得到了广泛的研究与应用。本文探讨了水产动物源胶原蛋白在医学应用方面的研究进展,为后续的研究工作提供依据。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,