太阳盆地中新生代断裂特征及成因机制

太阳盆地位于北黄海盆地的东部,是一个发育在中-朝克拉通基底之上的中、新生代沉积盆地,勘探程度非常低。最新二维地震资料揭示,太阳盆地的断裂体系可以分控盆断裂、控凹(坳)断裂、控带断裂、控圈断裂和分割性断裂。盆地发育以NE向和NW向为主的的正断层和逆断层,而少量断层呈近EW或SN向。对不同类型的断裂构造特征及样式分析表明,断裂的活动期次可分为4期:晚侏罗世—早白垩世伸展断层、晚白垩世逆冲断层、始新世伸展正断层和新近纪正断层。中、新生代以来,中国东部构造演化主要受其东部太平洋板块活动控制,晚侏罗纪开始,洋壳俯冲在东部的欧亚大陆之下,伴随着太平洋—菲律宾板块的俯冲,太阳盆地发生NNE—SSW向的拉张;晚白垩世时期,由于太平洋板块俯冲方向的改变,区域性拉张变为区域性NNW—SSE向挤压,太阳盆地的一系列NW向逆断层形成;在始新世—渐新世,太平洋板块向东亚大陆作斜向减速俯冲,导致太阳盆地遭受NWW—SEE向拉张作用,再次断陷;渐新世末期,受喜山运动第Ⅱ幕的影响,太阳盆地发生再次的构造反转,形成一系列的小规模断层。     

无震脊或海山链俯冲对超俯冲带处的地质效应

全球海底分布着众多的无震脊或海山链,且在太平洋、印度洋及大西洋均存在靠近俯冲带的海岭。除小安德列斯弧外的巴拉克达脊和蒂勃朗脊起源自转换断层外,一般认为它们由与板块构造动力学迥异的地幔柱动力学所形成的。在板块汇聚边缘处,与扩张脊处所形成的正常洋壳一起,无震脊或海山链俯冲于陆缘弧或洋内弧之下,其对弧及弧后地区的地质效应(构造、地貌、地震以及岩浆作用等)有别于正常洋壳俯冲。无震脊或海山链的俯冲通常造成俯冲带地区的上驮板块的局部异常抬升、俯冲剥蚀作用效应的加强、海沟的向陆迁移以及地震强度的增加。同时,无震脊或海山链俯冲时,其携带的具富集地球化学特征的物质不仅影响着地幔地球化学,也对弧及弧后火山熔岩化学产生明显影响,并对超俯冲地区的热液矿床的形成产生重要影响。最后,本文指出了我国有关无震脊或海山链俯冲的可能的研究方向包括黄岩海山链俯冲对吕宋岛弧的可能影响、印度洋无震脊俯冲对青藏高原局部地区的影响,有我国学者参与的IODP344航次的研究对象——科科斯脊俯冲对哥斯达黎加地震成因的效应以及位于西太平洋地区靠近俯冲带的一些无震脊等。     

喜马拉雅前渊和孟加拉湾盆地形成演化

通过区域地质、地球物理、板块重建及地球动力学背景综合研究,揭示了喜马拉雅前渊和孟加拉湾盆地形成演化及动力学背景。喜马拉雅前渊与孟加拉湾盆地被西隆(Shillong)高原分隔。喜马拉雅前渊位于西隆高原北侧,主要以拉萨地块前白垩系为基底,晚白垩世—早始新世为新特提斯洋向洋内岛弧、拉萨板块俯冲形成的弧前和弧后盆地;中始新世—中新世早期,新特提斯洋逐渐俯冲消亡,印度板块与拉萨地块的陆陆碰撞逐渐加剧,形成前陆盆地;中新世中期以来,随着印度板块与欧亚板块陆陆碰撞的加剧,喜马拉雅前陆盆地隆升、剥蚀,只保留了前陆盆地的前渊。孟加拉湾(Bengal)盆地位于西隆高原南侧,其西北部以印度板块的前寒武系为基底,石炭—二叠纪为裂谷盆地,三叠纪为剥蚀区,侏罗纪—早白垩世以火山作用为主,晚白垩世—早始新世为被动大陆边缘盆地,中始新世以来随着印度板块向拉萨板块俯冲加剧,印度洋板块向缅甸大陆俯冲,孟加拉湾盆地演化为陆缘碎屑供应逐渐增强的残留洋盆。孟加拉湾东南部的基底为前古近系洋壳,始新世以来形成巨厚的残留洋盆充填序列。     

日本南海海槽俯冲带的地质特征及其构造意义

日本西南部的南海海槽是一个典型的俯冲系统，由菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块俯冲形成，其俯冲板片包含了九州-帕劳洋脊（KPR）、Kinan海山链、四国海盆和伊豆-小笠原岛弧（IBA）等多种地质单元。为了研究不同地质单元的板块俯冲效应，本文系统分析了南海海槽的地球物理和岩石地球化学特征。重力和热流特征显示南海海槽中部具有低的重力异常（-20–-40 mGal）和高的热流值（60–200 mW/m²），而东西两侧的热流值（20–80 mW/m²）较低。地震模拟结果显示俯冲板块的地壳厚度为5–20 km。地球化学结果表明俯冲板块的下覆地幔成分从西到东逐渐亏损。无震洋脊（如KPR、Kian海山链和Zenisu洋脊）的俯冲是控制南海海槽俯冲效应的主要因素。首先，无震洋脊的俯冲可能使上覆板块发生变形，沿着增生楔前缘出现不规则的地形凹陷。其次，无震洋脊的俯冲是大型逆冲地震的止裂体，阻碍了南海海槽1944年Mw 8.1和1946年Mw 8.3地震破裂的传播。此外，KPR和热的、年轻的四国海盆的俯冲会导致俯冲板片熔融，在日本岛弧上出现埃达克质岩浆活动，并为斑岩铜金矿床提供成矿物质。地球物理和地球化学特征的差异表明尽管IBA已经和日本岛弧发生碰撞，但作为IBA的残留弧，KPR仍然处于俯冲阶段，与日本岛弧之间有明显的地形分界，呈现单向收敛的状态。     

俯冲带水圈-岩石圈相互作用研究进展与启示

俯冲带系统是研究地球水圈-岩石圈相互作用的天然实验室。俯冲板片所携带的水进入俯冲带系统,显著影响俯冲板片上地幔蛇纹石化程度、岛弧岩浆活动以及俯冲带地震机制等构造动力学过程。沿着环太平洋俯冲带,由主动源地震探测得到的板片含水量结果可以很好地解释区域相关地震观测,同时由被动源地震探测到的上地幔低速异常区域都与俯冲板片断层发育区相一致。多道反射地震探测与数值模拟都揭示了俯冲板块正断层广泛存在,可穿透莫霍面,深度可达海底下至少20 km。俯冲板块正断层为流体进入地壳与上地幔提供了重要通道,导致上地幔蛇纹石化程度达到1.4%,甚至更高。在洋壳俯冲过程中,随着温压增加,在不同深度脱水形成不同性质流体与地幔反应。通过俯冲带流体包裹体和交代成因矿物等的研究发现水岩相互作用广泛存在。本文旨在回顾俯冲板片含水量探测及水岩相互作用研究,简述近年来取得的重要进展以及对将来相关研究的启示。     

白云凹陷地球物理场及深部结构特征

珠江口盆地白云凹陷是南海最具代表性的第三系深水陆坡沉积区。以穿过白云凹陷中部的一条深反射地震剖面(14s)为研究基础，采用综合地球物理研究方法分析了该区地球物理场特征，根据重力异常平面等值线勾画了白云凹陷的形态，并提取该测线相对应的重磁剖面数据，利用重磁资料和地震剖面进行了综合反演。以深剖面地震资料建立了地质模型，利用所得的重力数据进行了研究深部结构的正演拟合，实测与计算值拟合较好，支持中生代俯冲洋壳存在的观点；同时结合地震资料对深部结构进行了分析，该区莫霍面由陆向海抬升，呈阶梯状变化，地壳厚度逐渐减薄，具有大陆边缘陆壳向洋壳过渡的特征。根据地质模型还进行了变密度综合反演拟合来分析基底岩性特征，该区基底主要为中酸性岩浆岩，部分为变质岩和基性火山岩，岩石密度由陆向洋逐渐减小，磁性体分布不均。     

海沟沉积物研究进展

俯冲的大洋板块在自身的重力以及上覆板块的挤压下,下潜时牵引洋底向下倾伏,从而形成了深邃的海沟。板块及其所携带的沉积物在这里俯冲到地幔深处,构成了全球物质循环的重要部分。海沟地处极端环境,海沟沉积物的沉积作用不同于陆架和浅海地区,其物源和水动力基本控制了沉积模式,但海沟沉积物的物源、沉积环境和沉积机理则更为复杂。海沟沉积物受控于各种类型的构造运动,包括由上覆板块刮削下来的深海沉积物和洋壳碎片堆积而成的沉积增生楔;由海沟重力滑塌、地震等因素引发的浊流沉积;以及由火山活动带来的火山物质等。同时,海沟沉积物也受控于海沟逐渐形成过程中和形成后的各种沉积作用,例如生物化学沉积和漏斗效应。由于海沟沉积物的沉积过程受到漏斗效应的影响,使得海沟沉积一般比深海盆地堆积速度更快,堆积厚度也更大,但在海沟的不同位置或不同海沟之间,堆积厚度也会有所不同。海沟的这些沉积机理和沉积过程的差异,影响了海沟沉积物的性质,包括沉积物粒度、矿物、生物等都有所差异。文章根据海沟以上的沉积特点,分析了不同海沟之间和同一海沟内部海沟沉积厚度以及沉积物的粒度特征、矿物组成和生物特征的差异,并总结了海沟重力滑塌、浊流沉积、火山活动、生物化学沉积、漏斗效应这五种海沟沉积机理对海沟沉积物沉积过程的影响。文章最后展望了海沟沉积物的研究热点,希望在此基础上促进海沟沉积物的进一步研究。     

ODP第185航次--一次大洋俯冲带的探险

致力于俯冲带研究的首次大洋钻探探险（ＯＤＰ１８５航次）将在马里亚纳海沟和伊豆－博宁岛弧完成。大洋板块的俯冲可以引起地震、海啸等灾害事件,也可以带来许多有益的产物,如矿床沉积。俯冲带是一种动力过程,即俯冲的海底和上覆地幔的原始物质进行再循环,并在最上部...     

东南亚地区的构造地层演化

本文结合东为许多重要沉积盆地的地层资料,介绍东南亚第三纪构造与地层演化的一个新模式,这一模式可划分为四个阶段：（１）第Ⅰ阶段（５０－４３．５Ｍａ）;在这个阶段印度－欧亚板块碰撞开始并延续,同时在欧亚板块的南缘发生洋壳俯冲。印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞使印度洋大洋扩张速度放慢,从而使沿着巽它孤俯冲带的会聚速度降低,且使毗连的弧前和弧后处于拉伸期。弧前和东爪哇地区孤立裂谷盆地下面充填了海浸沉积物,上覆为开     

南海北部被动大陆边缘新构造运动

1989年至1994年间,德国太阳号调查船SO－50B、SO－72A和SO－95航次在南海香港岩外做了6600km的地震测线。对剖面的地震地层学解释确定了更新纪地层中T0不整合的时代归属。东沙隆起的抬升和上覆地层的削蚀形成新第三纪T1和T9不整合,这次隆升事件由岩浆侵入上地壳所引起。地震剖面显示穿入沉积盖层的火成侵入岩体使接触带原有的层理现象消失。岩浆－构造事件也许瑟台湾和中国东部大陆边缘5－3Ma以及3－0Ma两次碰撞有关。碰撞事件以及随后台湾NNW和WNW向的拉移使台湾与中国东南大陆边缘的挤压转变为走滑。张裂活动停止洋壳冷却下沉并消亡在马尼拉海沟之下并产生拉张应力,形成张扭应力场。走滑运动使多数裂陷期和漂移期形成的断层重新活动,给岩浆上拱提供了通道。南海北部构造格局以中新世NE－SW向断裂为特征,这类断层数量虽少却在整个研究区都有分布。ENE－WSW向和NE－SW向上新世断裂集中分布在东沙岛西部,且多为走滑断裂。现代断裂总体为NW－SW走向,与裂陷期形成的断层大致平行,部分断层因局部上隆而产生,一般为正断层性质,但也有走滑性质。上述多数断裂至基底,可见这些是裂断陷和漂移期薄弱带重新活动的结果。     

Structure of Mesozoic oceanic crust in the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands from seismic reflection profiles

Multichannel seismic reflection profile data have been used to determine the internal structure of Mesozoic oceanic crust in the vicinity of the Cape Verde islands. The data show the oceanic crust to be characterized by both dipping and sub-horizontal reflectors. Several lines of evidence argue against the reflectors being scattering artifacts arising, for example, from rough basement topography. Instead, the reflectors are attributed to tectonic and magmatic processes associated with the accretion of oceanic crust at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The upper crust shows variable reflectivity due to both dipping and sub-horizontal events. We interpret the dipping reflectors, which have been identified on both ridge-normal and ridge-parallel profiles, as sub-surface expressions of normal faults that formed at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. There is no evidence that the faults are caused by loading of the oceanic crust by either the Cape Verde islands or their associated topographic swell. Some faults, however, can be traced into the overlying sediments suggesting they may have been re-activated since their formation at the ridge. The origin of the sub-horizontal reflectors is not as clear. We believe them to be boundaries of different igneous lithologies, such as that between basalts and gabbros. The lower crust is highly reflective in some areas, whereas in others only a few dipping and sub-horizontal reflectors are observed. Some of the dipping reflectors can be traced into the upper crust, suggesting they are also normal faults. Others, however, appear to be confined to the lower crust. The sub-horizontal, discontinuous, reflectors about 2.0–2.5 seconds two-way travel time below the top of oceanic basement are attributed to the Moho.     

Isostasy and paleotemperatures in the Southern Tyrrhenian Basin,Mediterranean Sea

The present-day basement depth of the seafloor in the absence of sediment loading was inferred along a traverse crossing the Southern Tyrrhenian Basin. A correction for sediment loading was proposed on the basis of density, seismic velocity and porosity data from selected deep boreholes. The empirical relation between sediment correction and seismic two-way travel time was extrapolated downward by applying the Nafe–Drake curve and a specific porosity–depth relation. The sediment loading response of the basement calculated for flexural isostasy is on average about one hundred meters lower than results for local isostasy. A pure lithosphere extensional model was then used to predict quantitatively the basement subsidence pattern on the margins of the basin. The basement depth is consistent with uniform extension model predictions only in some parts of the margins. The observed variability in the region of greatest thinning (transition from continental to oceanic crust) is attributable to the weakening effect caused by diffuse igneous intrusions. Subsidence of the volcanic Calabrian–Sicilian margin is partly accounted for by magmatic underplating. The comparison of the calculated subsidence with an oceanic lithosphere cooling model shows that subsidence is variable in some areas, particularly in the Marsili Basin. This argues for a typical back-arc origin for the Tyrrhenian Basin, as a result of subduction processes. By taking into account the geodynamic setting, stratigraphic data from the deepest hole and the terrestrial heat flow, we reconstructed the paleotemperatures of cover sediments. The results suggest that low temperatures generally have prevailed during sediment deposition and that the degree of maturation is expected not to be sufficient for oil generation processes.     

Tectonic effects of a subducting aseismic ridge: The subduction of the Nazca Ridge at the Peru Trench

A 1987 survey of the offshore Peru forearc using the SeaMARC II seafloor mapping system reveals that subduction of the Nazca Ridge has resulted in uplift of the lowermost forearc by as much as 1500 m. This uplift is seen in the varied depths of two forearc terraces opposite the subducting ridge. Uplift of the forearc has caused fracturing, minor surficial slumping, and increased erosion through small canyons and gullies. Oblique trending linear features on the forearc may be faults with a strike-slip component of motion caused by the oblique subduction of the Nazca Ridge. The trench in the zone of ridge subduction is nearly linear, with no re-entrant in the forearc due to subduction of the Nazca Ridge. Compressional deformation of the forearc due to subduction of the ridge is relatively minor, suggesting that the gently sloping Nazca Ridge is able to slide beneath the forearc without significantly deforming it. The structure of the forearc is similar to that revealed by other SeaMARC II surveys to the north, consisting of: 1) a narrow zone (10 to 15 km across) of accreted material making up the lower forearc; 2) a chaotic middle forearc; 3) outcropping consolidated material and draping sediment on the upper forearc; and 4) the smooth, sedimented forearc shelf.The subducting Nazca plate and the Nazca Ridge are fractured by subduction-induced faults with offsets of up to 500 m. Normal faulting is dominant and begins about 50 km from the trench axis, increasing in frequency and offset toward the trench. These faults are predominantly trench-parallel. Reverse faults become more common in the deepest portion of the trench and often form at slight angles to the trench axis.Intrusive and extrusive volcanic areas on the Nazca plate appear to have formed well after the seafloor was created at the ridge crest. Many of the areas show evidence of current scour and are cut by faulting, however, indicating that they formed before the seafloor entered the zone of subduction-induced faulting.     

Fault scarp statistics at the Galapagos spreading centre from Deep Tow data

Much of the relief of the abyssal hills covering the ocean basins is believed to originate from faulting of oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges. The timescale over which faults grow is controversial, however, with some authors arguing that faults continue to grow in places for 0.5 m.y. or more based on increasing relief of fault scarps with distance from ridge axes. We examine Deep Tow profiler records of the Galapagos Spreading Centre, in which basement reflections allow scarp relief to be measured beneath the sediment cover, and find that relief does not increase but decreases systematically to 40 km off-axis (1.5 Ma seafloor). Since reversal of fault offsets is unlikely in this tectonic setting, we interpret this result as indicating that variations in fault statistics could reflect temporal variations in the tectonic or volcanic state of the ridge crest, not necessarily progressive fault growth with age as previously assumed. Resolving the issue of fault longevity will therefore require independent data on the timing of fault growth and distribution of present growth activity. We suggest some possible alternative indicators of fault longevity and discuss more generally the implications of volcanic flows to studies of faulting at ridges.     

Tracking the paleogene India-Arabia plate boundary

The location of the India-Arabia plate boundary prior to the formation of the Sheba ridge in the Gulf of Aden is a matter of debate. A seismic dataset crossing the Owen Fracture Zone, the Owen Basin, and the Oman Margin was acquired to track the past locations of the India-Arabia plate boundary. We highlight the composite age of the Owen Basin basement, made of Paleocene oceanic crust drilled on its eastern part, and composed of pre-Maastrichtian continental and oceanic crust overlaid by ophiolites emplaced in Early Paleocene on its western side. A major fossil transform fault system crossing the Owen Basin juxtaposed these two slivers of lithosphere of different ages, and controlled the uplift of marginal ridges along the Oman Margin. This transform system deactivated ∼40 Myrs ago, coeval with the onset of ultra-slow spreading at the Carlsberg Ridge. The transform boundary then jumped to the edge of the present-day Owen Ridge during the Late Eocene-Oligocene period, before seafloor spreading began at the Sheba Ridge. This migration of the plate boundary involved the transfer of a part of the Indian oceanic lithosphere formed at the Carlsberg Ridge to Arabia. This Late Eocene-Oligocene tectonic episode at the India-Arabia plate boundary is synchronous with a global plate reorganization event corresponding to geological events at the Zagros and Himalaya belts. The Owen Ridge uplifted later, in Late Miocene times, and is unrelated to any major migration of the India-Arabia boundary.     

From strike-slip faulting to oblique subduction: A survey of the Alpine Fault-Puysegur Trench transition,New Zealand,results of cruise Geodynz-sud leg 2

The Geodynz-sud cruise on board the R/V l'Atalante collected bathymetric, side-scan sonar and seismic reflection data along the obliquely convergent boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates southwest of the South Island, New Zealand. The survey area extended from 44°05 S to 49°40 S, covering the transition zone between the offshore extension of the Alpine Fault and the Puysegur Trench and Puysegur Ridge. Based on variations in the nature and structure of the crust on either side of the margin, the plate boundary zone can be divided into three domains with distinctive structural and sedimentary characteristics. The northern domain involves subduction of probably thinned continental crust of the southern Challenger Plateau beneath the continental crust of Fiordland. It is characterized by thick sediments on the downgoing slab and a steep continental slope disrupted by fault scarps and canyons. The middle domain marks the transition between subduction of likely continental and oceanic crust defined by a series of en echelon ridges on the downgoing slab. This domain is characterized by a large collapse terrace on the continental slope which appears to be due to the collision of the en echelon ridges with the plate margin. The southern domain involves subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental and oceanic crust. This domain is characterized by exposed fabric of seafloor spreading on the downgoing slab, a steep inner trench wall and linear ridges and valleys on the Puysegur ridge crest. The data collected on this cruise provide insights into the nature and history of both plates, and factors influencing the distribution of strike-slip and compressive strain and the evolution of subduction processes along a highly oblique convergent margin.     

伶仃洋南部断裂构造特征

利用综合地球物理调查资料研究了伶仃洋南部断裂构造的位置、延伸方向和产状特征。结果表明,在伶仃洋南部的断裂是陆域断裂在海域的延伸,以基岩断裂为主,少数断裂影响到第四系沉积物,并表现出分段活动性。海域NE—ENE向断裂与两侧陆域的NE—ENE向断裂连接在一起,构成一条完整的NE—ENE向断裂构造体系。NW向断裂活动时代晚于NE—ENE向断裂,其右行走滑运动将NE—ENE向断裂截切和错移。形成这一构造格局的主要动力来自新生代以来南海的拉张作用以及澳洲板块南北向的推挤作用。     

Heat flow in the southern Chile forearc controlled by large-scale tectonic processes

Between 33°S and 47°S, the southern Chile forearc is affected by the subduction of the aseismic Juan Fernandez Ridge, several major oceanic fracture zones on the subducting Nazca Plate, the active Chile Ridge spreading centre, and the underthrusting Antarctic Plate. The heat flow through the forearc was estimated using the depth of the bottom simulating reflector obtained from a comprehensive database of reflection seismic profiles. On the upper and middle continental slope along the whole forearc, heat flow is about 30–60 mW m^–2, a range of values common for the continental basement and overlying slope sediments. The actively deforming accretionary wedge on the lower slope, however, in places shows heat flow reaching about 90 mW m^–2. This indicates that advecting pore fluids from deeper in the subduction zone may transport a substantial part of the heat there. The large size of the anomalies suggests that fluid advection and outflow at the seafloor is overall diffuse, rather than being restricted to individual fault structures or mud volcanoes and mud mounds. One large area with very high heat flow is associated with a major tectonic feature. Thus, above the subducting Chile Ridge at 46°S, values of up to 280 mW m^–2 indicate that the overriding South American Plate is effectively heated by subjacent zero-age oceanic plate material.