南极大磷虾胃含物中浮游植物的初步分析

南大洋蕴藏着极其丰富的磷虾资源,南极磷虾的主要饵料是海洋浮游植物,它的盛衰直接影响着磷虾资源量。因此,分析南极大磷虾食性成分,对于研究南极磷虾的丰度和南大洋的生态系有着重要意义。     

南极磷虾捕捞加工船利用现状及趋势分析

南极磷虾广泛分布于南极水域,资源储量非常丰富,是全球海洋中最大的单种可捕生物资源。文章梳理了全球南极磷虾捕捞加工船运行情况,剖析了主要国家南极磷虾开发利用及捕捞加工船的发展现状,选取了“福荣海”和“南极耐力”,对我国南极磷虾捕捞加工船与挪威渔船进行了对比分析,指出中国南极磷虾捕捞加工船的发展还存在专业化程度不高、生产模式存在问题且传统渔船捕捞方式有待改进以及船载加工技术有待进一步提高的问题。基于此,研究认为在未来中国应推进转型升级,形成新型南极磷虾捕捞加工渔船体系;强化产业素质,不断提升捕捞渔船渔具装备水平;完善加工环节,突破船载加工技术“瓶颈”,以期通过该研究能够对中国南极磷虾捕捞行业的发展提供帮助。     

南极磷虾：潜在的巨大渔业资源：访中科院海洋研究所孙松研究员

“南极磷虾是地球上数量最大、繁衍最成功的单种生物资源之一。在南极生态系统中,仅南极磷虾这一个种就足以维持以它为饵料的鲸鱼、海豹、企鹅的生存和繁衍。而且,由于最新估计南极磷虾的生物量为6.5亿～10亿吨,因而引起人们直接利用南极磷虾来解决人类所需求的蛋白质不足的兴趣。南极磷虾是一种潜在的巨大渔业资源。”中科院海洋研究所副所长孙松     

南极磷虾的主要营养组成及其在水产饲料中的应用

南极磷虾资源丰富,氨基酸、脂肪酸营养均衡,是一种公认的优质蛋白源,可以用于水产饲料中,对养殖动物起到促进生长、改善肉质、提高繁殖性能等功效。本文总结了近年来南极磷虾粉在水产饲料中的应用研究进展,包括南极磷虾粉对水产动物生长性能、品质和繁殖性能的影响,以及制约南极磷虾粉在水产饲料中应用的科学和技术因素等。同时,总结了南极磷虾油在动物能量动态平衡的调节、抗炎症反应和与鱼油存在的不同代谢机制等方面的研究进展。旨在为南极磷虾产品的开发和在水产饲料中的应用提供参考。     

南极磷虾渔业现状与展望

磷虾在分类地位上属甲壳动物纲（Ｃｒｕｓｔａｃｅａ）、磷虾目（Ｅｕｐｈａｕｓｉａｃｅａ）。全世界共有８５种，全部生活在海洋里，营浮游生活。个体较小，一般仅为十到几十毫米，是海洋浮游动物中一个重要类群。生活在南大洋的磷虾有７～８种。人们称作南极磷虾（Ａｎａｔａｒｃｔｉｃｋｒｉｌｌ）的通常是指其中的大磷虾（Ｅｕｐｈａｕｓｉａ　ｓｕｐｅｒｂａＤａｎａ）。成体大磷虾的体长约为５０～６０ｍｍ，体重约１８，尽管个体较小，但生物量庞大。鱼类、鸟类、海豹和须鲸都以它为生。近一二十年来南极磷虾成为南极研究的重点和热…     

南极磷虾富氟异常的原因及机理

通过对南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)体内及其甲壳中氟含量变化特征的分析,对南极磷虾富氟异常的原因进行了研究.结合其他有关资料,本文还对南极磷虾富氟的来源及机制进行了探讨.研究结果表明:(1)南极磷虾甲壳对氟具有再吸收的功能和作用,其对氟的富集存在着与生命活动无失的机理.南极磷虾的甲壳作为对氟具有特殊吸附功能的无机介质是其富氟的重要原因;(2)氟的富集来自海水,且可能是以离子交换吸附的方式进行.这一作用主要是通过氟与钙、磷的结合而体现.     

海冰对南极磷虾（Euphausua superba）资源丰度的影响

利用1997-2008年南极磷虾产量及各月南极海冰面积数据,分析南极磷虾产量的时空分布,以及海冰对南极磷虾资源丰度的影响。结果表明,近年来南极磷虾年平均产量在11万t左右,主要来自48渔区,渔汛期为3—7月。但不同渔区（48．1区、48．2区和48．3区）在不同年份和季节,其产量和CPUE均有明显差异。分析认为,48区...     

地球上最成功的生物物种——南极磷虾

南极磷虾，又名大磷虾或南极大磷虾，是一种生活在南极洲水域的磷虾。它是一种海洋甲壳类动物，它的眼柄基部、头部和胸的两侧和腹部的下面长着一粒粒金黄色的、略带红色的球形发光器，当它们受到惊吓时，发光器就能发出像萤火虫那样的磷光来。     

冰藻对南大洋大西洋扇区南极磷虾越冬期间碳源的贡献

南极磷虾是南大洋生态系统的关键物种, 种群聚集在南大洋的大西洋扇区。海冰在南极磷虾生活史中起着重要作用, 海冰及其冰下环境为磷虾越冬提供了避难场所, 但海冰是否为磷虾越冬提供了重要的饵料存在一定的争议, 对此问题的解决需要量化源于海冰的冰藻对南极磷虾越冬期间饵料及碳源的贡献。基于2020年冬季(3~8月)于南大洋大西洋扇区48.1亚区(布兰斯菲尔德海峡周边区域)和48.3亚区(南乔治亚岛周边海域)采集的磷虾样品, 通过两种高支链类异戊二烯化合物(IPSO₂₅和HBI III)分别作为源于海冰的冰藻和源于水体浮游植物的生物标志物, 对两个区域冬季磷虾对冰藻和浮游植物的依赖进行研究。结果显示, 处于较高纬度、海冰密集度较高的48.1亚区的南极磷虾体内含有更高的IPSO₂₅, 而处于开阔水域48.3亚区的磷虾体内有更高比例的HBI III, 另外48.3亚区磷虾的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N稳定同位素显著高于48.1亚区的磷虾。48.1亚区南极磷虾越冬期间对浮游植物和冰藻的依赖与体长相关, 其中体长相对较短的早期成体呈现更高的依赖性, 同时该区域磷虾对冰藻的摄食提高了其营养级地位。48.3区南极磷虾越冬期间两种类异戊二烯含量与δ¹⁵N稳定同位素数值呈负相关关系, 表明该区域南极磷虾在初级生产匮乏时会摄食动物性饵料。若未来南大洋大西洋扇区海冰持续减少, 这将对整个磷虾种群、磷虾渔业的可持续发展和区域生态系统的稳定性产生威胁。     

南极夏季南设得兰群岛周边海域浮游动物优势种群的分布、丰度及种群结构分析

根据2013/2014年夏季在南极南设得兰群岛周边海域使用北太平洋网采样品及同步环境调查资料,分析了南极大磷虾(Euphausia superba)、拟长臂樱磷虾(Thysanoessa macrura)、尖角似哲水蚤(Calanoides acutus)和近缘哲水蚤(Calanus propinquus)这四种优势浮游动物的丰度和分布特征。结果表明,南极大磷虾和拟长臂樱磷虾在南设得兰海域均有较为广泛的分布,其中南极大磷虾丰度较高,且它们的水平分布存在一定程度的空间分离。在研究海域东部的南奥克尼群岛(South Orkneys)邻近海域发现了大量的南极大磷虾原蚤状C期幼体,表明大磷虾曾于1月中上旬左右产卵繁殖。研究海域的东部南极大磷虾种群结构以幼体前期为主,而西部的种群结构则以幼体后期、未成体和成体为主。尖角似哲水蚤和近缘哲水蚤的空间分布也较为广泛,且两者分布基本一致。东部南奥克尼群岛临近海域的浮游植物浓度较低,这可能是大量南极大磷虾幼体和桡足类摄食活动的结果。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.