东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖组微量稀土元素对古生产环境的指示意义

西湖凹陷是中国东海已证实的富烃凹陷,始新统平湖组是该凹陷主力烃源岩层系。通过对西湖凹陷30口井433个样品的地球化学及微量元素分析测试,从平湖组下段、中段、上段3个层段分析了有机碳、微量元素、稀土元素的特征及其垂向变化规律,从纵向上分析平湖组的古盐度、古气候、古氧化还原环境、古水深、古水温、古生产力等古生产环境。结果表明:微量元素Rb、Ba、Zr富集,均表现出明显的正异常,而Co、Mo、Sc、Hf相对亏损。Sr/Ba、Sr/Cu、古气候C值、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、V/(V+Ni)、V/Sc、Mn/Fe、Co、Sr、Sr/Cu、生源Ba等参数表明平湖组为温暖气候下的陆相淡水沉积,属于半干旱-半潮湿气候环境,具有较高的古生产力,生烃潜力好。     

胶州湾李村河口沉积物中酸可溶硫化物与活性金属分布特征

对胶州湾李村河口9个短柱状样沉积物中活性金属、AVS和有机质含量等参数进行了分析.其中AVS含量:198.4～0.4 μmol/g,平均35.8μmol/g.大部分样品活性金属含量具有 Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr >V > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd 的顺序.活性重金属 Zn, Cu, Cr, V, Ni, Pb, Co, Cd 含量之和 ( ΣM ) 为:0.53～17.39 μmol/g.通过对所测数据分析发现,大多数活性金属间具有较好的相关性,反映了它们具有相同的来源或相似的早期成岩地球化学特征.近河口区沉积物的地球化学特征与远河口区差异明显:近河口区底层水为还原环境,AVS 形成的制约因素是活性铁的可获得性,而活性重金属的分布受到AVS的控制并主要以金属硫化物或硫化物吸附态的形式存在,AVS 仍具有较大的吸附重金属的潜力,同时硫化物中重金属再次释放造成二次污染的潜在性也较大;而在离河口稍远的海域,沉积物中 AVS 形成的控制因素是有机质的供给和环境氧化还原状态的变化,活性重金属主要以铁氧化物结合态存在,表层沉积物中重金属的环境敏感性及生物有效性都较高.     

南海典型断面表层沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素的分布特征及其控制因素

氧化还原敏感元素在环境研究中发挥着日益重要的作用,然而对于海底表层沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素的分布规律与特征的研究鲜有涉及。本文以采集自南海4条典型断面(18°N、10°N、6°N、113°E)的75个表层沉积物样品为研究对象,通过主量元素和微量元素(含氧化还原敏感元素Mo、V、U)分析,并结合沉积物粒度、元素富集系数等数据,探讨了表层沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素的分布特征及其控制因素。结果表明,研究区每个断面中的V、U含量变化趋势十分相似,Mo含量变化与V、U的总体变化趋势相近,但Mo在断面上的变化波动比V、U更强烈。4条断面中Mo平均含量表现出明显富集,除了V在断面Ⅰ中表现为轻度富集外,V和U平均含量都表现为亏损。影响沉积物中Mo、V、U含量分布的因素主要包括陆源碎屑含量、生物碳酸盐含量、细粒沉积物的吸附作用和氧化还原环境等。所有断面中V和U的含量分布主要受控于陆源碎屑组分,同时也受到生物碳酸盐含量和细粒沉积物的吸附作用的影响,氧化还原环境对其含量影响较小,受环境影响的自生组分含量较低。Mo的含量分布主要受控于海底氧化还原环境,陆源碎屑组分的贡献和细粒沉积物吸附作用的影响较小,受环境影响的自生组分含量较高。西南次海盆的Mo含量及其富集系数都较低,可能是由于西南次海盆的底流活动使其海底存在氧化环境所致。     

湖相介形类壳体微量元素在古环境重建中的应用

湖相介形类壳体微量元素(本文主要指Mg和Sr)是重建古环境的重要指标之一,可以定性或定量地反映湖水信息。自20世纪80年开始应用以来,经过30余年的发展取得了很大进展。在古环境重建过程中主要存在两类影响因素:(1)其宿生水体中M/Ca比值(M主要指Mg和Sr)的影响因素:季节变化、微环境差异和湖泊演化过程,这类因素通过对宿生水体中M/Ca比值来影响介形虫壳体中的M/Ca比值,进而造成古环境重建结果的误差增大或可靠性降低;(2)介形类壳体微量元素分配系数的影响因素:宿生水体中M/Ca比值、温度、碱度等,这类因素能够直接影响介形类壳体分泌、钙化的生命-化学过程的因素,是定量重建的重要影响因素。加强现代介形类生活习性和微量元素组成变化过程的研究可以消除或减小以上影响因素对古环境重建的影响,提高介形类壳体化石中微量元素组成在古环境重建研究中的精度和可靠性。     

亚氧化大陆边缘沉积物中镉和锰的成岩分离

在早期成岩作用理想稳定状态的观点中,沉积物沉淀包含了多个仅能发生某些氧化还原反应的剧变的限定带。实际上由于孔隙水成分可能受到有机碳输入、底层水温度和化学成分变化及沉积速率变化的影响,带与带之间的界线多少有点模糊。这些变化能造成沉积物中氧化—缺氧边界位...     

辽东湾沉积物间隙水中卤素的地球化学

辽东湾沉积物间隙水中卤素(氟、氯、溴、碘)等的测定结果表明,间隙水中氯含量接近于上覆海水,且随深度无明显变化.氟、溴、碘由于受有机质吸附作用的影响而富集在间隙水中,随着深度增加多呈极大值或指数增加分布.基于这种分布,我们讨论了间隙水中卤素的化学成岩过程,提出了卤素的早期成岩作用模式,计算了沉积物-水界面的扩散通量.间隙水中卤素的地球化学过程,主要受有机质分解和固相沉积物的移去反应所控制,沉积物-水界面的质量转移特征是卤素离子自沉积物中向上覆海水扩散.     

西沙群岛白云岩-铁白云岩空间变异的特征：来自地球化学的证据

成礁以来西沙群岛白云岩-铁白云岩大量发育,针对白云岩空间变异及成因演化的讨论具有重要意义。西科1井存在7层白云岩,对7层白云岩进行了划区处理,将7层白云岩层分为浅、中、深3类:600 m为浅层(层一、层二、层三,合计厚度203 m),600～1 000 m为中层(层四、层五、层六,合计厚度79 m),1 000 m为深层(层七,厚155 m)。通过对7层白云岩的主微量元素特征、成岩环境与成因模式及浅层、中层、深层白云岩地球化学数据之间的规律与差异的分析认为,西科1井白云岩受陆源物质影响小,高的SiO_2可能来自西沙周缘火山地带。西沙地区白云岩成岩环境总的来讲属于氧化环境,但浅、中、深层成岩环境的氧化强度具有差异。西科1井白云岩的古盐度都较高,但层与层之间有着细微差异。西科1井白云岩锶含量总体偏低,受到淡水淋滤作用强烈,形成于古水深较浅的礁相台地环境,相比较而言,浅层受到大气淡水影响最强,中层次之,深层最弱。西沙白云岩成岩过程中受到高盐度海水、大气淡水和回流渗透作用等多种因素的影响。     

潜江凹陷马王庙地区新沟嘴组下段成岩作用

从沉积环境背景出发,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定和扫描电镜分析等方法对江汉盆地潜江凹陷马王庙地区古近系新沟嘴组下段储层成岩作用做了系统的研究.研究表明马王庙地区新下段沉积时期盆地处于干旱蒸发—氧化环境的Ⅰ型沉积环境和半干旱—潮湿弱氧化—弱还原环境的Ⅱ型沉积环境,相应地发育两种储层,经历了两种成岩类型,受其相应的地层水影响,成岩作用差异较大.Ⅰ型成岩作用以胶结作用更显著,对储层孔隙起破坏作用,其较好储层发育受断裂带控制;Ⅱ型成岩作用以溶解作用为主,对储层具有建设作用,成藏面积广,其储层物性相对较好.该认识为深入研究该区成岩作用规律奠定了基础,也有助于油区进一步勘探开发.     

东海盆地某油气田A井P层沉积体系研究

东海盆地某油气田A井钻遇古近系平湖组P层为一套灰绿色含砾细砂岩.对此层中的微量元素、古生物资料、粒度特征以及测井资料的分析表明：沉积物中的硼元素含量较低,Sr/Ba比值小于1,Fe/Mn比值远大于5,这些指标反映沉积水体为淡水;同时,Ni/Co比值大多数介于2.5～5之间,而V/Ni比值大于1,指示研究层位沉积于还原环境中.该层沉积物中,蕨类孢子含量极高,花粉组合以阔叶类木本为主,且含较多喜暖湿针叶类花粉,说明当时盆地周边区域气候大致相当于现代亚热带气候,较温暖且偏湿润.A井P层中,砾石具近源快速堆积特征,泥岩属较深水沉积,岩层粒度具浊积岩特征;结合空间岩性展布状况可以判断,P层沉积相属于温暖湿润气候下的淡水近岸水下扇相.     

中国多金属结核开辟区的深海环境

阐述了中国多金属结核开辟区深海环境的水文、生物和化学特征。开辟区海域水柱由表层混合层、温跃层、海底温跃层和海底边界层等不同水层构成，整个海域水动力条件总体上较为缓慢，但也存在着周期性的水流速度大于15cm/s的海底风暴；区内海底生态系统的显著特点是极低的生产力和生物过程速率，但生物多样性极高；整个区域内表层沉积物分布较均一，以低有机含量的硅质粘土、深海软泥为主，其化学组成上受沉积环境和早期成岩作用的影响和控制。     

Multiple controls on the paleoenvironment of the Early Cambrian marine black shales in the Sichuan Basin,SW China: Geochemical and organic carbon isotopic evidence

In order to understand the paleoenvironment of the Early Cambrian black shale deposition in the western part of the Yangtze Block, geochemical and organic carbon isotopic studies have been performed on two wells that have drilled through the Qiongzhusi Formation in the central and southeastern parts of Sichuan Basin. It shows that the lowest part of the Qiongzhusi Formation has high TOC abundance, while the middle and upper parts display relative low TOC content. Redox-sensitive element (Mo) and trace elemental redox indices (e.g., Ni/Co, V/Cr, U/Th and V/(V + Ni)) suggest that the high-TOC layers were deposited under anoxic conditions, whereas the low-TOC layers under relatively dysoxic/oxic conditions. The relationship of the enrichment factors of Mo and U further shows a transition from suboxic low-TOC layers to euxinic high-TOC layers. On the basis of the Mo-TOC relationship, the Qiongzhusi Formation black shales were deposited in a basin under moderately restricted conditions. Organic carbon isotopes display temporal variations in the Qiongzhusi Formation, with a positive excursion of δ¹³C_org values in the lower part and a continuous positive shift in the middle and upper parts. All these geochemical and isotopic criteria indicate a paleoenvironmental change from bottom anoxic to middle and upper dysoxic/oxic conditions for the Qiongzhusi Formation black shales. The correlation of organic carbon isotopic data for the Lower Cambrian black shales in different regions of the Yangtze Block shows consistent positive excursion of δ¹³C_org values in the lower part for each section. This excursion can be ascribed to the widespread Early Cambrian transgression in the Yangtze Block, under which black shales were deposited.     

南海北部琼东南盆地冷泉区表层沉积物微量元素的分析及其对甲烷渗漏的指示

Recent studies have shown that specific geochemical characteristics of sediments can be used to reconstruct past methane seepage events. In this work, the correlation between the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios of sediment samples is analyzed and the sulfate concentration profile in Site C14 from cold-seep sediments in the Qiongdongnan Basin in northern South China Sea is obtained. The results confirmed that, sulfate at 0–247 cm below sea floor(Unit I) is mainly consumed by organic matter sulfate reduction(OSR), while sulfate at 247–655 cm(Unit II) is consumed by both the OSR and the anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM). In addition, the bottom sediment layer is affected by weak methane seepage. The Mo and U enrichment factors also exhibit similar trends in their respective depth profiles. The responses of trace elements, including Co/Al, Ni/Al, Cr/Al and Zn/Al ratios to methane seepage allowed the study of depositional conditions and methane seepage events. Based on the results, it is speculated that the depositional conditions of Unit II changed with depth from moderate conditions of sulfidic and oxic conditions to locally anoxic conditions, and finally to suboxic conditions due to methane fluid leakage. The stable isotope values of chromium-reducible sulfide produced by AOM and those of sulfide formed by OSR in the early diagenetic environment suffered serious depletion of 34 S. This was probably due to weak methane leakage, which caused the slower upward diffusion and the effect of early diagenesis on the samples. It is necessary to consider the effects of depositional environments and diagenesis on these geochemical parameters.     

Mineralogical and chemical distribution of the Es3L oil shale in the Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin (E China): Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and organic matter accumulation

The Es₃^L (lower sub-member of the third member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation) shale in the Jiyang Depression is a set of relatively thick and widely deposited lacustrine sediments with elevated organic carbon, and is considered to be one of the most important source rocks in East China. We can determine the mineralogy, organic and inorganic geochemistry of the Es₃^L shale and calculate paleoclimate indexes by using multiple geochemical proxies based on organic chemistry (total organic carbon [TOC] and Rock-Eval pyrolysis), major and trace elements, X-Ray diffraction, and carbon and oxygen isotope data from key wells alongside ECS (Elemental Capture Spectroscopy) well log data. These indicators can be used to analyze the evolution of the paleoenvironment and provide a mechanism of organic matter (OM) accumulation. The Es₃^L oil shale has high TOC abundance (most samples >3.0%) and is dominated by Type I kerogens. Additionally, the organic-rich shale is rich in CaO and enrichment in some trace metals is present, such as Sr, Ba and U. The positive δ¹³C and negative δ¹⁸O values, high Sr/Ba, B/Ga and Ca/Ca + Fe ratios and low C/S ratios indicate that the Es₃^L shales were mainly deposited in a semi-closed freshwater-brackish water lacustrine environment. The consistently low Ti/Al and Si/Al ratios reflect a restricted but rather homogeneous nature for the detrital supply. Many redox indicators, including the Th/U, V/(V + Ni), and δU ratios, pyrite morphology and TOC-TS-Fe diagrams suggest deposition under dysoxic to suboxic conditions. Subsequently, the brackish saline bottom water evolved into an anoxic water body under a relatively arid environment, during which organic-lean marls were deposited in the early stage. Later, an enhanced warm-humid climate provided an abundant mineral nutrient supply and promoted the accumulation of algal material. OM input from algal blooms reached a maximum during the deposition of the organic-rich calcareous shale with seasonal laminations. High P/Ti ratios and a strongly positive relationship between the P and TOC contents indicate that OM accumulation in the oil shale was mainly controlled by the high primary productivity of surface waters with help from a less stratified water column. Factors such as the physical protection of clay minerals and the dilution of detrital influx show less influence on OM enrichment.     

东海季节性低氧海区柱状沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素对沉积环境变化的响应

氧化还原敏感元素(Redox Sensitive Elements，RSE)如V、Cr、Mo、U等，通常在氧化条件下呈溶解态，在还原沉积环境中除Fe、Mn外，RSE被还原成低价态转移至沉积物中富集积累，因此可以利用氧化还原敏感元素在沉积物中的富集情况反演沉积环境的氧化还原状况。本文通过研究东海内陆架季节性低氧海区Zb7沉积柱中氧化还原敏感元素V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、U的垂直分布、富集特征和比值，探究沉积环境氧化还原状况；发现RSE/Al和富集系数自1978年以来呈增加的趋势，但自2009年开始有所降低，整体RSE富集系数均小于3，未见明显富集。RSE比值V/Cr<2、Ni/Co<5、U/Th<0.75、0.25<(Cu+Mo)/Zn<0.55，以及Mo_EF/U_EF比值主要分布在0.08～0.3倍海水Mo/U值之间，均指示氧化的沉积环境。RSE/Al与Fe/Al、Mn/Al具有显著的相关性，表明RSE在剔除陆源碎屑输入后，主要通过与Fe、Mn氧化物结合进入沉积物，也指示氧化的沉积环境。研究结果与该区域溶解氧历史数据反映的季节性低氧结果不一致，可能与RSE在夏季季节性低氧时，沉积物中的富集信号在秋冬季溶氧水平恢复后缺失有关。尽管RSE不能有效指示东海季节性低氧环境，但Zb7沉积柱RSE在1978年后富集程度的增加以及2011年后的降低，在一定程度上反映了该区域自1978年后季节性低氧程度加重，2009年后又有所缓解的变化趋势。     

Geochemistry of eastern Mediterranean sediments: Primary sediment composition and diagenetic alterations

Two cores recovered in the eastern Mediterranean were analysed for major, minor and trace elements. The primary chemical composition of the sediment is different at each location, probably because the lithological sources and the relative biogenic contributions differ.

Carbonates are important for the concentration of Ca, Mg and Sr, whereas aluminosilicates determine the concentration of Si, Al, K, Li, Y and Be, and to a lesser extent that of Fe, Cr, Ti, Mg, Zn and Zr. In sapropels, organic carbon and sulphur seem to be closely related. Bromine, Mo, P, Fe, V, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and Cr are closely associated with organic and sulphidic compounds. The concentration versus depth profile for organic carbon in two sapropels points to a rapid establishment of conditions that gave rise to sapropel formation, followed by a gradual transition back to “normal” conditions.

The primary composition is overprinted by diagenetic processes. Sulphate-reducing conditions occurred during and just after sapropel deposition. A progressive oxidation front mechanism, which became active after sapropel deposition, is responsible for additional major geochemical changes. This diagenetic phenomenon has strong implications for the chemistry of Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, Cr, V, U, As and Sb.     

Interstitial water trace-metal chemistry of laminated sediments from the Gulf of California,Mexico

This report presents major and minor element profiles for interstitial waters recovered from the oxygen-minimum zone of the Gulf of California. The major elements and nutrients show concentration-depth profiles typical for anoxic, laminated sediments, with sulfate-reduction occurring close to the sediment-water interface, accompanied by increases in alkalinity and ammonia. Barium is solubilized near the sediment-water interface, but decreases below 10 cm depth, showing concentrations consistent with barite solubility. The dissolved concentrations of Mn, Fe, and Al are higher in the upper part of the sedimentary column; Mn and Fe due to reduction of oxides and Al probably because of dissolution of siliceous material. In contrast, dissolved Mo, V, and Cr show concentrations increasing with depth. The strong correlation of the concentrations of Mo, V and Cr with “yellow substance” absorbance reflect the importance of dissolved organic matter for the mobility of these elements during early diagenesis.     

东海陆架晚第四纪沉积物化学成分及物源示踪

东海陆架EA1孔和EA5孔沉积物化学成分变化范围较大。与东海陆架表层沉积物相比，钻孔沉积物的Si,Al,Mg,Mn,Ti,P,Ba,Zr,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cr明显偏高，而Fe,Na,Ca,Sr,Li,U明显偏低，与全球大陆地壳化学组成相比，钻孔沉积物的Si,Li,Rb,Ba,Th,Zr,Hf,Cu,Zn,Pb偏高，而Al,Na,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Ti,P,Sr,U,Co,Ni,V,Cr偏低，钻孔沉积物的化学成分在垂向上具有明显变化，主要受岩性和沉积环境的控制，钻孔沉积物中元素的富集因子（EF）均小于10，接近于1，表明钻孔沉积物主要来自大陆地壳，一些元素因分异或外来物质加入而富集，一些元素则因分异带出而亏损，钻孔沉积物源区的DF值判别表明，钻孔沉积物与现代黄河，长江沉积物均有亲缘关系，可能是在末次冰期最盛期，由于气候带南移，干旱区域扩大，在古长江搬运沉积物中类似现今黄河沉积物的干旱组分明显增加，从而导致了地球化学示踪结果的长江与黄河双重性，或者说古气候的变化导致了古长江搬运物质成分的变化。     

冲绳海槽中南部柱状沉积物氧化还原敏感元素赋存机理与环境指示意义

沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素（Redox Sensitive Element,RSE）含量变化是上覆水体氧化还原环境良好的替代指标。本文通过冲绳海槽中南部两个柱状沉积物（深度:30 cm）粒度、总有机碳、总氮及其同位素含量和氧化还原敏感元素含量等指标,探究复杂环境背景下冲绳海槽柱状沉积物中RSE的赋存机理与环境指示意义。研究发现,柱状沉积物中除了Cr亏损,其他RSE均显示有不同程度的富集。“粒控效应”对冲绳海槽柱状沉积物的RSE含量影响较小;分析可知,海水表层生产力是影响沉积物氧化还原环境的主要因素,通过Mn（氢）氧化物的吸附或解吸附作用实现RSE的富集与亏损。δCe、V/Cr、Ni/Co和V/（V+Ni）等指标指示沉积物整体处于氧化?弱氧化环境。沉积物中Mn元素通过还原作用以Mn2+形式向上扩散,在25～30 cm处被含氧间隙水氧化富集形成锰峰,指示柱状沉积物0～25 cm处为氧化环境,25～30 cm处为弱氧化环境。     

Trace elements in ferromanganese nodules from the central indian ocean basin

Thirty-three bulk ferromanganese nodules from the sediment–water interface of siliceous sediment domain from the Central Indian Ocean Basin were analyzed for 50 elements including 6 new (Be, As, Se, Sn, Sb, and Bi) using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer. The Mn/Fe ratio and triangular plot (Fe-Mn-{Cu+Ni+Co?×?10}) suggest that ferromanganese nodules are of hydrogenetic, early diagenetic, and diagenetic origin. In the ferromanganese nodules, Mo, Sb, Bi, and As are highly enriched ～320, 160, 90, and 50 times compared with upper continental crust, respectively. A majority of the elements such as Be, Sc, Ti, V, Co, As, Se, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sn, rare earth elements (REEs), Pb, Bi, P, Th, U, Hf, and Ta are associated with Fe, whereas, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mo, Li, Ga, Sb, Mg, and Cs are associated with Mn in the ferromanganese nodules. Redox proxies such as U/Th (0.14) and Mo/Mn (0.0019) ratio in the ferromanganese nodules suggest their formation under oxic conditions.     

南黄海和东海北部沉积物的地球化学 Ⅱ、微量元素的地球化学特征

本文对黄海中南部10个沉积物样品和东海北部24个沉积物样品用等离子光谱做了Ba、Be、Co、Cr、Ga、Li、Mn、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、V、Zn、Y和Yb的分析,并对该区沉积物中元素的丰度和不同类型沉积物中微量元素的分布规律做了研究。通过对区内微量元素与主要元素的相关图解分析表明,大多数微量元素与主要元素Al、Mg、K呈正相关,其高值区与粘土沉积物相一致,低值区与粉砂质沉积物相吻合;Be、Sr、Mn的高含量与粘土沉积物无关