海绵铁对不同种类偶氮染料脱色性能及其动力学研究

系统考察了不同脱色条件下海绵铁对偶氮染料的脱色性能及其动力学。研究结果表明,脱色时间在0~40min内海绵铁对酸性媒介黑T、直接兰2B、直接橙S、活性黄X-R和阳离子红X-GRL的脱色率随着脱色时间增加而增加,且脱色反应符合一级反应动力学方程。偶氮染料的脱色率和脱色反应速率常数(k_(obs))随着海绵铁粒径的增大而降低,但是随着海绵铁投加量和反应温度的增加而增大。海绵铁对不同偶氮染料的脱色率和脱色k_(obs)随着pH升高而逐渐降低。由于不同偶氮染料的物理性质、化学性质和化学结构存在差异,海绵铁对不同种类偶氮染料的脱色率和脱色k_(obs)是不同的。     

利用过硫酸盐阴极型微生物燃料电池降解蒽醌燃料活性艳蓝的研究

本研究构建了以二价铁/过硫酸盐体系(Fe2+/PDS)为阴极液,以蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R作为目标污染物的双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究了初始Fe2+投加量,初始PDS浓度和pH值对KN-R脱色率和MFC产电性能的影响。结果表明,当初始pH为3,Fe2+的初始浓度为1mmol·L-1,PDS的初始浓度为2mmol·L-1,温度为(30±1)℃时Fe2+/PDS-MFC体系达到最佳状态,此时KN-R的脱色率为96.90%,MFC的最大功率密度为294.07mW·m-2。动力学分析表明KN-R的脱色降解符合二级反应动力学,最佳条件下KN-R降解的反应速率常速为0.001 7mmol·L-1·min-1。紫外-可见光谱分析表明,Fe2+/PDS-MFC体系能够有效的脱色降解KN-R及其中间产物。     

紫菜中类菌孢素氨基酸纯化工艺的优化及其抗紫外辐射作用研究

为了筛选纯化紫菜类菌孢素氨基酸(mycosporine-like amino acid,MAAs)的离子交换树脂,优化纯化工艺,并研究纯化后MAAs体外抗紫外辐射活性,本研究通过静态动力学吸附及解析实验,筛选纯化树脂;结合动态动力学吸附及解析单因素实验建立响应面法对SA-2型阳离子树脂纯化MAAs的二次多项式模型,对MAAs的纯化工艺进行优化;通过建立大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的复合紫外线(UVA+UVB)损伤模型,分析纯化后MAAs样品的体外抗辐射活性。结果表明:静态动力学吸附及解析实验筛选出SA-2型阳离子树脂为纯化MAAs的最佳树脂,吸附率和解析率分别为86.01%和56.63%;吸附的最佳工艺条件为:上样液质量浓度3 g/L、上样流速1 m L/min、上样液pH为6、洗脱液体积分数为3%、洗脱流速为1.5 m L/min、洗脱液pH为6;在此条件下吸附率为79.21%,洗脱率为64.02%;纯化后的MAAs样品能有效抑制紫外辐射而造成的损伤,将菌种失活速度分别降低了39.10%和40.58%,表现出显著的抗紫外辐射活性。     

工业级聚乙二醇溶液的吸附脱色研究

以温度、活性炭用量、脱色时间和溶液pH值为实验因素,以脱色率为考察指标,采用正交实验设计对工业级聚乙二醇溶液进行了脱色及优化;以聚乙二醇溶液的吸光度来表征色素浓度,建立了吸光度与色素浓度之间的函数关系和色素吸附等温线。最终确定了聚乙二醇溶液的脱色最佳条件:活性炭用量10%,脱色温度20℃,脱色时间8 h,溶液pH值为6.0,脱色率为82.4%,加入1%氧化剂H2O2后脱色率提升至90%,满足工业聚乙二醇溶液回收的色度要求。     

响应面法优化鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液脱色工艺

采用活性炭吸附法脱除鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液中色素,优化脱色条件,以进一步利用鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白。在确定该色素特征吸收波长为420 nm条件下,分别研究了活性炭添加量、脱色时间、溶液p H值和脱色温度对鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素脱除效果影响。在单因素实验基础上,选择脱色时间30 min,进行活性炭添加量、溶液p H值、脱色温度三因素三水平BoxBehnken中心组合响应面分析试验。结果表明,活性炭吸附鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素最佳条件为活性炭添加量4.2%,溶液p H值2.27,脱色温度35°C,该条件下鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液的脱色率为45.6%,蛋白质和氨基酸损耗率分别为19.65%和22.93%。脱色后鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白的甘氨酸含量最高(136.02 mg/g,相对含量23.05%),谷氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量也较高,而半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸总量不到1%,符合水产蛋白氨基酸和I型胶原蛋白氨基酸特点。     

壳聚糖/纳米铜复合微球的制备及其对刚果红染料的脱色性能

以壳聚糖和CuCl₂·2H₂O为原料,分别采用直接负载法和吸附法成功制备了壳聚糖/纳米铜复合微球,运用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X-射线衍射(XDR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对催化剂结构进行了表征。以刚果红(CR)染料为目标污染物,评价了催化剂的制备方法、制备条件及氢转移催化反应条件对其催化性能的影响。结果表明,由直接负载法(CS/CuNPs)和吸附法(CS/CuNPs-X)制备的壳聚糖/纳米铜复合微球在CR染料浓度为100 mg/L,催化剂投加量为0.05 g,供氢体浓度为0.05 mol/L的氢转移催化反应条件下,催化反应进行180和60 min时CR脱色率可分别达95.8%和96.8%。CS/CuNPs-X比CS/CuNPs表现了更高的对CR氢转移催化反应的催化速率。两种催化剂催化还原CR染料的反应均符合准一级动力学模型。在连续循环使用10次后,CS/CuNPs和CS/CuNPs-X对CR的脱色率分别为93.9%和89.4%,表明催化剂具有良好的重复使用性能。     

响应面法优化鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液脱色工艺研究*

提要 鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液为红棕色,不利于在食品中广泛地应用。为了进一步利用鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白,本文采用活性炭吸附法脱除鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白提取液中色素,优化脱色条件。在确定该色素特征吸收波长为420 nm条件下,分别研究了活性炭添加量、脱色时间、溶液pH值和吸附温度对鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素脱除效果影响。在单因素实验基础上,选择吸附时间30 min,进行活性炭添加量、溶液pH值、吸附温度三因素三水平Box-Behnken中心组合响应面分析试验。结果表明：活性炭吸附鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素最佳条件为活性炭添加量4.2%,溶液pH值2.27,脱色温度35 ℃,该条件下鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液的脱色率为45.6%,蛋白质和氨基酸损耗率分别为19.65%和22.93%。脱色后鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白的甘氨酸含量最高(136.02 mg/g,相对含量23.05%),谷氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量也较高,而半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸总量不到1%,符合水产蛋白氨基酸和I型胶原蛋白氨基酸特点。     

干出状态下坛紫菜叶状体表面水膜与失水对光合作用光化学特性的影响

采用筏式吊养的大型经济海藻坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)在栽培生长期间, 常周期性地处于干出状态。本文通过测定不同水膜状态下坛紫菜的叶绿素荧光动力学相关系数, 探讨了干出状态下坛紫菜叶状体表面水膜的理化特性与失水对其光合作用光化学特性的影响。实验数据显示, 干出初始状态下, 叶状体表面水膜pH值的升高对坛紫菜的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、光化学淬灭系数qP、非光化学淬灭系数NPQ、最大相对电子传递速率ETRm和光能利用效率α均无显著性影响。当坛紫菜叶状体表面水膜盐度为0~75‰时, Fv/Fm、qP、NPQ、ETRm和α均保持稳定; 当叶状体表面水膜盐度增加到75‰~150‰时, Fv/Fm、NPQ、α和ETRm则显著下降, 较盐度为33‰时分别下降了66%、84%、70%和60%, 表明覆盖高盐度水膜的叶状体PSⅡ反应中心活性受到抑制。坛紫菜叶状体在失水初期的光合活性不受影响, 当叶状体表面水膜厚度降到0后, 叶状体细胞内部开始失水, 光合活性也显著下降。严重脱水状态(失水率为75%)下, Fv/Fm、NPQ、α和ETRm较失水初期分别下降了41%、69%、38%和43%。这些研究结果表明, 坛紫菜叶状体在干出失水初期, 水分损失是由于表面水膜损失引起的, 水膜厚度随着失水率的增加呈线性下降, 表面水膜厚度的下降影响了藻体的热耗散能力; 随着失水率进一步增加, 叶状体的光合活性和热耗散能力受到不利影响, 其中热耗散能力对叶状体含水量的变化更为敏感。     

霞水母刺丝囊毒素溶血活性的稳定性研究

从霞水母Cyanea sp.中分离刺丝囊,提取刺丝囊毒素(NV),并研究了温度、pH和几种化学组分对其溶血活性稳定性的影响.实验结果表明,在4～37℃范围内NV的溶血活性与温度变化密切相关,毒素在4℃以下几乎没有发生溶血反应,在37℃以下反应45 min以后,溶血活性达到最大值;毒素的溶血活性对pH敏感,在pH 7.8时.溶血活性最强,溶血率为93.53%.EDTA、NaCl和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对NV溶血活性都具有稳定作用.通过正交实验发现,GSH对溶血活性的影响最大,当提取液中含有1.0 mmol/L GSH和5.0 mmol/L NaCl时毒素的溶血活性最强.DTT(二硫苏糖醇)明显降低毒素的溶血活性,说明毒素中溶血蛋白的活性很可能与分布在蛋白质表面的二硫键有关.Ca2+虽然能够增强毒素的溶血活性但是对毒素并没有稳定作用,所以Ca2+可能只是毒素溶血活性的活化剂.甘油对毒素的稳定作用不明显.     

污水污泥对染料废水的吸附脱色性能研究

为探讨污泥的资源化利用和开发新型的染料废水吸附剂 ,在对污水污泥吸附处理染料废水的工艺条件进行优化的基础上 ,得到污水污泥对 3种染料 (中性橙、中性黑BL ,元青 )的最大吸附量及其吸附类型。结果表明 ,污泥焙烧温度、废水pH值和吸附时间对吸附效果有影响 ,而废水温度的变化则不会引起脱色率的较大改变。在最佳工艺条件 (污泥经 40 0℃焙烧 ,废水pH值为 1,吸附时间为 3 0min ,水温为 3 0℃ )下 ,3种染料废水的脱色率均达到 98% ,其最大吸附量都在 2 9mg·g-1左右 ,与活性炭的效果相当 ,而高于其它种类的吸附剂。焙烧后的污泥对中性黑BL的吸附符合Langmuir方程 ,对中性橙和元青的吸附符合Henry方程。焙烧污泥的优良脱色性能使其在染料废水处理方面具有较好的应用前景。     

Decolorization of dyeing wastewater with use of chitosan materials

More attention has been paid to the research on decolorization of dyeing wastewater nowadays. In this study, an investigation into the decolorization of dyeing wastewater was conducted using a combination of coagulant, carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) and coagulant aid, polyscrylamide (PAM). The factors influencing the decolorization efficiency, such as pH value, coagulant and the dosages of coagulant, were discussed. The results showed that using PAM as coagulant aid could reach a high decolorization efficiency compared with using NOCC alone. The optimal conditions were pH 2.3, 480 mg/L for NOCC, and 4–8 mg/L for PAM. Under the optimum conditions, the rate of decolorization could achieve 99%, and the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) could achieve 90%. In addition, the membrane processes with chitosan/rare-earth-metals could enhance the decolorization rate of Direct Black FF to 94.7%, and Indanthren Red F3B to 98.2%, respectively. Key words - Carboxymethyl chitosan, PAM, Dyeing wastewater, Decolorization, Chitosan/rare-earth membrane     

The distribution of iron in the Northwest Atlantic

Samples from eleven stations in the Sargasso Sea, Slope Water, and continental shelf water of the Northwest Atlantic have been analyzed for total iron by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Vertical profiles for iron and associated temperature and nutrient data were obtained at the five open-ocean stations. Data from six stations provided a transect across the continental shelf into the apex of the New York Bight.At open-ocean stations, iron was depleted near the surface to levels of about 1–2 nmol kg^?1 and increased to levels of about 4–7 nmol kg^?1 in the vicinity of the oxygen minimum. A characteristic bottom-water maximum was observed at stations where closely spaced, near-bottom sampling was conducted. This feature was due at least partially to resuspension of particulate iron associated with the nepheloid layer.Comparison of total iron concentrations (available upon digestion in concentrated nitric acid) to those of filtered samples (0.4 μm) at one Slope Water station indicated that about 40% of the available iron in the water column was associated with the particulate phase. Near the surface, in the vicinity of the chlorophyll maximum, iron was present almost totally in particulate form. The dissolved fraction increased to approximately 50% at the nutrient maximum and approached 100% in the mid-portion of the water column. In deeper waters, the particulate fraction again became important, increasing to approximately 80% of the total iron in the near-bottom maximum.In the apex of the New York Bight, iron levels in excess of 200 and 500 nmol kg^?1 were observed in surface and bottom waters, respectively. In the mid-continental shelf region, the iron distribution does not appear to be greatly influenced by coastal sources; within 65 km of the coastline, iron levels approached open-ocean values.     

Iron speciation in coastal rainwater: concentration and deposition to seawater

More than half of the dissolved iron in rain collected in Wilmington, NC, USA, occurred as Fe(II)(aq). More than 80% of the dissolved iron in marine rain from several marine storms in both North Carolina and New Zealand was Fe(II)(aq). In almost all rain events Fe(II)(aq) was in excess of Fe(III)(aq). Rainwater is a significant source of iron to surface seawater and contributes approximately 10¹⁰ mol year⁻¹ of dissolved plus particulate iron to surface seawater on a global scale, which is more than 30 times the amount of iron resident in the surface 10 m of seawater. The length of time atmospherically deposited dissolved iron remains in surface seawater is critical to its role as a phytoplankton nutrient because it is predominately the soluble form of Fe that is bioavailable. Earlier studies have demonstrated that Fe(II)(aq) oxidizes rapidly in seawater. Our experiments utilizing authentic rainwater with ambient concentrations and speciation of iron clearly demonstrate, however, that rainwater Fe(II)(aq) is stabilized against oxidation for more than 4 h in seawater and rainwater Fe(III)(aq) is protected against rapid precipitation when added to coastal or oligotrophic seawater. These results are significant because they show rainwater deposited Fe does not behave as previously thought based on earlier kinetic work on non-rainwater Fe(II) oxidation in seawater. Rainwater, therefore, is an important source of soluble, stable Fe(II)(aq) to surface seawater.     

含高浓度有机物及重金属的废水处理方法研究

采用铁屑综合处理含高浓度有机物及重金属的废水。经处理后的废水，重金属和ＣＯＤ均达到国家排放标准，研究了铁屑用量，作用时间等的最佳值，并对作用机理作了解释。     

Biogeochemical impact of a model western iron source in the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent

Trace element distributions in the source waters of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) show the existence of elevated total acid-soluble iron concentrations. This region has been suggested to contribute enough bioavailable iron to regulate interannual and interglacial variability in biological productivity downstream in the high-nitrate low-chlorophyll upwelling zone of the eastern equatorial Pacific. We investigated the advection and first-order biogeochemical impact of an imposed, data-based iron maximum in the western Pacific EUC using an ecosystem model forced by a global dynamical model. We imposed two source profiles of iron constrained by total acid-soluble iron measurements. Though the data for total acid-soluble iron included both dissolved and acid-soluble particulate iron species, we treated all of the total acid-soluble iron as if it was dissolved and bioavailable. A deeper (270 m) source was centered in the density horizon of the observed iron maximum and a shallower (180 m) source was located in the core of our model's EUC, where a dissolved iron maximum has been frequently postulated. These source runs were compared with a control run that contained no specific source of iron associated with the EUC. In the source runs elevated iron concentrations were simulated in the EUC across its entire zonal span, evident as a subsurface plume of dissolved iron slightly below the core of the EUC. In the control run there was no iron maximum associated with the EUC. Upwelling of iron-replete water in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific increased integrated primary productivity in the Wyrtki box (180°W:90°W, 5°S:5°N, 0:200 m) by 41% and 66% for the deeper and shallower iron perturbation, respectively. The source runs increased the realism of the zonal extent of HNLC conditions and the meridional distributions of biological productivity, relative to the control run. However, in the source simulations surface chlorophyll concentrations were too high by a factor of two and maximum surface nitrate concentrations were too low, relative to climatologies. The relative abundance of diatoms roughly doubled upon the input of additional iron, exceeding field observations. Though biogeochemical data are limited and we did not adjust parameters to optimize the model fits to observations, these results suggest that acid-soluble particulate iron supplied to the EUC in the western equatorial Pacific is unlikely to be entirely bioavailable.     

Coastal Pollution Mitigation with Lime and Zero Valent Iron

The Taiwan Strait region has many miles of coastline, and the Taiwan Straits Tunnel (TST) project faces many potential pollution problems as construction proceeds through sensitive areas. Conventional approaches for pollution mitigation require further examination. The recent development of nanoscale particle technology has shown distinct advantages for contaminant attenuation and ground improvement. This paper is focused on trace metals and is part of the overall effort to develop the nanoscale particle technology. Trace metals in ground and surface waters represent a continued threat to human and ecological health. One of the difficulties in removing toxic concentrations of trace metals from solution is the variable oxidation state and amphoteric nature of multiple constituents. In particular, while cationic metals (e.g., Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺) may be rendered less mobile under high pH conditions, anionic metals (e.g., AsO₄^3-, CrO₄^2-, SeO₄^2-)may become more mobile. The objective of this research was to evaluate the sorption of both cationic and anionic trace elements, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) under batch conditions. Mixtures of a local residual soil were tested alone and in combination with lime and zero valent iron. It was hypothesized that lime would raise the pH and precipitate positively charged metals while zero valent iron would create reducing conditions favorable to the immobilization of negatively charged metals. Results indicate that the use of lime and/or zero valent iron can increase the sorption capacity of soil. Compared to the baseline soil, sorption capacity increased with addition of lime for arsenic and cadmium while it decreased for chromium and selenium. In the case of zero valent iron addition, sorption capacity increased for cadmium, chromium and selenium, while showing no change for arsenic. When both lime and zero valent iron were used, the sorption capacity increased for all metals tested. These results suggest that the combined use of lime and zero valent iron may serve as an alternative treatment technology for removing trace metals from contaminated water systems.     

沿程非均匀分布植物区对海啸波消减的数值研究

为研究近岸植物的非均匀分布对海啸波的消减作用,采用非静压单相流模型计算了5种不同密度分布植物与孤立波的相互作用,分析不同密度分布植物对海啸的消波特性。结果表明在植物总株数相同时,具有不同分布密度植物的消波效果相近,透射波波高差小于3%、最大流速差小于5.4%,但是不同植物密度分布情况下植物区前的反射系数有所不同,反射系数最大差为80.2%。此外,所有分布的植物区对波高和流速的透射系数随着波高和植物区长度变化的趋势是一样的,在不同入射波高和植物区长度情况下5种分布均呈现出相似的沿程衰减机制。     

Characteristics of water masses and bio-optical properties of the Bering Sea shelf during 2007–2009

The hydrographic and bio-optical properties of the Bering Sea shelf were analyzed based on in-situ measurements obtained during four cruises from 2007 to 2009. According to the temperature and salinity of the seawater, the spring water masses on the Bering Sea shelf were classified as the Alaskan Coast Water, Bering Sea Shelf Water, Anadyr Water, Spring Mixed Layer Water, Remnant Winter Water, and Winter Water, each of which had varying chlorophyll a concentrations. Among them, the highest chlorophyll a concentration occurred in the nutrient-rich Anadyr Water ((7.57±6.16) mg/m3 in spring). The spectrum-dependent diffuse attenuation coefficient (K_d(λ)) of the water column for downwelling irradiance was also calculated, exhibiting a decrease at 412–555 nm and then an increase within the range of 0.17–0.48 m–1 in spring. Furthermore, a strong correlation between the chlorophyll a concentration and the attenuation coefficient was found at visible wavelengths on the Bering Sea shelf. Spatially, the chlorophyll a concentration was higher on the northern shelf ((5.18±3.78) mg/m3) than on the southern shelf ((3.64±2.51) mg/m3), which was consistent with the distribution of the attenuation coefficient. Seasonally, the consumption of nutrients by blooms resulted in minimum chlorophyll a concentration ((0.78±0.51) mg/m3) and attenuation coefficient values in summer. In terms of the vertical structure, both the attenuation coefficient and the chlorophyll a concentration tended to reach maximum values at the same depth, and the depth of the maximum values increased as the surface temperature increased in summer. Moreover, an empirical model was fitted with a power function based on the correlation between the chlorophyll a concentration and the attenuation coefficient at 412–555 nm. In addition, a spectral model was constructed according to the relationship between the attenuation coefficients at 490 nm and at other wavelengths, which provides a method for estimating the bio-optical properties of the Bering Sea shelf.     

Study of attenuation depths for MODIS bands in the Bohai Sea in China

An attenuation depth is defined for remote sensing purposes as a depth above which 90% of the arising light leaving the water surface is originated.The deeper the attenuation depth,the more information of water is detectable by remote sensing,then the more precise information of water is extracted.Meanwhile,the attenuation depth is helpful to know water layer (by its thickness) from which remote sensing will be able to extract information.A number of investigators are using the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (or MODIS) for remote sensing of ocean color.It is necessary to have a rough idea of the effective attenuation depth of imagery in each of the spectral bands employed by the MODIS.The attenuation depth is directly determined from MODIS data.Though analyzing the spectral distribution of the attenuation depth on 7 August 2003 and the seasonal variation of the attenuation depth (551 nm) in the Bohai Sea indicated that:the spectral distribution of the attenuation depth for the spectral range between 400 to 700 nm is single-peak curve,and it''s similar and difference in different regions is consistent with other scholars'' results of zoning,moreover,it supports the Bohai Sea is Case 2 water; the maximum attenuation depth shifts toward longer wavelengths,liking the red shift,with increase of turbidity of water,just like the maximum attenuation depth in the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea and the Bohai Strait is at 531nm,in the central of the Bohai Sea is at 551nm,in the region controlled by the Huanghe (Yellow) River,the region impacted by the old Huanghe River,the western side of the Liaodong Bay and the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay is at 555 nm; the seasonal change of the attenuation depth is the largest in the summer,followed by the fall,and the ranking of winter and spring in different regions is distinct.The attenuation depth in different regions is dissimilar:the order of the attenuation depth in different regions from small to big is the region controlled by the Huanghe River or the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay,the western side of the Liaodong Bay,the region impacted by the old Huanghe River,the central of the Bohai Sea or the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea,the Bohai Strait (except at 412 nm and 645 nm),in which between the region controlled by the Huanghe River and the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay (and between the central of the Bohai Sea and the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea) it varies in different seasons and different bands.