强热带风暴"碧利斯"造成异常强降水的气候背景

利用大气环流特征量和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了强热带风暴"碧利斯"造成异常强降水的气候背景。结果表明,冬春季节西太平洋暖池海温偏高时,夏季副热带高压脊线活动偏北,影响中国的热带气旋个数偏多,2006年冬春季海温分布及夏季副高活动形势有利热带气旋影响中国。强热带风暴"碧利斯"登陆和西行时,大气环流高层辐散、低层辐合和热带辐合带的位置偏北、西南暖湿气流在华南有强的辐合等均有利中国南部地区气流辐合上升,使"碧利斯"登陆后低压环流仍能长时间维持,从而造成异常强降水。     

热带西太平洋暖池的某些海洋学特征分析

热带西太平洋暧池幅员广阔,是全球大洋表层温度(SST)最高的海域(Philander,1990),也是全球大气运动最主要的热源地,它的维持和变化对全球天气和气候的变化起着关键性的作用。 近年来,热带西太平洋暖池已成为科学家关注的热点研究课题。随着多项国际性实验研究在暖池域的开展,许多学者对热带西太平洋暖池的形成机制、与ENSO的关系,以及暖池的变化对东亚气候的影响等方面进行了研究,取得了一些有意义的成果。然而迄今有关热带西太平洋暖池本身主要特征的研究却较少,除Wyrtki(1989)和Luksa等(1987)对暖池的某些特征作过初步研究外,尚未见有专文报道。本文利用1950-1990年间的1，7月SST资料,冬、夏季137°E(1967-1992)断面和夏季155°E(1972-1979,1987-1991)断面的观测结果以及其它有关资料,对热带西太平洋暖池的主要海洋学特征进行分析,以期对暖池的特征进行更深入的探讨。 目前在现有的实测资料分析中对暖池并没有一个统一的定义。本文关于暖池的定义采用Wyrtki(1989)提出的标准,即热带西太平洋暖池是指热带太平洋西部水温高于28℃的暖水域,它的边界除西部以菲律宾至新几内亚的岛群连线为界外,均以28℃等温线确定。     

赤道低空急流及天气成因的诊断分析

利用“热带海洋与全球大气”──海洋大气耦合响应试验强化观测阶段,“向阳红五”号科学考察船于2°S、155°E定点海洋气象和高空大气探测资料,分析了热带西太平洋暖水池区低空急流及天气的成因.文章指出强化观测阶段北半球东北季风(或信风)越过赤道转变成的西北气流与赤道南侧SPCZ北─西北部西南气流辐合,是暖水池赤道南侧低空西风急流、赤道西风爆发及降水过程形成的主要原因.     

IODP363航次——西太平洋暖池北大核心CSCD

印度—太平洋暖池是地球上最大的暖表水,主要热量来源自大气、大气对流和强降水。西太平洋暖池区海表温度（SST）微小的变化可影响到哈德利和沃克环流的上升位置和对流的强度,进而扰动行星尺度的大气环流、大气加热以及热带水文。西太平洋暖池气候变化主要来自对翁通爪哇高原单一低沉降速率的ODP806b站位的研究,它作为热端部分用于监测整个新近纪大尺度区域气候和梯度的变化。而更高分辨率的站位在西赤道太平洋的边缘海,但往往它们受到局部过程的强烈影响。因此,     

IODP363航次——西太平洋暖池

正印度—太平洋暖池是地球上最大的暖表水,主要热量来源自大气、大气对流和强降水。西太平洋暖池区海表温度(SST)微小的变化可影响到哈德利和沃克环流的上升位置和对流的强度,进而扰动行星尺度的大气环流、大气加热以及热带水文。西太平洋暖池气候变化主要来自对翁通爪哇高原单一低沉降速率的ODP806b站位的研究,它作为热端部分用于监测整个新近纪大尺度区域气候和梯度的变化。而更高分辨率的站位在西赤道太平洋的边缘海,但往往它们受到局部过程的强烈影响。因此,对西太平     

2009年西北太平洋及南海热带气旋特征分析

利用2009年热带气旋资料及西太平洋副热带高压、海温等特征量数据,分析了2009年热带气旋活动特点.结果表明:2009年西北太平洋和南海热带气旋具有生成数较常年偏少,登陆我国较常年偏多,登陆的热带气旋偏弱及登陆地点偏南的特点.热带气旋的这些活动特点与西太平洋副高、赤道东太平洋海温、中纬度大气环流及赤道辐合带的变化等有密...     

西太平洋暖池研究综述

西太平洋暖池（Western Pacific Warm Pool）是全球海温最高的海域,汇聚了巨大的热能,在地球气候系统中具有非常重要的作用。本文综述了近30年来有关西太平洋暖池的研究进展,包括西太平洋暖池的维持机制、在不同时间尺度西太平洋暖池的变异特征和物理机制,以及西太平洋暖池的观测和数值模拟等领域的研究进展。西太平洋暖池的维持是现有地形下大气过程和海洋过程相互作用导致的,在季节内到世纪尺度均存在很强的变化。其中：季节内变化的驱动机制主要包括与大气季节内振荡(Madden Julian Oscillation)相关的对流和海表面热通量变化,以及海洋波动等海洋动力过程;季节变化主要是太阳辐射的季节变化导致;在年际尺度上,西太平洋暖池作为El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation的一部分而振荡具有显著年际变化;太平洋代际振荡（Pacific Decadal Oscillation）和大西洋代际振荡（Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation）驱动着西太平洋暖池的年代际变化;世纪尺度的变化显示全球变暖背景下西太平洋暖池存在扩张趋势。人类对西太平洋暖池的系统观测始于海洋观测卫星的使用,随后历经WCRP/TOGA、TAO/TRITON、TOGA-COARE、WOCE、Argo、SPICE、NPOCE等多个观测计划,极大促进了西太平洋暖池的研究。但截止到第五次耦合模式比对计划（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5）,多数气候模式仍未能克服热带模拟偏差,对西太平洋暖池的模拟效果较差,表明在西太平洋暖池动力学的理解和模拟方面仍有较大进步空间。     

西太平洋暖池研究综述

西太平洋暖池(Western Pacific warm pool)是全球海温最高的海域,汇聚了巨大的热能,在地球气候系统中具有非常重要的作用。本文综述了近30年来有关西太平洋暖池的研究进展,包括西太平洋暖池的维持机制、不同时间尺度下西太平洋暖池的变异特征和物理机制,以及西太平洋暖池的观测和数值模拟等领域的研究进展。西太平洋暖池的维持是现有地形下大气过程和海洋过程相互作用导致的,在季节内到世纪尺度均存在很强的变化。其中,季节内变化的驱动机制主要包括与大气季节内振荡(Madden-Julian oscillation)相关的对流和海表面热通量变化,以及海洋波动等海洋动力过程;季节变化主要是由太阳辐射的季节变化所导致的;在年际尺度上,西太平洋暖池作为厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)的一部分,其振荡具有显著的年际变化;太平洋代际振荡(Pacific decadal oscillation,PDO)和大西洋代际振荡(Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation,AMO)驱动着西太平洋暖池的年代际变化;世纪尺度的变化显示全球变暖背景下西太平洋暖池存在扩张趋势。人类对西太平洋暖池的系统观测始于海洋观测卫星的使用,随后历经TOGA、TAO/TRITON、TOGA-COARE、WOCE、Argo、SPICE、NPOCE等多个观测计划,极大地促进了西太平洋暖池的研究。但截止到第五次耦合模式比对计划(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5),多数气候模式仍未能克服热带模拟偏差,对西太平洋暖池的模拟效果较差,表明在西太平洋暖池动力学的理解和模拟方面仍有较大的进步空间。     

西太平洋暖池区气象学特征分析

本文根据ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥ强化观测资料及卫星资料分析讨论了西太平洋暖池区１１－２月间海面气象要素的平均特征。分析发现海面气压平均日变化似乎同中纬度区明显不同。文中还分析讨论了在西太暖池区西风爆发、赤道浅涡、信风逆温及ＩＴＣＥ和南太平洋辐合带ＳＰＣＺ的变化特征。     

热带西太平洋暖池及其与南方涛动和副热带高压关系

热带西太平洋暖池是全球大洋表面温度最高的区域,也是全球海-气能量交换年总量最大的海域。它的维持和变化不仅对El Nifio的发生、发展起着重要作用,而且对中高纬度大气环流的变化也有重要影响。近年来国内外对热带西太平洋暖池进行了许多实验和研究,取得了一些有意义的结果(王世平,1989; Wyrtki,1989;黄荣辉,1994;董敏,1994;Wajsowicz,1994)。但是这些研究多偏重于暖池对大气环流和东亚气候的影响方面,对暖池本身的主要特征及其变异方面的研究相对较少,而后者却是进一步了解发生在暖池区的海-气相互作用的过程,研究暖池在全球气候变化中的作用所不可缺少的。本文在分析1951-1990年间的SST资料和137°E,155°E,165°E断面观测结果的基础上,结合有关研究成果(符淙斌,1990),对暖池的形态、高温中心和热含量这三个主要特征及其变异特点进行了研究,并初步找出了暖池表面面积与南方涛动指数和副热带高压面积指数间的关系。     

Isolation of sea surface salinity maps on various timescales in the tropical Pacific Ocean

To isolate sea surface salinity (SSS) maps on seasonal, ENSO, decadal, and long-term trend timescales in the tropical Pacific Ocean, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is applied on an SSS data set covering 1950–2009, concerning three key regions including the western equatorial Pacific Warm Pool (WP), South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), and Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ); then a self-organizing map is performed on the intrinsic mode function maps decomposed by the EEMD, concerning the whole basin. The ENSO and decadal signals concern mainly the western Pacific, in contrast to the seasonal signal mostly notable in the east. (1) The modulated annual cycle has smaller (larger) amplitudes during El Ni?o (La Ni?a) years and later appearance of minima during El Ni?o years; one unique annual cycle is observed at the northwestern edge of the ITCZ lagging the well-known ITCZ cycle by ~3?months. (2) The pronounced 1999–2001 SSS-related La Ni?a event in the SPCZ was reinforced twice by the decadal shift in the 1990s; the eastern Pacific and central Pacific ENSO-related SSS features are compared. (3) The contrasted anomalies between the western equatorial and non-equatorial regions were pronounced during 1977–1996, whereas they were less pronounced during 1971–1976, 2005–2008, and a roughly opposite pattern appeared with strong and abrupt decrease shift prevailing in large areas over the southwestern basin during 1997–2004. (4) The freshening at the western equator and the saltening located east of the SPCZ SSS front together amplify the geographical SSS contrasts exhibited by the WP and SPCZ SSS fronts.     

热带太平洋盐度变化:2015?2017年盐度异常

本文利用Argo海水盐度资料、海流同化数据和同期大气再分析数据，探讨热带太平洋盐度趋势变化和相关动力过程。Argo资料显示，2015?2017年热带太平洋出现显著的盐度异常(SAE)，这是改变长期趋势的主要原因，表现为表层显著淡化和次表层咸化特征。这种盐度异常具有明显的区域性特征和垂直结构的差异，体现在热带太平洋北部海区(NTP)和南太平洋辐合区(SPCZ)表层淡化，盐度最大变幅为0.71～0.92，淡化可以达到混合层底；热带太平洋南部海区(STP)次表层咸化，最大变幅为0.46，主要发生在温跃层附近，期间盐度异常沿着等位密面从西向东扩展。平流和挟卷是与SAE密切相关的海洋动力过程，两者在NTP淡化海域有着持续而较为显著的影响，在SPCZ淡化、STP咸化海域后期贡献也较大，其中盐度平流对热带太平洋海区盐度变化起主要贡献。NTP淡化海区表层淡水通量和STP咸化海区密度补偿引起的混合也是SAE的重要影响因素。     

Climatic variability in the vicinity of Wallis,Futuna, and Samoa islands (13°–15° S, 180°–170° W)

Mean conditions, seasonal, and ENSO-related (El Niño Southern Oscillation) variability in the vicinity of Wallis, Futuna, and Samoa islands (13°–15° S, 180°–170° W) over the 1973–1995 period are analysed for wind pseudo-stress, satellite-derived and in situ precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), sea level, and 0–450 m temperature and geostrophic current. The mean local conditions reflect the presence of the large scale features such as the western Pacific warm pool, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), and the South Pacific anticyclonic gyre. The seasonal changes are closely related to the meridional migrations of the SPCZ, which passes twice a year over the region of study. During the warm phase of ENSO (El Niño), we generally observe saltier-than-average SSS (of the order of 0.4), consistent with a rainfall deficit (0.4 m yr⁻¹), a hint of colder-than-average surface temperature is also identified in subsurface (0.3°C), a weak tendency for westward geostrophic current anomalies (2 cm s⁻¹ at the surface), a sea level decrease (5–10 cm), together with easterly (5 m²s⁻²) and well marked southerly (10 m²s⁻²) wind pseudo-stress anomalies. Anomalies of similar magnitude, but of opposite sign, are detected during the cold phase of ENSO (La Niña). While these ENSO-related changes apply prior to the 1990s, they were not observed during the 1991–1994 period, which appears atypical.     

北太平洋局地海洋-大气相互作用的主模态

本文分析美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的CCM3-ML耦合模式100 a积分模拟结果,依据对该模式结果中SSTA与海面风异常的最大协方差分析,证实的确存在北太平洋局地大气影响海洋和海洋"反馈"大气的主模态;指出通过局地海洋-大气的相互作用,冬季马蹄型海温异常可以持续到夏季,冬季大气对马蹄形暖海温异常可能的响应为高压异常,春夏季对马蹄形暖海温异常可能的响应为低压异常。     

Analysis on the annual variation characteristics of heat exchange on the atmosphere-sea interface over the tropical Pacific

The tropical ocean is the area where the interaction process between atmosphere and sea is most active.To analyze the sensible and latent heat flux (abridged as SHF and LHF hereafter) over the tropical ocean and their spatial and temporal variation as well as the relationship between them and other factors are all essential in understanding the thermo-dynamic interaction mecha nism between atmosphere and sea.These are also useful in the further study on the unusual oceanic and atmospheric circulation and on the climate modelling.By using EOF method,we have discussed the LFH and SFH over the tropical Pacific and the causality factors of the heat flux,the main purpose is to initialize some new approaches with climatic significance.     

Experiments in numerical modelling of the Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies

By using the atmosphere-ocean coupled model (CGCM) which is composed of a 2-level global atmospheric general circulation model and a 4-layer Pacific oceanic general circulation model developed in the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and two model climatological fields got from the two independent models' numerical integrations respectively, the Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) from 1988 to 1989 are simulated in this paper with observed atmospheric general circulation data and sea surface temperature fields as initial conditions and monthly coupling scheme. In order to remove systematic biases of the model climatological fields, interaction variables between atmosphere and ocean are also corrected simultaneously. The experiments show that the simulation results can be improved effectively if these interaction variables are corrected in spite of the fact that there always exist systematic biases in independent numerical simulations of atmospheric part and oc     

热带西太平洋西风暴发的天气特征分析

根据TOGA—COARE强化观测期间的资料,分析热带西太平洋西风爆发(WWB)的天气型特征。提出引发和维持WWB过程的低层流场基本有三:1.北半球南下冷源与SE信风结合型;2.北半球南下冷气流与SPCZ上的热带气旋结合型;3.南北取向由双气旋构成的偶极子型流场。指出该偶极子相对稳定在更日线附近,并解释了这一事实存在的原因。还讨论了WWB的多时间尺度性,以及WWB过程中气象要素场变化特征等问题。     

Can the mean structure of the tropical pycnocline affect ENSO period in coupled climate models?

The dynamical link between mean state biases and dominant timescales of interannual variability is examined using the output from two state-of-the-art coupled model simulations, results from an ocean-only simulation forced with observed surface fields, and various observational data sets. The focus of this study is the relative role of the mean upper ocean density structure vs. anomalous wind forcing in controlling the spectral characteristics of tropical Pacific interannual variability. It is shown that an extensive South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) creates a potential vorticity (PV) barrier in the Southern Hemisphere similar to the one associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the Northern Hemisphere in both climate models. The PV barrier in the Southern Hemisphere strongly constrains the mean equatorward flow in the ocean model pycnocline, creating a “choke point” for the mean flow around 10°S. It is then examined whether the PV barrier can also limit the anomalous flow associated with mass recharge/discharge to/from the equatorial thermocline at interannual timescales. If the anomalous flow were impeded by the mean PV structure the meridional extent of the area involved in the mass recharge/discharge process would be narrower, leading to a shorter adjustment (and ENSO) timescale. Comparison of the two climate models, both of which have similarly erroneous PV structures in the southern tropical Pacific, but different interannual timescales, shows that the meridional extent of the anomalous meridional transport is primarily controlled by the latitudinal location of the wind stress curl anomalies, while the mean state bias in the Southern Hemisphere does not seem to have any significant influence.     

西太平洋暖池形成与维持的动力学机制

建立了一个简单海气耦合模式,其中大气垂直分为两层,为-β平面近似线性模式。在非绝热加热项中包含了对流凝结潜热与大尺度流场之间相互作用的CISK机制以及蒸发、感热与扰动风场之间的反馈机制,并考虑了平均东风区和西风区的不同。由于只研究大气的平均纬向运动,故模式大气中仅含有Kelvin波。海洋模式为一约化重力模式,在一定条件下采用准地转近似,模式海洋中仅保留了Rossby波。对这一海气耦合模式进行特征波动分析,发现海气耦合并不显著改变大气波动的性质。在中东太平洋的平均东风区,大气的Kelvin波仍然增幅和东传。在平均西风区,大气Kelvin波振幅衰减。但耦合作用却使海洋Rossby波的性质发生变化,且波长超过某一临界波长Le的Rossby波的振幅增长。在平均东风区,结论相论。这一理论说明西太平洋暖池的形成与海洋Rossby波有关。在东太平洋,由于是平均东风区,短的Ross-by波振幅增长,不能形成水平尺度很大的“暖池”。而在平均西风的西太平洋区,有可能形成水平尺度很大的“暖池”。