水下爆炸信号的定位研究

被动声纳中,目标定位的测定只能利用目标声源发出的信号或噪声,爆炸声源与常用的电声式脉冲声纳发射器比较起来,具有某些明显的优点,可代替发射换能器来实现距离和方位的测定.针对水下爆炸声源,采用三元标量阵进行研究,通过确定信号到达各个阵元的时延信息来测定其目标方位和距离,并利用内插方法提高定位精度.实验结果表明,不同位置处爆...     

罗兰C系统导航定位计算中的奇异现象及分析研究

算例一:设某一船只位于我国罗兰C系统东海台组的左侧基线延长线附近,其地理坐标为P(φ:10°00′N,λ:113°30′E),该点至三岸台的大地距离分别为S_1=1560054.877m,S_2=2398108.765m,S_3=3126522.685m,化算到地心球面上得到球面距离差α_1=-7°.528238688,α_2=6°.543342783,试将该点的大地距离差采用地心球面迭代法反解该点的船位大地坐标,并比较其计算船位的精度。     

基于单位四元数的小像幅面阵CCD相机检校

介绍了面阵CCD相机的径向畸变、偏心畸变模型,建立了用于非量测相机标定的扩展共线条件方程.引入了四元数姿态描述方法,利用单位四元数替代外方位角元素(ω,ψ,к)构建旋转矩阵,建立了基于单位四元数的相机标定数学模型.采用室内三维控制场对小像幅面阵CCD相机进行了标定实验,取得了优于0.2个像素的定位精度.     

一种快速自适应船载水声定位系统设计

提出一种可快速布置、自动适应阵型、基于同步信标的高精度船载短基线水声定位系统.该定位系统采用柔性短基线四元阵,可布置在各型试验船或测量船,利用回波测距,自动计算出试验船上4个声基元布放点的坐标位置关系,再结合双天线卫星罗经的GPS高精度定位、定向数据,快速生成短基线阵在大地坐标系中的位置.描述了该定位系统的系统原理、组...     

深海潜标布阵方式对海面声源定位精度的影响

针对深远海条件下海面声源目标定位精度与海底潜标布阵方式相关性问题,建立了基于到达时间差(TDOA)体制的被动定位模型,根据设计工况讨论了海底潜标布阵原则,利用蒙特卡洛数值模拟方法分析了声源位于阵内、阵外以及阵元失效3种情况下定位精度分布情况。仿真结果表明：当4个潜标呈矩形分布时,仅东、西两侧较小区域未覆盖,覆盖范围内平均定位精度约为34.1 m。随着阵元数增加,在中心区域附近定位精度显著提高,阵型外侧定位精度由内向外逐渐下降。当目标位于对角线方向靠近顶角附近时,模型交汇解算性能较差,定位精度大于500 m。当1#潜标失效时,测量海域西北角方向定位精度较差,但精度优于25 m的区域要比5#潜标失效情况大。7#潜标失效时,定位精度与各阵元均正常的情况接近。研究结果为海面声源测量系统设计、阵型选择、精度评估等海洋工程应用提供理论依据。     

长基线水声跟踪系统定位计算公式及误差分析

本文对一个长基线水声跟踪系统给出定位计算公式,并进行了分析。该系统利用由三个接收点组成的接收阵测定目标到三接收点的距离,并且通过自校方法测定接收点坐标,从而计算目标位置。首先说明接收阵形状与定位精度有关,证明等边三角形接收阵形状为最佳。第二分析了由于三接收点相对深度不同但计算中仍采用同一深度计算时引入的误差,它与基阵形状、基阵线度、目标与接收阵平均相对深度及接收阵各点的相对深度有关,给出了接收点深度不同时计算目标位置的公武。第三部分计算了测量误差对定位误差的影响。     

基于地球椭球体等距正反方位投影参数计算

等距方位投影所提供的主要投影参数是大地距离和大地方位角,可以直接服务于多种目的。等距反方位投影是以定点为极,动点至定点的大地距离和大地方位角保持真值。推导出了这两种投影的坐标计算公式,以及远程大地距离与大地方位角的计算与应用,并以实际算例进行了演示验证。     

海洋二号卫星微波散射计后向散射系数业务化面元匹配算法

本文提出了一种可业务化运行的海洋二号卫星散射计面元匹配方法，该算法主要用于将按时序排列的后向散射系数及相关参数投影到相应风矢量单元。面元匹配方法主要包括地面网格划分和后向散射系数观测结果重采样两个关键步骤。为简化计算，本文采用了以星下点轨迹为中心，以顺轨向及交轨向为坐标轴的地面网格划分方式。在重采样过程中，本文提出了一种“三点标定”重采样方法，利用观测脉冲的地面足印中心，星下点轨迹的起点，以及过地面足印中心做星下点轨迹垂线的交点，三点形成的直角三角形来计算每个后向散射系数观测结果在地面网格中对应的坐标。该直角三角形的两直角边分别对应观测脉冲在顺轨向和交轨向的坐标。同时，为减少由于星下点数据空间分布不连续引起的面元匹配误差，在采用三点标定法进行重采样之前，首先对星下点时空分布不连续的区域对时间插值，然后以时间为坐标，对星下点经度、纬度分别进行内插。对风矢量面元位置分布和风矢量反演精度等分析表明，本文提出的面元匹配算法，可在满足高质量海面风场反演的要求。     

深海海面目标单水听器被动测距方法与验证

基于射线理论分析了在深海情况下海面声源产生声场的频率-距离干涉结构,给出了影区内声场频率-距离干涉结构的近似理论表达式,分析得到影区内声场频域干涉周期随收发距离的增加而增大、随着接收水听器深度的增加而减小。因此由单水听器记录的声场干涉结构即可实现被动声源距离估计。在南海深海实验中观测到海面宽带噪声源在声场影区形成的声场干涉结构,对实验获得声场干涉结构的处理结果验证了深海声场影区干涉结构用于被动声源距离估计的有效性。与传统的匹配场被动定位方法相比,该方法不需要已知海底声学参数和大规模的拷贝场计算。     

GNSS速度测量若干数学模型研究

为解决GNSS伪距变率双差测速和高斯投影、墨卡托投影坐标系中的速度投影计算问题,以大地坐标速度为未知数,推导GNSS伪距变率双差测速解法,基于高斯投影、墨卡托投影公式,推导其速度投影算法。建立了以大地坐标速度为未知数的GNSS伪距变率双差测速数学模型,建立了高斯投影、墨卡托投影坐标系速度投影计算方法,给出了应用试验和算例。结果表明,GNSS伪距变率双差测速大地坐标分量精度达到毫米/秒级,高斯投影、墨卡托投影坐标系速度投影算法正确。提出的GNSS伪距变率双差测速解法具有重要的应用价值。提出的高斯投影、墨卡托投影坐标系速度投影数学模型,可以满足低、中、高速应用需要。     

The Transarctic Acoustic Propagation Experiment and climatemonitoring in the Arctic

In April 1994, coherent acoustic transmissions were propagated across the entire Arctic basin for the first time. This experiment, known as the Transarctic Acoustic Propagation Experiment (TAP), was designed to determine the feasibility of using these signals to monitor changes in Arctic Ocean temperature and changes in sea ice thickness and concentration. CW and maximal length sequences (MLS) were transmitted from the source camp located north of the Svalbard Archipelago 1000 km to a vertical line array in the Lincoln Sea and 2600 km to a two-dimensional horizontal array and a vertical array in the Beaufort Sea. TAP demonstrated that the 19.6-Hz 195-dB (251-W) signals propagated with both sufficiently low loss and high phase stability to support the coherent pulse compression processing of the MLS and the phase detection of the CW signals. These yield time delay measurements an order of magnitude better than what is required to detect the estimated 80-ms/year changes in travel time caused by interannual and longer term changes in Arctic Ocean temperature. The TAP data provided propagation loss measurements to compare with the models to be used for correlating modal scattering losses with sea ice properties for ice monitoring. The travel times measured in TAP indicated a warming of the Atlantic layer in the Arctic of close to 0.4°C, which has been confirmed by direct measurement from icebreakers and submarines, demonstrating the utility of acoustic thermometry in the Arctic. The unique advantages of acoustic thermometry in the Arctic and the importance of climate monitoring in the Arctic are discussed. A four-year program, Arctic Climate Observations using Underwater Sound is underway to carry out the first installations of sources and receivers in the Arctic Ocean     

AUV定位信号检测延时的蒙特卡洛模拟分析

在简要介绍AUV声学定位声纳接收机原理基础上,分析了CW脉冲信号在极性相关检测电路中的传输过程,建立了极性相关积分检测延时仿真分析模型。提出采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法获取检测延时的分布特征和统计参数的观点。实验结果表明蒙特卡洛模拟实验与硬件电路实验结果一致,对于解决随机性检测延时问题具有很强的能力。获得的结果可为AUV定位声纳检测门限的设定、声学测距和定位精度分析以及水声通信延时分析提供参考。     

A Novel Method for Real-Time Monitoring of Channel Siltation Based on Bistatic Scattering Theory

Monitoring the thickness changes of channel siltation is paramount in safeguarding navigation and guiding dredging.This paper presents a novel method for realizing the field monitoring of channel siltation in real time.The method is based on the bistatic scattering theory and concerned more with the receiving and processing of multipath signal at high-frequency and small grazing angle.By use of the multipath propagation structure of underwater acoustic channel,the method obtains the silt thickness by calculating the relative time delay of acoustic signals between the direct and the shortest bottom reflected paths.Bistatic transducer pairs are employed to transmit and receive the acoustic signals,and the GPS time synchronization technology is introduced to synchronize the transmitter and receiver.The WRELAX (Weighted Fourier transform and RELAX) algorithm is used to obtain the high resolution estimation of multipath time delay.To examine the feasibility of the presented method and the accuracy and precision of the developed system,a series of sea trials are conducted in the southwest coast area of Dalian City,north of the Yellow Sea.The experimental results are compared with that using high-resolution dual echo sounder HydroBoxTM,and the uncertainty is smaller than ±0.06 m.Compared with the existing means for measuring the silt thickness,the present method is innovative,and the system is stable,efficient and provides a better real-time performance.It especially suits monitoring the narrow channel with rapid changes of siltation.     

Sensor position estimation and source ranging in a shallow water environment

Underwater acoustic transient signals are generated mechanically at known positions along a wharf. These signals are received by a wide aperture planar array of four underwater acoustic sensors, whose positions relative to the wharf are unknown. A method is described that enables the positions of the sensors to be estimated from accurate differential time-of-arrival measurements (with 0.1 /spl mu/s precision) as the signal wavefronts traverse the array. A comparison of the estimated positions with the nominal positions of the first three sensors, which form a 20-m-wide aperture horizontal line array, reveals a 2-cm displacement of the middle sensor from the line array axis. This slight bowing of the line array results in overranging (bias error of 3%) when the wavefront curvature method is used with the nominal collinear sensor positions to locate a static source of active sonar transmissions at a range of 59.2 m. The use of the spherical intersection method coupled with the estimated sensor positions of the line array provides an order of magnitude improvement in the range estimate (within 0.3% of the actual value). However, systematic ranging errors are observed when the sound propagation medium becomes nonstationary. Next, the differences in the arrival times of the direct path and boundary-reflected path signals at the middle sensor of the wide aperture line array are estimated using the differential phase residue of the analytic signal at the sensor output. These multipath delays are used to estimate the range and depth of the source. Although the average value of the multipath range estimates is within 0.5% of the actual value, the variance of the range estimates is 50 times larger when compared with the results of the spherical intersection and wavefront curvature methods. The multipath delay data are also processed to provide a reliable estimate of the temporal variation in the water depth enabling the tidal variation to be observed.     

Improved time-delay estimates of underwater acoustic signals usingbeamforming and prefiltering techniques

Passive sonar systems that localize broadband sources of acoustic energy estimate the difference in arrival times (or time delays) of an acoustic wavefront at spatially separated hydrophones, The output amplitudes from a given pair of hydrophones are cross-correlated, and an estimate of the time delay is given by the time lag that maximizes the cross correlation function. Often the time-delay estimates are corrupted by the presence of noise. By replacing each of the omnidirectional hydrophones with an array of hydrophones, and then cross-correlating the beamformed outputs of the arrays, the author shows that the effect of noise on the time-delay estimation process is reduced greatly. Both conventional and adaptive beamforming methods are implemented in the frequency domain and the advantages of array beamforming (prior to cross-correlation) are highlighted using both simulated and real noise-field data. Further improvement in the performance of the broadband cross-correlation processor occurs when various prefiltering algorithms are invoked     

不同光声脉冲信号与液体非线性参量测量

在不同的条件下，脉冲激光在液体中激发的光声脉冲波的波阵面可近似为平面，柱面或球面．具有不同波阵面的声脉冲在液体中传播时，其前沿上升时间随传播距离的变化规律不同，因此，液体非线性参量和声脉冲上升时间改变量之间的关系也不同。本文讨论了平面、柱面和球面的波阵面的光声脉冲波的上升时间和传播距离的关系，并给出了相应的Ｂ／Ａ的表达式．     

Ambient Noise Vertical Directionality and Reflection Loss Estimates for a Shallow Tropical Site with a Fast Sound Speed Bottom

Abstract

For high frequency ocean acoustic modeling applications, seabed reflection loss is a useful alternative input compared to conventional geoacoustic model parameters. Reflection loss can be estimated by comparing the noise intensity of the up and down components of the ambient noise vertical directionality pattern. The potential of this method is demonstrated with experimental data spanning one week, collected off shallow east coast of India using a 21 element vertical hydrophone array. The compact and easily operable vertical array has been designed for high frequency directionality estimation in the band 2–10?kHz. The ambient noise data are beam formed to arrive at the vertical directionality pattern. Further reflection loss values as a function of frequency and grazing angle have been estimated for 1/3 octave bands for a sandy sea bed in warm tropical waters. This has been compared with modeled reflection loss estimates using OASR reflection loss module of OASES. This will serve as inputs to propagation models for applications such as inverse techniques, ambient noise modelling, and sonar system performance prediction.     

Ocean effects on time delay estimation requiring adaptation

In active sonar and in passive sonar localization, time delay is a fundamental parameter whose extraction is vital to the sonar function. The underlying time delay parameter (or parameter vector) contains information about the acoustic source (or reflector) as seen through the ocean at a receiver. The ocean effects require sonar adaptation. A tutorial review of ocean effects in time delay estimation is provided, with references to benchmark work. It covers coherence, time-delay estimation, localization, time-varying time delay estimation, the complexity of the ocean environment, and depth estimation using mode matching