砷在贝类养殖区表层沉积物及贝类体中的积累和分布

2003—2004年福建近岸海域海洋环境和海洋生物质量的监测资料表明,福建沿海主要贝类养殖区表层沉积物和4种养殖贝类(僧帽牡蛎、太平洋牡蛎、缢蛏和泥蚶)体中砷含量分别为(4.15—13.7)×10-6(干重)和(1.28—3.56)×10-6(湿重),总平均值分别为9.06×10-6(干重)和2.22×10-6(湿重),均低于海洋环境污染评价标准限值。总体上看,福建沿海潮间带滩涂贝类养殖区表层沉积物和养殖贝类体中砷含量高于浅海贝类养殖区的含量,且呈闽东和闽南贝类养殖区高、闽中养殖区低的格局。贝类养殖区表层沉积物中砷含量的多寡与表层沉积物的类型密切相关,并与僧帽牡蛎、缢蛏体砷含量之间总体成正相关。     

厦门海域养殖贝类体内重金属的初步研究

根据2005年4月和10月厦门市贝类生产环境区划调查资料,着重对僧帽牡蛎(Saccostrea cacullata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Rudita Pesphilippin adams)、泥蚶(Tegillarca grannosa)和缢蛏(Sinonvacula cucullata)的软体部、胃含物、外套膜、卵、肌肉和外套腔液中的重金属含量进行探讨和研究.结果表明,厦门4种养殖贝类体内Cu,Pb,Cd和Zn的湿质量比分别为0.88～60.3 mg/kg,0.12～0.48 mg/kg、0.04～0.72 mg/kg和12.4～163.5 mg/kg,平均湿质量比分别为16.3,0.24,0.38,63.9 mg/kg.在不同养殖水域,同种贝类体内重金属的含量差异较大,在相同养殖水域贝类体内重金属的平均含量种间差异也较大.4种贝类的胃舍物中重金属的平均含量最高,外套膜和软体部次之,外套腔液含量最低.根据<无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量的标准,对4种贝类体重金属的污染程度进行评价,结果表明,僧帽牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔和缢蛏体中重金属的含量均未超标,但泥蚶体内Cd的含量略微超标.     

东海沿岸不同区域贝类体内石油烃含量的分布特征及其评价

根据 2006 年 5 月对东海沿岸 9 个区域贝类的监测结果,探讨分析了调查海域的6种贝类体内石油烃含量的分布特征,采用单因子污染指数法按照海洋生物质量 ( GB 18421 - 2001 ) 评价标准评价了监测海域贝类的石油烃污染状况.结果表明,东海沿岸的9 个海域的 6 种受测贝类体内石油烃含量分布范围1.28 ～ 37.6 mg / kg ( 湿重 ),平均含量10.78 mg / kg,总体上符合<海洋生物质量>一类标准 ( 15.0 mg / kg );6 种贝类体内种间石油烃平均含量分布从大到小依次是:牡蛎＞毛蚶＞四角蛤蜊＞文蛤＞贻贝＞泥蚶,其中牡蛎平均含量达到 15.62 mg / kg,超出海洋生物质量一类标准.从区域分布看,长江口和江苏如东沿岸海域的牡蛎石油烃的平均污染指数较高,分别为 1.91 和 1.19,受到重度污染.     

福建省东山湾海洋生态环境中石油烃类分布特征与评价

根据2011年东山湾海域海水石油类含量、表层沉积物石油类含量以及7种养殖贝类体石油烃含量的监测结果,分析评价结果表明:1除个别站位,东山湾海域海水石油类含量均符合《海水水质标准》第一类标准。春季东山湾海水中石油类的含量分布由湾内向湾外呈降低之势,夏季呈湾口高湾内低的格局。春季石油类含量与Chl-a之间呈显著正相关关系;2沉积物石油类含量均符合《海洋沉积物质量》第一类标准。其含量分布呈现湾口高湾内低、湾中部高西部低的格局;3 7种养殖贝类体内种间石油烃含量分布从大到小依次排列为:菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、华贵栉扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)、僧帽牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)、杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)、波纹巴菲蛤(Paphia undulata)、泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta),均符合《海洋生物质量》第一类标准。     

几种主要养殖贝类滤水率的研究

在实验室条件下对厦门海域4种主要养殖贝类,僧帽牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏和翡翠贻贝的滤水率进行研究.结果表明:(1)这4种贝类的滤水率范围为54～74.8cm3/(g·min),滤水率大小顺序依次为僧帽牡蛎、缢蛏、翡翠贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔;(2)单位体重滤水率与个体大小之间呈负幂函数关系(FR=aWb,FR'=aWb-1),b-1值范围在-0.435 6～-0.392之间;(3)僧帽牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔对中肋骨条藻的滤水率高于对塔马亚历山大藻和锥状施克里普藻的滤水率;(4)僧帽牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔滤水率与藻类密度之间呈现负幂函数关系(FR'=aDb-1),其b-1值分别为-0.143和-0.215 2.     

厦门海域养殖僧帽牡蛎质量的监测研究

根据2005年厦门海域养殖僧帽牡蛎(Saccostreacucullata)的监测数据,分析了该种贝类的质量情况。研究表明,厦门市养殖僧帽牡蛎主要污染物为滴滴涕(平均污染物指数4.09)、镉(平均污染物指数2.92)和铅(平均污染物指数2.32),受石油烃(平均污染物指数1.00)的轻度污染,未受到汞、砷、多氯联苯、粪大肠菌群和麻痹性贝毒的污染。海区所有监测站位的僧帽牡蛎均已受不同程度的污染。本文对监测点按各站点僧帽牡蛎的质量进行R聚类分析,以期为养殖僧帽牡蛎质量的监控和管理提供依据。     

环渤海石油污染对海区环境和海洋生物的影响研究

通过调查环渤海湾多个海域表层海水、沉积物及海洋生物体中石油烃总量及苯并(a)芘的含量,研究了石油污染对海区环境和生物的影响。并通过分子荧光法和液相色谱法分别研究不同海洋环境中、同一海区不同生物品种中、不同海区相同生物品种中以及同一海区的环境和生物体中石油烃及苯并(a)芘含量的关系,分析不同海区石油烃污染状况,对比不同生物品种对石油烃的富集能力。结果表明,所监测海域生物体中石油烃和苯并(a)芘含量趋势均为:棘皮类贝类甲壳类鱼类;调查海域海水中石油烃含量范围为(0.013~0.285mg/L),属轻度石油烃污染,;海洋生物中石油烃和苯并(a)芘含量范围分别为(0~57.2mg/kg)和(0~2.29μg/kg),样品中苯并(a)芘含量均低于限量值,石油烃超标率为6.7%,基本达到水产品食用安全标准。     

福建闽南沿海养殖贝类体中砷含量的分布

通过2003~2004年对福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体砷含量的调查监测,对养殖贝类体中砷含量的分布进行了探讨.福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体总砷含量为0.65×10-6~4.80×10-6,总平均值为2.09×10-6,其中有机砷和无机砷占总砷含量的百分比分别为61.6%~98.2%和2.3%~38.4%,平均值分别为88.8%和11.2%.在相同养殖区,养殖贝类体总砷平均含量的种间分布差异较小.滩涂养殖底栖贝类体内总砷平均含量总体上高于浅海筏式养殖贝类体的平均含量.福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体内总砷含量在泉州湾、湄州湾、东山湾和九龙江口高,在诏安湾和围头湾低,在其余各湾相近.5种养殖贝类体内无机砷的污染指数和总平均值分别为0.05~0.76和0.23,总砷的污染指数和总平均值分别为0.06~0.48和0.21,总体符合国家食品卫生质量标准.养殖贝类体中砷含量与体长之间总体成正相关.     

泥蚶、缢蛏和僧帽牡蛎呼吸与排泄的周年变化

于2005年5月至2006年3月对浙江沿岸重要的3种经济贝类泥蚶、缢蛏和僧帽牡蛎的呼吸率与排泄率进行了周年研究。结果表明:泥蚶、缢蛏和僧帽牡蛎耗氧率的变化范围分别为0.11~5.05 mg/（g·h）、0.77~5.97 mg/（g·h）和0.33~5.47 mg/（g·h）,排氨率的变化范围分别为21.51~1 078.63 μg/（g·h）,26.97~990.73 μg/（g·h）和32.12~1 378.67 μg/（g·h）;耗氧率与排氨率9月份最高,1月份最低。经单因素方差分析发现,3种实验贝类月际间的耗氧率与排氨率均存在极显著差异（p<0.01）,经配对T检验发现,缢蛏（SC）和僧帽牡蛎（SCA）之间的耗氧率存在着显著差异T_（SC-SCA）=3.184,p=0.024）,泥蚶（TG）与缢蛏、僧帽牡蛎的耗氧率之间都不存在差异（T_（TG-SC）=1.887,p=0.118;T_（TG-SCA）=0.246,p=0.815）,泥蚶、缢蛏和僧帽牡蛎之间的排氨率的差异均不显著（T_（TG-SC）=0.977,p=0.373;T_（TG-SCA）=2.369,p=0.064;T_（SC-SCA）=1.002,p=0.362）。3种贝类的耗氧率与排氨率均随温度的升高而升高,经回归分析发现,耗氧率和排氨率与温度的变化均呈较显著的幂指数性相关lnY=lna+blnT（Y=aebT）。泥蚶呼吸排泄O:N变化范围为4.69~28.55,缢蛏和僧帽牡蛎的O:N变化范围分别为:4.68~37.89和3.04~10.27。     

三都湾网箱养殖鱼类体石油烃含量水平及其分布特征

本文报道了福建三都湾网箱养殖区的3种主要养殖鱼类体石油烃含量水平.结果表明:三都湾3种网箱养殖鱼类大黄鱼、鮸鱼和鲈鱼体中石油烃含量的范围是(0.69~7.48)×10-6(m/m,湿重,下同),总平均值3.63×10-6(m/m).3种网箱养殖鱼类体石油烃含量水平为大黄鱼>鲈鱼体>鮸鱼.养殖鱼类石油烃含量明显低于养殖贝类的含量,区域性和季节性的差异对养殖鱼类石油烃含量具有一定的影响.文中还将本研究结果与国内外其它海域鱼类石油烃含量水平作了比较.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.