厦门海域大气气溶胶特征

1988年12月至1990年3月,利用中美海气实验厦门观测站,采集了厦门海域107个气溶胶样品,利用离子色谱法和原子吸收分光法测定其中的Na+、Cl-、SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+、Al、Fe、V、Pb、Cu、Cd.本文分析了厦门海域大气气溶胶中物质的浓度分布特征及季节变化规律.结果表明,厦门海域大气气溶胶物质主要来源为海水、土壤尘、煤烟尘和燃油灰,陆源物质具有明显的季节变化,湿季浓度明显低于干季,雨水对大气中颗粒物的清除起着重要作用.     

基于7Be、210Pb和210Po的厦门岛沿岸地区大气过程示踪研究及辐射剂量评估

本研究测定了2015年1~7月厦门市大气气溶胶中的7Be、210Pb和210Po,利用多核素联合示踪研究了相关的大气过程.结果表明7Be和210Pb在1、3和4月份具有较高的活度水平和较大的活度变化范围,在6~7月份降低到相对较低的活度水平和一个相对较小的变化范围,不同的气团来源、对流混合及清除机制是其主要的控制因素.相对于7Be,7Be和210Pb同位素对对臭氧(O3)具有更好的相关关系.基于210Pb和210Po的数据计算出厦门市大气气溶胶停留时间为21~188 d,平均值为87 d.通过辐射剂量评估发现这3种放射性核素对人体所产生的年待积有效剂量仅为5.31μSv,近似为天然辐射本底的千分之一.     

2020年5月17日和6月1日山东强冰雹风暴双极化特征分析

利用济南、青岛和烟台S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料和常规观测资料以及天气实况,对2020年5月17日和6月1日两次强对流天气过程的关键环境物理量和风暴低层强冰雹区偏振量、三体散射、强冰雹衰减等偏振特征等进行了分析。结果表明:1)两次强对流天气都具有大的温差和强垂直风切变,中层较干。5月17日山东半岛0~6 km垂直风切变更强,低层湿度更大,湿球0℃层高度较低,是产生多个超级单体风暴并出现特大冰雹的关键物理量。2)5月17日城阳风暴低层强冰雹区具有适中的差分反射率(Z_DR)和偏小的相关系数CC及偏大的差分相移率(K_DP)。Z_DR多在0.30~2.60 dB之间,平均为1.50 dB;CC多在0.900~0.965之间,平均为0.931;K_DP多在2.0~6.3(°)·km^-1之间,平均为4.1(°)·km^-1。少量融化的冰雹粒子和大的雨滴导致适中的Z_DR和偏大的K_DP。3)6月1日长清风暴低层强冰雹区具有偏小的Z_DR和偏小的CC及大的K_DP。Z_DR多在-0.12~1.50 dB之间,平均为0.68 dB;CC多在0.925~0.970之间,平均为0.950;K_DP多在4.0~7.6(°)·km^-1之间,平均为5.8(°)·km^-1。高浓度的液态雨滴和融化的小冰雹粒子导致大的K_DP。4)三体散射、旁瓣回波、衰减及波束非均匀填充(nonuniform beam filling,NBF)等特征可作为冰雹识别判据。衰减特征在Z_DR产品上表现较为明显,风暴核后侧较长径向上出现负值区,显著衰减可作为特大冰雹的判据。NBF仅在CC产品上有明显特征,风暴核后侧较长径向上CC明显较小。     

德州能见度与PM2.5、PM10和相对湿度的关系

为研究德州大气能见度与水汽和气溶胶的关系,利用2013年逐小时能见度、相对湿度、PM2.5和PM10浓度资料,对三者与能见度的关系进行分析。结果表明:能见度与相对湿度的线性相关最好,与PM2.5浓度的相关性次之;随着相对湿度、PM2.5和PM10浓度的增加,能见度明显降低。大气能见度与相对湿度、PM2.5和PM10浓度非线性相关系数明显高于线性相关系数。利用PM2.5和PM10浓度和相对湿度数据计算得到了非线性大气能见度拟合公式,经验证,该公式能较好地模拟德州大气能见度。     

大风事件对长江口及邻近海域海-气CO2通量的影响

依托2017年8月23日至2017年9月6日在长江口及邻近海域连续走航测得的二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)值,结合温度、盐度、溶解氧等数据,阐述该海域pCO₂的分布特征,并利用一次大风事件前后一个断面的重复观测数据,讨论天气事件对长江口海-气CO₂通量的影响。夏季长江口及邻近海域表层海水pCO₂范围为145~929 μatm,总体呈近岸高远岸低的分布特征,在受长江冲淡水影响的区域,海表pCO₂较低,整体表现为大气CO₂的汇。大风事件(最大风速达9.7 m·s^-1)加强了水体的垂直混合,导致近岸区域从大气CO₂的弱源变为强源(CO₂通量从0.2±1.9上升到 55.0±12.4 mmol·m^-2·d^-1),而远岸区域的碳汇略有加强(CO₂通量从-12.7±2.3变为-16.8±2.5 mmol·m^-2·d^-1)。因此,在估算东海海-气CO₂通量时,台风、冷空气等短时间尺度天气事件的影响也不容忽视。     

东海溶解氧垂直分布和季节变化

本文主要讨论了1984年8月至1985年5月东海溶解氧垂直分布和季节变化。结果表明:春、夏季节水体明显分层,密度跃层强度大,春季透光层光合作用强烈,氧的净增量(AO₂)大,在水文条件和生物活动占优势的情况下,春季氧含量形成了垂直分布有一最大值;并且发现跃层上界面以上水体中△O₂和叶绿素a垂直积分值之间存在着相关性,相关系数(r)为0.97(n=9)。△O₂季节变化明显地展示了上层光合作用和底层氧化过程在各个季节的强弱程度,而且间接地反映了春季初级生产力为全年最高.     

黄东海-西北太平洋大气颗粒态有机胺浓度及粒径分布特征分析

在2014和2015年春季分别搭载黄东海-西北太平洋航次采集分粒径气溶胶样品,从浓度水平、空间分布及粒径分布三方面,对海洋大气气溶胶中颗粒态有机胺进行分析。DMA+(二甲胺)和TMA+(三甲胺)为采样区域内主要存在的颗粒态有机胺。两种颗粒态有机胺在不同海域和年份有较大的浓度变化。空间分布结果表明,海洋大气颗粒态有机胺主要来源于海洋而非陆地传输,且与海洋生物活动性存在密切关系。大部分样品中颗粒态有机胺主要分布在0.1~1.8μm,主要来源于气粒凝结、非均相反应、一次燃烧排放以及云过程几种形成过程,各形成过程在不同样品中相对重要性各不相同。在2015年航次中还观测到0.01~0.056μm存在明显模态分布,且在一些低浓度样品中这一模态甚至和积聚模态对颗粒态有机胺的贡献相当。     

利用卫星数据反演中国近海气溶胶浓度及干沉降通量

利用Aqua卫星MODIS光谱成像仪遥感的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,结合CALIPSO卫星给出的气溶胶消光系数和相对湿度垂直剖面数据,反演了中国近海低层大气气溶胶浓度,并依据水面干沉降模型估算中国近海气溶胶干沉降通量的时空分布,提出了一种订正AOD的方法;使用中国沿海城市气溶胶浓度监测值,在渤海、黄海、东海和南海4个海区拟合得到了4组AOD与PM10质量浓度的线性关系;反演了2014年3月—2015年2月中国近海气溶胶浓度。结果显示,中国近海气溶胶浓度全年均值为38.15μg/m3,渤海比南海高约149%,沿岸海域高出远海约30%,冬春月份高于夏秋月份约3.7%;气溶胶干沉降通量年均值为0.028g·m-2·d-1,同样表现出北部海域高于南部海域、冬春季高于夏秋季的分布趋势。     

渤海溶解CH4分布和通量的季节变化及其影响因素

甲烷(CH₄)是影响地球辐射平衡的主要温室气体,海洋是大气CH₄的自然源,而陆架等近海是释放CH₄的热点海域。于2021年4月、7月和10月对渤海进行了调查,以认识其分布特征并估算其海-气交换通量。春、夏和秋季表层海水CH₄浓度分别为(4.56±2.60)、(8.31±4.01)和(4.99±1.31) nmol/L,夏季明显高于春秋季。CH₄的垂直分布规律为底层普遍高于表层,不同站位的垂直分布空间差异较大。渤海CH₄分布主要受河流输入、油气泄漏、生物活动以及沉积物-水界面交换等因素的影响,其中黄河向渤海输入CH₄约为每月1.4×104～2.8×105mol,秋冬季沉积物-水界面CH₄交换通量范围为–4.0～0.42μmol/(m²·d),表明秋冬季沉积物既可能是渤海水体CH₄的源,也可能是其汇。春、夏和秋季渤海CH₄海-气交换通量分别为(1.1±...     

我国低纬度海水中O2最大值的初步研究

作者在1985、1986和1987年对南沙海域3个航次的综合调查中发现,20—75m水层中普遍存在着O₂垂直分布中的最大值,最大值的位置在温跃层的下界附近,在叶绿素最大值和光束衰减系数最大值的上方,O₂最大值处同时出现P_CO2最小值及pH最大值,这些现象用已有的关于中高纬度海区海水中O₂垂直分布最大值的理论似难以进行确切的解释. 本文阐明了我国低纬度海区海水中O₂垂直分布最大值是由于内波维持了涡动混合,形成了适合生物生长的环境及生物的成层分布,基于光合作用的结果加上温跃层的阻碍作用而形成O₂最大值.     

热带东太平洋淡水池的季节变化 *

文章利用观测和模式数据, 并基于混合层盐度收支方法, 研究了热带东太平洋淡水池的季节变化。研究发现: 热带东太平洋淡水池具有显著的季节变化, 由海表强迫(蒸发与降水)、水平平流和次表层过程共同控制。淡水池的季节变化主要分为扩张与收缩两个阶段。4月至11月为扩张阶段, 淡水池向西扩张, 最大体积和面积比最小时扩大将近一倍, 分别达到2.83×10 ⁵km ³和8.94×10 ⁶km ²。热带辐合带向北移动带来的强降水是淡水池扩张的主要原因, 海表强迫决定了混合层盐度降低。12月至3月为淡水池收缩阶段, 海表淡水通量的减弱、水平平流和次表层过程的增强导致混合层盐度升高, 淡水池向东收缩。     

The Influence of Physical Factors on the Variation of Phytoplankton and Nutrients in the Bohai Sea

The cycle of the phytoplankton in a coastal water is controlled by the biological processes, solar radiation, water temperature and physical transport processes. A three-dimensional ecosystem dynamic model is adopted in this study to investigate the influence of different physical factors on the variation of phytoplankton and nutrients in the Bohai Sea. The simulation is carried out for the year 1982. The simulated annual cycle of the primary production and nutrients are in reasonable agreement with the observations in the pattern. Vertical mixing can both affect the vertical transportation of nutrients and horizontal distribution of primary production. In winter the vertical distribution of nutrients is homogeneous because of the intensive mixing, while in summer there is a high value of nutrients in the depth about 15 m due to the stratification. The high primary production plague and the weak mixing center is positional correspondence. The production of phytoplankton is sensitive to the photosynthetically active radiation, which is strongly influenced by the transparency. The increase of the transparency can promote the production in spring and autumn significantly, but has little effect on the production in summer. The change of the transparency can both affect the occurrence time and the amplitude of the phytoplankton bloom dramatically. Horizontal advection does not affect the variation trend of the annual cycle of chlorophyll-a, but does affect the relative magnitude of the phytoplankton bloom, especially in summer. Horizontal advection can dramatically alter the horizontal distribution of chlorophyll-a. The maximum concentration of chlorophyll-a without horizontal advection in summer is twice as high than that with advection and the high chlorophyll-a areas locate along the coast. The river discharge only has regional influence on the ecosystem. The Huanghe River with high nitrate concentration influ-ences the annual cycle of nitrogen of the Laizhou Bay significantly.     

孟加拉湾夏季季节内振荡的湿静力能分析

夏季期间大气季节内振荡(ISO)活跃于孟加拉湾区域,并存在显著的向北传播。采用1979-2016年ERA-Interim大气再分析资料,通过对典型ISO事件进行位相合成,揭示了夏季期间孟加拉湾湿静力能季节内变化的演变特征和控制机理。结果表明,ISO大气对流在向北传播期间伴随着显著的湿静力能累积(充电)和释放(放电)过程。其中,水汽主导的湿静力能水平平流是充电和放电的关键控制因素。水汽水平平流在对流层中高层和对流层低层的变异机理存在一定差异,在中高层主要取决于ISO扰动纬向风对低频水汽的纬向输送,在低层则主要取决于低频经向风对ISO扰动水汽的经向输送。     

水平能见度经验公式在青岛沿海地区的应用

利用青岛4 a的能见度观测资料和大气气溶胶光学参数反演资料检验了4种能见度经验计算公式的适用性。发现Koschmieder公式和乘幂公式能更好地刻画能见度和气溶胶光学厚度间变化趋势上的相关性,但是由于能见度观测的不确定性和气溶胶光学参数反演的不准确性导致的数据离散性,需要确定更有代表性的经验参数。利用最大发生频率原则确定不同光学厚度对应的能见度值,据此确定适合青岛的各经验公式的经验参数,最后利用MODIS光学厚度资料将乘幂经验公式应用到青岛附近沿海地区能见度的计算,发现春季和夏季的能见度低于其他季节。     

Pelagic-Benthic Coupling in the Nordic Seas: The Role of Episodic Events

Abstract. The consequences of the following episodic phenomena for the pelagic-benthic coupling in the Nordic Seas are illustrated: (1) Advection of water masses between fjords and shelf environments, (2) freshwater run-off and vertical stability, (3) dynamics of the marginal ice zone in the central and northern Barents Sea and the Polar Ocean, (4) drift patterns of sinking particles along the North Norwegian coast, (5) advection of zooplankton into subarctic fjords and the southern Barents Sea, zooplankton overwintering and composition, and (6) transport of organic particulate matter from the Barents Sea shelf. It is shown that physical processes in the north-eastern North Atlantic and Polar Ocean can be strongly variable on time scales of days to decades. They have a significant influence on the dynamics of pelagic-benthic coupling. The physical oceanography influences the vertical and horizontal particle flux not only directly (mixing, advection, up- and down-welling), but also indirectly through its impact on the biota (for example radiation, wind, ice cover, freshwater run-off and overwintering, advection and retention of zooplankton). Understanding pelagic-benthic coupling at high latitudes depends even more on a best possible understanding of the physical oceanography and the time scales involved than elsewhere.     

Distribution and vertical dynamics of planktonic communities at Sofala Bank, Mozambique

Coastal ecosystem processes are largely influenced by the interaction of different factors operating at various temporal and spatial scales, specifically those responsible for primary production patterns that modulate zooplankton and subsequent trophic levels. Hydrological processes, such as tidal cycles and coastal currents, nutrients availability, phytoplankton groups (studied through algal pigment signatures analysed by HPLC), and zooplankton abundance and distribution were investigated at the Sofala Bank (Mozambique), with special emphasis on their horizontal distribution and vertical dynamics (48 h). Horizontal distribution has shown inshore–offshore gradients in all analysed parameters, as well as inshore waters intrusion probably related to Zambezi River delta runoff. Tidal currents were responsible for major hydrological vertical variations and for horizontal and vertical advection of phytoplankton biomass in the surface and deepest layers, respectively. Nutrient concentrations were typical from oligotrophic regions, and nutrient ratios were strongly influenced by depleted nitrate + nitrite concentrations, indicating low estuarine discharges typical from the dry season. The very low N:P ratio obtained suggests strong nitrogen limitation to phytoplankton communities, supporting the low phytoplankton abundance observed. Both phytoplankton pigments and zooplankton were found mainly near the bottom (40 m depth), despite the latter displayed vertical migrations triggered by light variations. Phytoplankton community was dominated by microflagellates, specifically prymnesiophyceans, and behaved as a whole, except Cyanobacteria that displayed vertical distribution movements different from other phytoplankton groups, being mainly concentrated at mid-water column depths (10–20 m). This investigation enhances physico-chemical phenomena and their importance determining the planktonic communities vertical dynamics at Sofala Bank, a tropical coastal ecosystem of the Western Indian Ocean where planktonic dynamics are still poorly described and understood.     

盐胁迫对间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地脱氮性能及微生物群落影响

利用新型间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地,揭示了不同进水N H4+-N浓度下盐度提升对湿地脱氮性能及微生物群落的影响.试验结果表明:间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地在盐胁迫下的脱氮性能明显优于传统垂直流人工湿地,高盐(2.0％ 盐度)对TN去除性能影响较大,对COD去除性能影响相对较小.进水NH4+-N浓度为40 mg/L时,当盐度由0％...     

海洋气团对沿海城市大气环境影响与识别研究

本研究通过识别海洋气团特征及沿海城市大气受到海洋气团的影响方式与程度,为评价沿海城市空气环境质量提供科学依据。以青岛市为例,收集大气气溶胶样品中放射性核素~(210)Pb、40K数据及采集时段当地大气颗粒物数据;分析~(210)Pb活度浓度与气溶胶颗粒物浓度变化;对当地当时大气气团进行溯源分析。研究表明:(1)研究期间青岛沿岸地区2015年4月至2016年6月与2016年6月至2017年6月大气污染特征显著不同,前者~(210)Pb活度浓度与污染颗粒物浓度显著相关,而后者~(210)Pb活度浓度与污染颗粒物无相关关系;(2)穿越海洋的陆地气团呈现出高活度浓度、低颗粒物浓度的特征;来自海洋气团的气溶胶呈现出低活度浓度、低颗粒物浓度的特征;(3)海洋气团气溶胶中~(210)Pb活度浓度较低。临近大陆的海洋(黄海、东海)上层大气受到大陆气团的影响,其海洋气团的特征有所减弱。~(210)Pb活度浓度、颗粒物浓度(PM2.5)可作为判断海洋气团的指标,识别"来自海洋的气团"与"经过海洋的气团"。     

Combined tidal velocity and duration asymmetries as a determinant of water transport and residual flow in Paranaguá Bay estuary

Net transports of water, salt and suspended particulate matter (SPM) for a cross-section in front of the Paranaguá Harbour (Paranaguá Bay, Brazil) are presented for eight distinct tidal cycles. Data include measurements over single spring and neap tidal cycles, during both wet and dry seasons. The main drive forces of circulation and SPM dynamics are identified. Advective transport dominated under moderate to high vertical salinity stratification and weak currents, while mixing processes dominated under well-mixed conditions generated by high currents and low freshwater input. Under partially mixed conditions, both advective and mixing processes were important. The tide-induced residual circulation dictated the magnitude and direction of residual currents and net transports of water and salt, but not of SPM transport. The SPM dynamics was intrinsically related to cyclical processes of erosion, resuspension and deposition driven by tidal currents. The turbulent mixing intensity conditioned the vertical mixing of SPM. Resuspension and vertical mixing were conspicuous in spring cycles, while the horizontal advection preponderated in the neaps. Lags between maximum currents and SPM peak concentrations occurred, with more pronounced hysteresis during ebb periods.