热带大气环流异常与'98长江流域暴雨

运用常规资料、数值预报产品及ＯＬＲ资料,分析了１９９８年夏季热带大气环流异常特征与长江流域暴雨的形成。结果指出：北半球ＴＵＴＴ偏南偏西,澳洲及其以东冷空气活动弱造成越赤道气流偏弱,导致西北太平洋副高异常强大和位置偏西以及ＩＴＣＺ极弱。南半球印度洋冷空气活跃,越赤道气流强盛,加强了南亚季风,促使低纬度地区的水汽、热量源源不断地输送到副高西侧和北侧的长江流域,并与西北、华北南下弱冷空气汇合形成暴雨。     

厄尔尼诺与影响福建的热带气旋

资料统计分析显示,ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年,影响福建的热带气旋较常年显著偏少,ＬａＮｉｎａ年,影响福建热带的气旋较常年偏多,ｔ检验表明,两者之间差异显著。其机制是,ＥｌＮｉｎｏ活动期间,西太平洋副热带高压强度大,位置偏南、偏西、ＩＴＣＺ位置偏南,热带气旋生成区对流活动弱,不利于热带气旋的生成和北上影响福建,ＬａＮｉｎｅ年,副热带高中度北,位置偏北,偏东,ＩＴＣＺ位置偏北,热带气旋生成区对流活动旺盛,有利于热     

近60年西北太平洋台风年代际变化特征及成因的初步分析(英文)

利用60年台风资料,对西北太平洋台风的频数、路径和强度变化做统计分析。结果表明:西北太平洋的台风活动在20世纪60年代是高峰期,70年代则是低谷期,从20世纪90年代后期开始,台风活动总体处于低谷期;台风路径主要以转向为主,在20世纪60、70年代平均路径比较偏南,而进入21世纪后平均路径比较偏北;强度在20世纪50、60年代总体较强,后25年总体较弱;西北太平洋台风异常偏多时,西北太平洋副高弱且位置偏东,太平洋海温分布呈"拉尼娜"特征;台风异常偏少时,副高强且位置偏西,太平洋海温分布呈"厄尔尼诺"特征。     

近60年西北太平洋台风年代际变化特征及成因的初步分析

利用60年台风资料,对西北太平洋台风的频数、路径和强度变化做统计分析。结果表明:西北太平洋的台风活动在20世纪60年代是高峰期,70年代则是低谷期,从20世纪90年代后期开始,台风活动总体处于低谷期;台风路径主要以转向为主,在20世纪60、70年代平均路径比较偏南,而进入21世纪后平均路径比较偏北;强度在20世纪50、60年代总体较强,后25年总体较弱;西北太平洋台风异常偏多时,西北太平洋副高弱且位置偏东,太平洋海温分布呈"拉尼娜"特征;台风异常偏少时,副高强且位置偏西,太平洋海温分布呈"厄尔尼诺"特征。     

西太平洋暖池区气象学特征分析

本文根据ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥ强化观测资料及卫星资料分析讨论了西太平洋暖池区１１－２月间海面气象要素的平均特征。分析发现海面气压平均日变化似乎同中纬度区明显不同。文中还分析讨论了在西太暖池区西风爆发、赤道浅涡、信风逆温及ＩＴＣＥ和南太平洋辐合带ＳＰＣＺ的变化特征。     

海温异常对季内西太平洋副热带高压异常进退的数值模拟

本文用ＩＡＰ－ＡＧＣＭ模式，对海温进行控制性试验，得到以下结果：数值模拟表明，北太平洋副高的导演对热带西太平洋、南海、孟拉湾的海温异常有两个月的遥响应。西太副高异常和东太平洋副高异常总是相伴出现的，并且后者出现要早些。     

北太平洋副热带海洋环流强度异常对长江中下游夏季降水的影响

利用SODA资料和ECCO资料计算得到的北太平洋副热带海洋环流强度,和国家气候中心整编的中国160站逐月降水资料,结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和Hadley中心海表面温度资料,分析了1970－2007年海洋环流强度异常同期的大尺度大气环流异常特征及对中国东部夏季降水的影响。结果表明:海洋环流强度变化与长江中下游地区降水存在密切的反相关。环流强度异常可以通过影响西太平洋副热带高压的南北位置异常进而影响长江中下游降水。海洋环流偏弱时,副高位置偏南,长江中下游地区受气旋性环流异常影响,来自副高西北侧的强西南水汽输送至此,在该地区形成强水汽辐合中心,同时伴随上升运动加强和对流的加强,进一步导致该地区降水偏多;当海洋环流偏强时,西太平洋副高位置偏北,长江中下游地区受反气旋性环流异常影响,伴随辐散下沉及水汽辐散,导致该地区降水偏少;海洋环流强度异常导致的中纬度海区海表面温度异常,可能是导致副高南北位置异常的主要原因。     

夏季西太平洋副高的年际变化及异常特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Ⅱ资料计算1979—2014年3项副高指数,并根据异常副高指数筛选副高异常年份发现副高在正位相年期间较气候态面积更大,西伸脊点偏西,脊线偏南;负位相年情况相反。此外,通过对副高异常年份海温异常场水汽通量场及环流形势分析得出结论:正位相年年间前冬热带太平洋海温异常偏高,水汽通量在长江中下游集聚,东亚副热带季风环流偏弱、梅雨锋区环流加强并且500 hPa鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压发展、200 hPa南亚高压东伸偏东均有利于副高位置偏南,西伸加强;负位相年与正位相年环流形势相反。结果表明:西太副高异常不仅受前期海温影响,同期水汽通量、大气环流形势等对副高影响的同样不可忽视,这为副高预测提供了一定思路。     

西太平洋副热带高压变化与赤道太平洋海温场的联系

通过对西太平洋副热带高压变化的多年统计分析,发现其具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,副高面积和强度均存在3~4 a和11~14 a显著周期,副高西伸脊点存在3~5 a和准13 a显著周期。副高面积和强度变化基本一致,与赤道中东太平洋海表温度（SST）存在显著的正相关关系,西伸脊点与中东太平洋海表温度变化则存在负的相关关系。赤道太平洋不同经度的SST与副高变化存在明显的差异,赤道中太平洋SST异常与副高变化的关系最为密切,东太平洋相对偏弱,而西太平洋呈现相反的相关关系。由此可以认为,赤道中太平洋异常SST变化是影响副高变化的关键区域。根据它们之间存在的密切关系,通过回归分析,建立了它们二者之间的回归方程,对2013年春夏季副高的强度和西伸脊点位置变化进行了预测,为2013年我国汛期降水预测提供一定的参考。     

赤道中太平洋对流活动与西太平洋副高西伸的时延相关分析

采用交叉小波与相干小波变换方法,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和 NOAA卫星观测的外逸长波辐射(OLR)资料,在多年平均资料分析的基础上,选择2005和2006年夏季西太平洋副高的西伸过程进行了诊断分析,重点讨论了赤道中太平洋地区的对流活动对西太平洋副高西伸与维持的影响与关联.结果表明,7月中旬到8月中旬间,赤道中太平洋地区的对流活动通常表现出半月左右的准周期振荡,与副高活动具有相似的时频结构和周期特征,且前者对后者存在着约一个周期的超前影响,两者的这种时延相关性表现出较好的预报意义;运用大气视热源和全型垂直涡度方程,讨论了赤道中太平洋地区对流活动引起的经向加热异常对副高西伸的影响,指出由于异常的非绝热加热在副高西伸区域产生异常的反气旋性涡度输送,进而影响和制约副高形态和位置的变异.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,