渤海大气二氧化硫浓度分布及陆源输送研究

利用2005年OMI/Aura反演的大气边界层二氧化硫(SO2)垂直柱密度数据,分析了渤海大气SO2浓度分布时空变化特征,并利用FNL气象资料,运用HYSPLIT模型对渤海大气环流后向轨迹进行分析.研究表明:渤海海域大气SO2浓度随季节变化明显,在秋冬季SO2浓度比较高,在冬季高达6.187×1016 cm -2;在春...     

OMI和TROPOMI的中国对流层NO2污染数据的时空对比分析

基于2018年12月—2019年11月臭氧层观测仪(Ozone Monitoring Instrument,OMI)和对流层观测仪(TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument,TROPOMI)遥感反演产品数据,统计两种数据在中国区域对流层NO2柱浓度数据缺失率,分析得出两者的时空分布差异。结果表明:(1)该时间段内,两种传感器数据缺失率呈现“S”形的变化趋势,TROPOMI月数据缺失率低于OMI,TROPOMI年平均数据缺失率为3.98%,OMI年平均数据缺失率为36.22%,造成该结果的原因可能是不同仪器的分辨率不同。(2)在中国区域内,两种数据存在一定的相关性,相关系数为0.844,但TROPOMI获得的对流层NO₂年平均柱浓度值大于OMI;从季节差异上来看,TROPOMI获得的结果同样相对OMI的结果高出57.5%,造成OMI结果偏低的原因可能是OMI传感器在有云(非晴空)情况下用其他卫星观测进行校正,使得结果平均降低15%,但不会影响季节变化趋势。(3)季节相关性方面,秋、冬两季相关性较好,春、夏两季相对较差,是由于春、夏季节NO₂柱浓度易受其他气体污染物的影响,且两种传感器在反演方法上有所不同,会造成一定的系统误差。(4)在重污染情况下,TROPOMI传感器获得的地域范围相比于OMI大1.54%,只有在冬季污染最为严重的情况下,TROPOMI获得的污染区域相比于OMI小0.86%。(5)在时空差异上,东部地区两者差异明显,TROPOMI获得的月平均结果相比于OMI的结果大10.21%,西部差异不大,中国不同城市群之间的结果也存在差异。     

珠江口淇澳岛湿地甲烷排放通量及日变化规律

2009年8月份采用静态箱法对珠江口淇澳岛湿地甲烷通量日变化进行测定,结果表明甲烷排放通量在当日23∶00和翌日早晨9∶00出现两个高峰值,分别为40.07和50.99mg·m-2·h-1;在当日17∶00和翌日凌晨5∶00出现两极小值,分别为1.13和1.57mg·m-2·h-1,同步观测孔隙水中SO2-4、Cl-浓度和沉积物表层温度和采样点潮位变化,发现湿地甲烷排放通量与孔隙水中SO2-4浓度和潮位存在显著负相关性,因此,潮汐所导致孔隙水中SO2-4浓度和上覆水深度改变,可能是控制珠江口淇澳岛潮间带湿地甲烷日排放通量变化的两个关键因素。同时计算采样点甲烷日排放净通量达到962.7mg·m-2·d-1,表明夏季珠江口淇澳岛湿地是大气甲烷的源区。柱状沉积物孔隙水中甲烷浓度范围为0.52~5.18mmol·dm-3,其最大值出现在9cm深度,同时测试沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、温度、氧化还原电位和孔隙水中SO2-4的浓度,结果表明高的甲烷浓度主要是由于沉积物中高的TOC含量和孔隙水中低的SO2-4浓度所导致。     

2001—2017年北极秋季低云变化及其可能原因

本文通过对2001—2017年秋季北极低云的多源数据的分析,展示了本世纪以来北极秋季低云的变化,并为其变化提供了一个新的可能的解释。卫星和再分析数据表明,秋季北极有冰海面低云存在减少的趋势,且在北极边缘海区表现为950 hPa(约500 m)以下近地面云显著减少。本文研究表明,在有冰海面上,低云减少的趋势与背景大气增暖导致的大气相对湿度降低有关,这一关系在80°N以北的北极中央区更明显。而在北极边缘海区,气旋活动对云的影响更重要。在有冰海面,气旋与低云的长期变化趋势相反,两者的年际变化呈负相关关系。利用自组织映射(SOM,Self-Organizing Map)对所有气旋日垂直运动和云分布进行了初步分析,结果表明:在无冰海面和有冰海面由于气旋垂直运动及背景(无气旋日)云分布的差异,气旋对云的影响存在差异。气旋在有冰海面导致低云减少为主,而在无冰海面导致低云增加为主。     

渔船主机排废气特性的研究

通过对东京水产大学研究练习船－神鹰丸主机转速、功率，以及排废气的测定，优化渔船主机操纵主机可以使船舶在各种航行工况下主机NOx的排放率达到最低值。结果表明，当船舶航速为4节时，主机转速应设定在750转／分，此时NOx的排放率最低为10．3g/kWh，比常规操纵减少9％；当船舶航速为8节时，主机转速应设定在750转／分，此时NOx的排放率最低为10．5g/kWh，比常规操纵减少4．6％；当船舶航速为10节时，主机转速应设定在875转／分，此时NOx的排放率最低为11．6g/kWh，比常规操纵减少1．7％；当船舶航速为12节时，主机转速应设定在750转／分，此时NOx的排放率最低为12．5g/kWh，比常规操纵减少6％；当船舶航速为13节时，主机转速应设定在750转／分，此时NOx的排放率最低为12g/kWh，比常规操纵减少3．2％。在拖网作业过程中，船舶航速为4节，主机转速应设定在875转分，此时NOx的拓放率最低为12．3g/kWh，比常规操纵减少2．8％。在延绳钓作业过程中，船舶航速为10节，主机转速应设定在875转／分，此时NOx的排放率最低为11．5g/kWh,比常规操纵减少1．7％。     

全球海洋大气柱水汽含量遥感融合数据产品生成

本研究利用国际在轨SSMIS、WindSat、AMSR-E、ASMR2和国产HY-2A微波辐射计多源遥感大气柱水汽含量观测数据,基于最优插值算法,生成了2003－2015年的全球海洋每日0.25°高分辨率大气柱水汽含量多源遥感融合产品,以及2012－2015年未使用HY-2A微波辐射计数据的全球海洋每日0.25°遥感融合产品。利用无线电探空仪水汽含量观测数据,对生成的全部全球海洋大气柱水汽含量融合产品进行精度检验,结果表明,总体上,13年间均方根误差和标准差优于3 mm,平均偏差优于0.6 mm,平均绝对偏差优于2 mm,相关系数优于0.98;使用HY-2A微波辐射计数据产品会使融合结果的精度出现微小的降低;AMSR2和HY-2A微波辐射计数据的联合使用对于替代AMSR-E数据具有积极意义。     

东山岛外海表层水温的亚潮频波动初步研究

本研究通过对东山岛外海浮标观测的表层水温(SST)数据进行分析，发现2016、2017年夏季东山岛外海表层水温均存在周期为5~8 d的亚潮频波动信号，最大振幅分别为3.1 ℃和2.1 ℃。结合卫星遥感SST数据以及风场数据，采用小波分析、交叉小波分析等方法对该现象进行研究分析，结果表明：2016年夏季表层水温中出现的亚潮频波动信号源自短波辐射，表层水温变化滞后短波辐射1天左右；2017年夏季的亚潮频波动源自沿岸风应力，表层水温变化滞后沿岸风应力2天左右。2016年和2017年表层水温出现的亚潮频波动均与台风有关，但信号的来源出现差异是因为2017年台风过境引起了较强的沿岸风松弛现象，在沿岸风中出现了亚潮频波动信号，沿岸风影响上升流变化，进而引起表层水温的变化；2016年由于台风过境引起的沿岸风松弛现象较弱，沿岸风中并未出现亚潮频波动信号，而表层水温中的亚潮频波动信号源自短波辐射，这可能与台风引起局地天气系统的变化有关。     

船舶压载水的生物入侵分析

船舶压载水的转运和排放是水生生物入侵的重要途径。为保障我国海洋生态和水产养殖安全,文章基于我国航运大国地位,介绍船舶压载水排放带来的生物入侵及其相关国际标准和法律规定,并对我国船舶压载水监管提出建议。研究结果表明:由船舶压载水引起的生物入侵主要包括浮游生物和微生物;目前国际对于船舶压载水排放主要执行D-2标准,很多国家均以法律手段对船舶压载水进行监管;我国在加快船舶压载水立法的同时,应加强基础数据研究、制定统一的规范标准和扩展关注领域。     

1307号台风“苏力”影响期间厦门大气气溶胶中细颗粒物组成变化的特征

厦门是南亚热带海洋性季风气候,海洋雾霾和台风影响明显.本文利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(SPAMS)对2013年第7号台风"苏力"登陆前后期间(7月10日至7月18日)厦门上空大气气溶胶中细颗粒物进行实时在线观测,分析典型的台风极端天气对厦门大气气溶胶特征的影响.在此次研究中厦门上空气溶胶中的物质主要可分为:元素碳、有机碳、生物质燃烧、元素有机碳、含铅颗粒、含钒颗粒物、含钙颗粒物、海盐和高分子颗粒物等9类.研究结果表明台风影响过程中细颗粒组成发生明显变化具体为:台风前船舶排放的含钒颗粒物明显增多,这与台风前大量船舶驶入并停靠在厦门锚地避风有关;随后台风强气流将其他地区的污染物带入厦门,颗粒物数浓度不断升高达到最高值;强降雨的清扫作用使得大气中颗粒物的浓度迅速降低,但台风过后大气中颗粒物数浓度则迅速升高.润滑油燃烧产生的含钙和磷酸盐的颗粒物数浓度升高最为明显,表明汽车尾气仍然是厦门本地污染的重要来源.     

海岸生态环境变化对荣成市月湖旅游资源影响研究

月湖，当地人称天鹅湖，是国家级荣成大天鹅自然保护区的3个核心区之一。这里滨海景色宜人，鸟类景观独特，具有很高的旅游价值。20世纪80年代以来，在人类活动的影响下，月湖海岸生态环境逐步退化。从1992年到2007年，月湖的COD、NH3-N及废水排放量增加了1倍，SO2、NO2及烟尘的排放量则增加了3倍多，植被面积减少了10％。环境质量的变化导致周围旅游资源质量发生相应的改变。文中从海岸生态环境变化的影响因素入手，采用旅游环境承载力评价方法，计算出1992年以来，月湖旅游承载力指数以平均每年4．2％的速度降低，指出了海岸生态环境变化对旅游资源的不利影响，已引起当地相关部门的注意。     

Compliance with international emission regulations: Reducing the air pollution from merchant vessels

In September 1997, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted an international convention protocol to reduce air pollution from ships, in order to achieve sustainable maritime development. This protocol has been approved by 15 member countries and will be enforced in May 2005. Pollutants emitted from ships, such as nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, sulfur oxides, etc. will be regulated by this convention through ship inspections and issuance of certificates. Ships belonging to maritime countries such as Taiwan, which sail around the world and berth in commercial ports, must obey this convention. This study has investigated possible strategies, which may be adopted by maritime countries to conform to this IMO convention in order to reduce the air pollution from ships. A sea-going ship must prepare EIAPP and IAPP certificates for inspection by port-state-control officials, when the ship is anchored at a maritime port. These port-state-control officials may also require the continuous detection and sampling of a ship's emissions, while it is berthed at the port. Legislative support is necessary for successful implementation of these safeguards. It is suggested, therefore, that the administration of both navigational and environmental protection, in maritime countries, cooperate in the revision of relevant federal laws, to implement the provisions of the MARPOL 73/78/97 convention; in this way, the air pollution from ships can be effectively controlled. Installation of advanced detection equipment can effectively detect any ships’ violations of air pollution regulations. The Harbor Affairs’ Bureau should also establish a database of air pollution inspections for ships berthed within their harbor, requiring that ships’ equipment comply with the requirements of the MARPOL convention, for the reduction of air pollution.     

Incentive policy for reduction of emission from ships: A case study of China

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from ships in ports are a major contributor to air pollution and smog in port cities. The issue of how to reduce PM emissions has become a critical concern for port city residents and governments. This paper establishes an incentive policy to reduce PM emissions from ships in ports. Using a Panamax bulk carrier as a case study, eight alternative approaches that could be adopted by shipping companies are compared and their operational benefits are estimated. By restricting the analysis to emission control areas (ECAs), the net present value (NPV) model shows that the diesel particulate filter (DPF) is the most advantageous approach with the highest NPV, while the exhaust gas scrubber (EGS) approach is the most economically inefficient. Meanwhile, due to DPF's excellent performance in PM abatement, it is suggested that governments should prioritize the DPF approach when promoting the application of emission reduction technologies. From the perspective of social welfare, a positive social benefit of about US $20,000 will be generated over the life cycle of a ship. However, a low government pricing in China will reduce shipping companies’ operational performance as the emission control zone (ECZ) gradually expands. As a result, an appropriate subsidy scheme is necessary to encourage shipping companies to apply emission reduction technologies.     

Interannual variation of atmospheric mass and the southern oscillation

Two reanalysis datasets, one generated by the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres for 1982–1993 and the other generated by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction for 1982–1995, are used to examine the relationship between the Southern Oscillation (SO) and the interannual variation of atmospheric mass. Both reanalyses show that atmospheric mass increases (decreases) during the positive (negative) SO phase. Atmospheric mass consists of dry air and moisture. Since dry mass is conserved, the interannual variation of atmospheric mass results from the variation of water vapor pressure. Thus, global atmospheric hydrological processes are analyzed to illustrate how the SO affects the interannual variation of atmospheric mass. During the positive (negative) SO phase, water vapor is converged (diverged) toward (out of) the central-eastern tropical Pacific [where sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are higher (lower) than normal] to maintain (suppress) cumulus convection in that area. An anomalous east-west Walker circulation straddling the Dateline is driven by the anomalous cumulus convection in this region to create positive (negative) surface pressure anomalies over the western tropical Pacific-Indian Ocean, which result in an increase (decrease) in atmospheric mass.     

An oxygenating additive for improving the performance and emission characteristics of marine diesel engines

Diesel engines provide the major power sources for marine transportation and contribute to the prosperity of the worldwide economy. However, the emissions from diesel engines also seriously threaten the environment and are considered one of the major sources of air pollution. The pollutants emitted from marine vessels are confirmed to cause the ecological environmental problems such as the ozone layer destruction, enhancement of the greenhouse effect, and acid rain, etc. Marine diesel engine emissions such as particulate matter and black smoke carry carcinogen components that significantly impact the health of human beings. Investigations on reducing pollutants, in particular particulate matter and nitrogen oxides are critical to human health, welfare and continued prosperity. The addition of an oxygenating agent into fuel oil is one of the possible approaches for reducing this problem because of the obvious fuel oil constituent influences on engine emission characteristics. Ethylene glycol monoacetate was found to be a promising candidate primarily due to its low poison and oxygen-rich composition properties. In this experimental study ethylene glycol monoacetate was mixed with diesel fuel in various proportions to prepare oxygenated diesel fuel. A four-cylinder diesel engine was used to test the engine performance and emission characteristics. The influences of ethylene glycol monoacetate ration to diesel oil, inlet air temperature and humidity parameters on the engine’s speed and torque were considered. The experimental results show that an increase in the inlet air temperature caused an increase in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide emission, and exhaust gas temperature, while decreasing the excess air, oxygen and nitrogen oxide emission concentrations. Increasing the inlet air humidity increased the carbon monoxide concentration while the decreased excess air, oxygen and nitrogen oxide emission concentrations. In addition, increasing ethylene glycol monoacetate ratio in the diesel fuel caused an increase in the BSFC while the excess air and oxygen emission concentrations decreased.     

Effects of potassium sulfide content in marine diesel fuel oil on emission characteristics of marine furnaces under varying humidity of inlet air

Degraded fuel oils are generally used in marine power plants for economic purposes, so as to reduce operating expenses. These marine fuel oils commonly contain various oxides or sulfide compounds of metallic elements in the fuel ash, and affect the combustion and emission characteristics of marine power plants to different extents. Moreover, marine power plants are more often operated in a highly humid environment. As a result the emission and burning process may also be altered by the various humidity level of the inlet air. The effects of potassium sulfide in marine diesel on the combustion and emission characteristics of marine furnaces under varying levels of relative humidity of inlet air were experimentally investigated in this study. A cylindrical industrial furnace made of AISI 316 stainless steel, and an automatic oil-fired burner were used for the emission characteristics measurements and observation. A mechanically homogenizing machine was used to stir potassium sulfide (K₂SO₄) powder and marine diesel with a preset K₂SO₄ concentration. The relative humidity of the inlet air and temperature were adjusted to their assigned values by a large-size air conditioner before being pumped into the burner. The marine diesel oil mixture was atomized by the inlet air consequently ignited by an electrode and then burned within the horizontal furnace. There were eight rectangular slots cut in the upper portion of the furnace wall so that the probes of a gas analyzer and a thermocouple could be inserted into radial positions in the cylindrical furnace. The concentrations of gas emission and burning gas temperature and the combustion efficiency were analyzed. The experimental results show that the burning gas temperature, carbon dioxide emission and combustion efficiency decreased when the concentrations of excess air and oxygen emission increased with the addition of potassium sulfide in the marine diesel fuel. This is primarily attributed to the fact that the sulfide of an alkali compound such as K₂SO₄ may suppress the oxidation reaction process, leading to inferior combustion characteristics.     

Validating NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> measurements in the vertical atmospheric column with the OMI instrument aboard the EOS Aura satellite against ground-based measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station

Data on the NO₂ content in the vertical column of the atmosphere obtained with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the EOS Aura satellite (United States) in the period from October 2004 to October 2007 are compared with the results of ground-based measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station (55.7° N, 36.8° E). The “unpolluted”; part of the total NO₂ content in the atmospheric column, which mostly represents the stratosphere, and the NO₂ contents in the vertical column of the troposphere, including the lower layer, which is subject to pollution, are included in the comparison. The correlation coefficient between the results of ground-based and satellite measurements of the “unpolluted” total NO₂ content is ∼0.9. The content values measured with the OMI instrument are smaller than the results of ground-based measurements (on average, by (0.30 ± 0.03) × 10¹⁵ cm⁻² or by (11 ± 1)%). Therms discrepancy between the satellite and ground-based data is 0.6 × 10¹⁵ cm⁻². The NO₂ content in the vertical column of the troposphere from the results of satellite measurements is, on average, (1.4 ± 0.5) × 10¹⁵ cm⁻², (or about 35%) smaller than from the results of ground-based measurements, and the rms discrepancy between them is about 200%. The correlation coefficient between these data is ∼0.4. This considerable discrepancy is evidently caused by the strong spatial (horizontal) inhomogeneity and the temporal variability of the NO₂ field during episodes of pollution, which leads to different (and often uncorrelated) estimates of the NO₂ content in the lower troposphere due to different spatial resolutions of ground-based and satellite measurements.     

Simulation of the impact of thunderstorm activity on atmospheric gas composition

A chemistry-climate model of the lower and middle atmosphere has been used to estimate the sensitivity of the atmospheric gas composition to the rate of thunderstorm production of nitrogen oxides at upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric altitudes. The impact that nitrogen oxides produced by lightning have on the atmospheric gas composition is treated as a subgrid-scale process and included in the model parametrically. The natural uncertainty in the global production rate of nitrogen oxides in lightning flashes was specified within limits from 2 to 20 Tg N/year. Results of the model experiments have shown that, due to the variability of thunderstorm-produced nitrogen oxides, their concentration in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere can vary by a factor of 2 or 3, which, given the influence of nitrogen oxides on ozone and other gases, creates the potential for a strong perturbation of the atmospheric gas composition and thermal regime. Model calculations have shown the strong sensitivity of ozone and the OH hydroxyl to the amount of lightning nitrogen oxides at different atmospheric altitudes. These calculations demonstrate the importance of nitrogen oxides of thunderstorm origin for the balance of atmospheric odd ozone and gases linked to it, such as ozone and hydroxyl radicals. Our results demonstrate that one important task is to raise the accuracy of estimates of the rate of nitrogen oxide production by lightning discharges and to use physical parametrizations that take into account the local lightning effects and feedbacks arising in this case rather than climatological data in models of the gas composition and general circulation of the atmosphere.     

Atmospheric trace gas measurements during SEEDS-II over the northwestern pacific

Atmospheric trace gas measurements were conducted during SEEDS-II. Atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS) was continuously measured by GC-MS during the R/V Hakuho cruise. Further, ambient air was sampled into canisters (42 samples) and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID for various biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) after the cruise. CO, O₃, SO₂, and NOx were monitored continuously aboard the ship.A fertilization experiment was conducted in a high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) region (48°N, 165°E). The atmospheric concentrations inside a patch (fertilized area) were compared with those outside it (natural area); however, clear differences were not observed for biogenic trace gasses (DMS, CH₃Cl, CH₃I, isoprene, and alkenes) in the atmosphere. However, a high DMS concentration was observed over the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The fertilized area was also observed by R/V Kilo Moana, and DMS was measured by GC-FPD. A good agreement was observed between the results of the measurements made aboard the two independent ships by different measurement methods.The atmospheric SO₂ concentration was compared with the atmospheric DMS concentration. The SO₂ concentration was found to vary with the atmospheric DMS concentration. A diurnal variation of the atmospheric DMS concentration was observed around the fertilized region. The DMS content tends to increase during the night and decrease during the day. A box model calculation was conducted to explain the diurnal variation of the atmospheric DMS. Since there was no diurnal variation of the wind speed, a constant DMS flux from the ocean surface was assumed. Further, the atmospheric OH radical concentration was assumed to be dependent on sunlight. The box model can roughly reproduce the atmospheric DMS diurnal variation mainly caused by its removal reaction with OH radicals.     

Carbon dioxide content in the atmospheric thickness over central Eurasia (Issyk Kul Monitoring Station)

The refined data obtained from the spectroscopic measurements of carbon dioxide in the column of the continental atmosphere over the Issyk Kul Monitoring Station during the period 1980–2006 and the results of their comparison with the data obtained from the measurements of carbon dioxide in air samples and with the mean zonal empirical model of the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) are given. Seasonal variations and a long-term trend of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmospheric thickness over a 25-year period of measurements are analyzed. The monthly mean concentration of CO₂ is increased by ～40.5 ppm, and the linear-trend index is 1.62 ppm per year. The results of the aircraft measurements of CO₂ concentration in air samples are, on the average, in agreement with the data obtained from the spectroscopic measurements of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmospheric column. The CO₂ concentration in the surface air varies from day to day, and only its minimum values coincide with the CO₂ concentration in the atmospheric thickness. The results of measurements of CO₂ concentration in the atmospheric thickness and in the atmospheric surface layer over the KZD and KZM stations nearest to each other are, on the whole, in disagreement; moreover, the KZD and KZM data are inconsistent. The CO₂ concentration in the atmospheric thickness is, on the average, 1–2% higher than that obtained with the CMDL model for 42.6° N latitude. The coefficient of correlation between the measurement results and model data is high (r= 0.95).