金衢盆地TX红土剖面元素迁移特征

金衢盆地汤溪红土剖面主量元素地球化学特征研究揭示：（1）主量元素组成以SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3为主，K、Na、Ca、Mg等易溶组成含量很低。SiO2含量的平均值略低于UCC均值，Fe2O3、Al2O3含量则略高于UCC均值，符合亚热带地区风化成土中硅酸盐矿物大量转化为黏土矿物的脱硅富铝化过程的特征。（2）汤溪红土化学风化强烈，全岩样品的CIA指数（化学蚀变指数）高达89．10％～89．68％,ba（风化淋溶指数）系数为0．19～0．21。烧失量LOI与SiO2／AL2O3、SiO2／R2O3、CIA、ba系数之间均存在线性相关，对红土脱硅富铝和化学淋蚀程度具有一定指示意义。LOI值越大，脱硅富铝程度越强。（3）SiO2／Al2O3和SiO2／ReO3较好地指示了TX剖面从网纹红土至均质红土风化强度渐弱的趋势，TiO2一Al2O3、TiO2-Fe2O3、TiO2-SiO2、AlO3～K2O等元素对协变分析也得出了同样的结论，网纹红土风化程度较均质红土更强。（4）以zr为参比的元素剖面迁移特征表明，Fe2O3、Al2O3沿剖面向下呈相对富集态势，SiO2则相反，呈亏损态势；Na、P沿剖面均呈迁出特征，K、Mg、Ca呈波动式迁出，个别层段有轻微言集；Mn沿剖面向下呈亏损态势，与铁呈反向变化；Ti相对于Zr的迁移虽有波动但迁移量最小。τj.w系数总体上也反映TX剖面从上至下脱磕富铝化程度增强的趋势。     

川西高原甘孜黄土A剖面常量元素地球化学特征初步研究

本文以位于青藏高原东南缘的川西高原甘孜A剖面S0-S2黄土—古土壤序列为材料,利用X-荧光光谱仪对常量元素进行了测试分析。结果表明,SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,MgO,K2O,MnO和TiO2随着黄土层和古土壤层的交替叠覆含量由低到高呈现明显的旋回变化特征,而CaO则相反;在化学风化过程中,元素Si,Al,Fe,Mg,K,Mn,Ti之间具相似性而与元素Ca具差异性;粒度对各常量元素分布具一定控制效应,Fe,Mn,K等元素分布与2~8μm黏土粒级含量具显著正相关,与30~64μm粉沙粒级含量具显著反相关。     

从南海沉积物中的主量元素比值变化看沉积物源区化学侵蚀变化

海洋沉积物中的主量元素和沉积物源区有密切关系,海洋沉积物中主量元素比值变化受古气候环境尤其是化学侵蚀强度的控制和影响,这些元素比值变化可以很好地反映化学侵蚀等因素的变化.南海ODP1144站位和MD01-2393站位柱样沉积物中相对较高的Al2O3/TiO2、K2O/TiO2、K2O/Na2O、Al2O3/Na2O比值代表了较强的化学侵蚀以及更为湿热的气候.南海沉积物主量元素比值的变化记录了区域古气候环境演化的重要信息,可以作为化学侵蚀变化以及古气候环境变化的良好指示因子.     

新疆伊犁黄土研究

新疆伊犁黄土-古土壤序列记录了更新世以来中亚伊犁地区自然环境的演化和变迁。总结了伊犁黄土粒度、磁化率、碳酸盐和孢粉等各指标的环境意义及其黄土和古土壤地球化学风化特征、形成环境和空间分布的差异性。结果发现:磁化率和色度由于受到多种因素不同程度的影响,对气候的指示意义较为复杂;孢粉组合和碳酸盐均指示研究区有些古土壤形成时期相对干旱,有些黄土堆积时期相对湿润;矿物和元素组成均表明伊犁盆地黄土形成于较干冷气候条件下;粒度对研究区气候的冷暖波动具有较好的指示意义。此外,古环境研究表明伊犁盆地黄土和古土壤风化分异作用不明显,古土壤形成时期地面环流较黄土形成时强,黄土-古土壤堆积存在空间差异性。     

靖边黄土剖面记录的末次冰期以来的气候变化

靖边黄土剖面位于黄土-沙漠的过渡区,能更加敏感地记录第四纪东亚季风气候变化。对位于靖边县南15km的三道沟黄土剖面(0～7.2m)进行年代学、磁化率、粒度、元素地球化学分析,粒度数据显示靖边黄土剖面沉积物以粉砂为主,占比高达80%以上;年龄曲线显示靖边黄土剖面存在千年尺度的沉积间断;元素地球化学数据表明,古土壤向黄土层中的元素迁移顺序为CaNaMgSiAlKFe,剖面黄土处于初级风化阶段;多指标综合分析表明,靖边黄土剖面末次冰期以来的气候变化经历了MIS3气候相对温暖湿润且震荡激烈、末次冰盛期气候极度冷干、冰消期气候好转和全新世气候温暖湿润4个阶段。     

黄土沉积的地球化学记录与古气候演化

通过对陕西岐山黄土剖面加密连续采集的样品所进行的化学全分析及某些微量元素的测定,结果表明,该剖面元素组分演化的阶段与黄土－古土壤的叠置有很好的对应性,它们所揭示的末次冰期－间冰期旋回以及全新世以来的气候变化可以与深海氧同位素记录进行对比,其中末次冰期和全新世时期某些地球化学指标还优于深海记录,具有更高的分辨率。     

晚第四纪南海北部陆坡沉积物常量元素比值对气候变冷事件的指示意义

南海北部陆坡柱状沉积物的常量元素统计分析表明, 沉积物中的Ti、Al、Fe、K、Mn、Mg代表了陆源元素组合;而消除粒度效应的陆源元素比值Al/Ti、Fe/Ti和K/Ti等的变化曲线与浮游有孔虫氧同位素曲线对比表明, 在气候变冷事件(Heinrich事件、Younger Dryas事件、PME斜室普林虫低值等事件)期间, 陆源常量元素比值明显降低。这一对应特征, 一方面体现了气候变冷事件的发生对陆源区化学风化强度的制约, 另一方面也说明与指示长时间尺度气候相似, 陆源元素比值对短时间尺度的气候变化也具有明显的指示作用。     

青藏高原东北部黄土沉积化学风化程度及古环境

通过对青藏高原东北部西宁盆地大墩岭剖面24种常微量元素的测定及数据的处理分析，研究了该地区黄土沉积的化学风化程度及某些地球化学特征。相对上部陆壳(UCC)元素平均值，大墩岭剖面显著富集Ca、Mg、Ti、V、Cr、Ni、Y、Zr等，而亏损Si、Al、K、Na、Sr、Nb等；相对于中国黄土(CL)元素平均值，大墩岭剖面明显富含Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Ti、Cr、Mn、Cu、Rb、Sr、Nb、Ba和P，而Si、Na、Co、Ni、Pb则表现为亏损；在UCC标准化图与CL标准化图中，大墩岭黄土与古土壤变化趋势基本一致。大墩岭剖面尚处于脱Ca、Na的大陆风化初期阶段。与其他地区的风尘沉积相似，大墩岭黄土沉积很可能也起源于上部陆壳，但不排除物源存在一定差别。风尘堆积时该区的气候环境比黄土高原要干冷，这与青藏高原第四纪以来的强烈隆升有直接关系。     

南京老虎山黄土剖面的磁化率及Rb和Rb/Sr对古气候的指示意义

宁镇地区的下蜀黄土记录了古气候变化的丰富信息，作为中国北方风尘堆积的南部边缘相，下蜀黄土在全球环境变化研究中占有重要的地位。以10cm间距系统分析了典型的下蜀黄土剖面-老虎山剖面的Rb,Sr含量和频率磁化率，结果表明，磁化率对冬季风场强度化有较好的指示意义。但在指示下蜀黄土的风化成壤强度方面不很理想；Rb含量可以作为指示东亚冬季风强度的替代性指标；Rb/Sr比可以作为下蜀黄土化学风化强度的替代性指标，Rb/Sr比由剖面下部至上部升高是长江中下游地区12万年以来成壤作用增强的结果。     

南海西北部表层沉积物常量元素地球化学特征

分析了南海西北部198个表层沉积物的常量元素地球化学特征,研究了沉积物常量元素的含量分布特征、富集程度和粒度效应。结果显示,沉积物的常量元素以SiO2、Al2O3、CaO含量较高,平均值分别为45.9%、8.53%、16.7%,其中SiO2、Al2O3代表了陆源碎屑组分,CaO代表了生物碎屑组分。陆架区具有较高的SiO2含量,陆坡区具有较高的Al2O3、CaO含量,但是,Al2O3的高含量在深水下陆坡区,而CaO的高含量在上陆坡岛礁区。总体上,常量元素Fe2O3、K2O、MgO、Na2O、TiO2与Al2O3具有相似的含量分布特征,指示细粒组分的吸附作用;而SiO2、CaO与Al2O3呈相反的分布特征以及负相关关系,反映了沉积物的常量元素受到石英矿物和碳酸盐矿物的稀释作用。大部分元素的富集因子介于1~2之间,富集特征不明显,表明碎屑物质主要为地壳来源,仅CaO、MnO出现较高的富集因子,指示陆坡区生物富集作用和深水陆坡区化学沉积作用的贡献。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,