防腐高效溶样罐-ICP-MS测定生物体中As、Hg等9种微量元素

本文采用防腐高效溶样法,实验消解了国家标准物质GBW08517(海带)、GBW08571(贻贝)、GBW08573(黄鱼)、GBW010016(茶叶)、GBW07602(灌木枝叶)及GBW07603(灌木枝叶),标准模式测试了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb、Se与Zn元素,测试结果大致与标准值相符合。该方法具有操作简单、扣合速度快(一秒扣合)、试剂用量少、密封效果好、安全可靠、消解完全(有效消解有机质)、批量处理(一次完成200个样品)等优点,可在生物及环境样品分析中广泛应用。     

海带中12 种元素ICP-OES 检测的三种前处理方法对比研究

运用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry,ICP-OES)比较研究了干法灰化、湿法消解和微波消解3种前处理方法对海带样品中Se、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg、P、As、Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb 12种元素含量测定的影响。结果表明,不同前处理方法对微量元素的测定结果会产生不同程度的影响。干法灰化对易挥发元素As等带来明显的负误差;湿法消解由于加入的消解液量大,对低含量的微量元素常带来较大的试剂空白;微波消解法相对于其他两种前处理方法适于样品的快速消解,具有操作简便、试剂用量少、操作误差小等优点,检测结果具备较高的准确度、精密度和回收率,对海带样品微波消解ICP-OES检测的相对标准偏差为0.29%~2.63%,加标回收率为87.3%~103.6%。微波消解是海带等海洋生物样品中微量元素测定较理想的前处理方法。     

防腐高效溶样罐-ICP-MS测定海洋生物体中微量元素

为明确海洋生物体中微量元素的含量状况，开发了一种适合海洋生物体中微量元素准确测定的分析方法。研究采用防腐高效溶样罐对GBW08517（海带Saccharina japonica）与GBW08571（贻贝Mytilus coruscus Goyld）2种国内海洋生物标准物质进行2种不同前处理方法的消解实验，然后应用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测试了包括稀土元素在内的33个微量元素。实验结果表明，除个别元素外，测试结果均与标准值相符合，且前处理方法1消解的生物样品测试结果更加准确和稳定。使用防腐高效溶样罐优化了生物样品处理的消解方法，能有效去除生物样品中的有机基体，使ICP-MS充分发挥优势。与以往的消解方法相比，在生物消解中效果优于微波消解，前处理方法1还具有易操作、处理效率高、低试剂消耗、安全性强、避免样品污染等优点。     

悬浮液进样氢化物发生原子荧光法测定海洋沉积物样品中痕量砷

人类对砷的认识已有很长的历史,近几十年来关于砷对环境的污染以及对人体健康的影响日益受到人们的关注.砷是海洋沉积物中常见的主要环境污染元素之一,目前测定它的常用方法有砷钼酸-结晶紫分光光度法[1]、氢化物-原子吸收分光光度法[1]、催化极谱法[1]、氢化物-原子荧光光谱法[2],但是这些方法需将样品制备成溶液,处理过程冗长,易引起操作沾污和待测成分损失,而且试剂消耗量大,同时产生的酸气对操作人员的身体健康非常有害,为此分析工作者一直在寻求一些新的前处理技术.     

海水中总溶解氮测定的高温燃烧法和湿化学氧化法的比较

对测量海水中总溶解氮(TDN)的两种常用方法——高温燃烧法和过硫酸钾氧化法进行了比较。结果表明,两种方法在空白、精密度和准确度实验中不存在显著差异。对不同化合物的回收率均在92%～107%之间,加标回收实验回归曲线的斜率分别为0.93和0.92。对于现场海水样品的测定结果,两个断面拟合的斜率分别为0.92和0.97。HTC法比PO法对实际海水样品的氧化效率略高,在操作上也更方便、快捷。因此,高温燃烧法更适合海水中总溶解氮(TDN)的测定。     

氢化法—原子吸收测定海洋沉积物和悬浮物中痕量砷

本文介绍了硼氢化钾还原氢化法—原子吸收快速测定海洋沉积物和悬浮物中痕量砷的方法。经试验比较,选择硝酸—硫酸消化样品,砷(Ⅴ)经0.7％硫脲和0.35％抗坏血酸预先还原为砷(Ⅲ),样品中共存元素对测定无干扰。本法简便、快速、灵敏。     

微波消解仪在海洋沉积物重金属环境有效态及全量分析形态分析中的应用

通过研究微波消解酸量及酸系、消解温度、消解时间、是否赶酸、是否加入 HF 等条件,得出了在加入12.5mL的4 1的NO3 -HCl时,微波消解温度175℃、消解时间20 min的情况下,近海海洋沉积物成份分析标准物质(GBW 07314)样品消解液不经赶酸(或经120℃赶酸后)直接以原子吸收分光光度计测定,其中Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr的溶出值在环境有效态标准范围内;Zn介于环境有效态与全量分析形态标准之间.基于上述条件,再加入2.5mL的HF后样品消解液经赶酸后测定,其中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr的溶出值均在全量分析形态标准范围内.     

液闪谱仪快速测定沉积物中90Sr方法的改进研究

针对当前使用的沉积物样品中~(90)Sr检测方法存在的操作繁琐、检测效率低的问题,建立用液闪谱仪快速检测~(90)Sr的方法。样品经微波消解后,用二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸(HDEHP)分离出~(90) Sr的子体~(90)Y,利用Bi_2S_3沉淀消除210Bi对测定结果的干扰,二次萃取后直接利用液体闪烁谱仪对其中~(90)Y活度进行测量。用标准试剂测定液闪谱仪测量样品总体积为8mL时的最佳萃取剂与闪烁液体积比为18∶2。改进的方法可节省样品检测时间10h以上,~(90)Y探测效率达到64%,沉积物样品质量活度探测下限达到0.103Bq/kg。通过测量样品源衰变曲线计算的~(90)Y半衰期为64.05h,与国际计量局(BIPM)核数据专集中的国际评估值64.04h在不确定度范围内一致。     

ICP-AES测定海洋生物体中13种元素的微波消解条件优化

报道了微波密闭消解正交试验条件优化电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES),同时测定8种海洋生物体中硒、铁、锰、锌、钙、镁、锶、砷、镉、铬、铜、铅和镍等13种元素含量的实验结果。优化后的样品消解条件为加入的HNO3V:H O2 2V=6.0 mL:1.0 mL,第二步程序升温温度为170℃,消解时间20 min;测定标准曲线相关系数大于0.999,相对标准偏差为0.30%~2.55%,加标回收率为92.0%~104.8%,方法检出限为0.0010~0.0468μg/g。结果表明,优化后方法测定操作简便、具有高的灵敏度、准确度和精密度,且能多元素同时测定,适合于海洋生物样品中这些元素含量的准确测定,并可为评估海产品食用安全提供科学依据。     

海带中砷在大鼠体内代谢过程中的形态变化

研究了海带中砷元素在大鼠体内代谢过程中的形态变化。采用Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为空白对照组和高剂量海带组、低剂量海带组,每组10只,雌雄各半,分别灌胃基础饲料和添加50%、25%海带粉(占饲料粉的比例)的饲料。实验结束后,取大鼠血液、胃内容物、回肠内容物、回盲部内容物和大肠末端内容物,采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定样品中的砷形态和含量。结果表明,海带中的砷在大鼠体内代谢过程中形态发生变化;空白对照组大鼠胃、回肠、回盲部和大肠末端的内容物中砷含量较低,主要砷形态为二甲基砷(DMA)和五价砷(AsⅤ),且不含有砷糖化合物;添加海带组大鼠胃、回肠、回盲部、大肠末端内容物中含有砷糖化合物及少量的砷胆碱(AsC)、砷甜菜碱(AsB)、DMA和AsⅤ,海带中的砷在大鼠的大肠末端主要以砷糖和小分子有机砷形态排出体外。空白对照组和添加海带组大鼠血液中的砷形态均为DMA和少量AsⅤ,添加海带组大鼠血液中未检出砷糖化合物。本研究旨在为阐明海带中砷元素在体内的代谢变化提供参考依据。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,