波浪浮标数据比测评估

海浪是我国海洋环境业务化观测要素之一,也是海洋预报的重要参数之一,波浪观测仪器对海浪长期、稳定、准确的观测直接影响了科学研究和海洋海岸工程设计的科学性和合理性。为此,波浪观测仪器需进行室内实验室测试和室外海上测试,但目前进入业务化系统的波浪观测仪器一般只进行了实验室计量检定,缺乏现场测试评价。现阶段,用于波浪观测的主要仪器为重力式波浪浮标,为进一步检验重力式测波浮标的稳定性、可靠性,验证波浪数据的有效性、准确性,本文设计了实验室和海上比测试验,分析对比了国内外几种主流测波浮标的观测结果,总体来看,山东省科学院海洋仪器仪表研究所的SBF3-2型波浪浮标和国家海洋技术中心的SBF6-1型波浪浮标观测效果最好,准确性较高,稳定性较强。     

海洋观测仪器的通用技术要求

海洋观测仪器是实施海洋观测活动的基础,其性能影响海洋观测数据的准确性和海洋观测活动的质量。按照不同观测平台对海洋观测标准体系进行分类,梳理了海洋观测要素及其仪器有关的基本参数; 根据海洋观测活动的特点列出了海洋观测仪器的一般技术要求,有助于推进海洋观测仪器应用的标准化工作。 从海洋观测仪器的检定校准和现场比测 2 方面整理了海洋观测数据的质量控制方法,为提高海洋观测数据质量提供支撑。     

海洋仪器计量检定校准数据处理系统

随着海洋仪器在海洋调查、海洋监测、海洋科研等领域的广泛应用,开展海洋仪器的计量检定校准工作成为了国家海洋计量站最基本的业务工作之一。“海洋仪器计量检定校准数据处理系统”是专门为海洋仪器计量检定、校准数据的处理而设计的软件系统,文章详细介绍了该系统的结构和功能。     

AUTOSAL 8400B实验室盐度计的检测方法

盐度是海洋水文监测中一个重要被测参量,高质量盐度数据的重要性已经在远海调查和近海调查中被认知。大部分的盐度监测数据是通过现场多参数监测仪器(如CTD)获取的,而实验室盐度测量依然是获得高精度盐度数据的有效方法。AUTOSAL 8400B实验室盐度计是加拿大Guildline仪器公司研制开发的一种高精度的测量海水电导率比值的仪器,其测盐最大允许误差可达到±0.002 psu,经常被用于标准海水的定值和CTD仪器的校准。我国国内引进了不少该型仪器,为了把好其质量关,国家海洋标准计量中心研发了一套对该仪器进行科学的检测的方法。     

pH(酸度)计检定装置建标技术探讨

pH(酸度)计检定装置是省级气象计量酸雨类检定项目中一项新建计量标准,在标准考核筹备中对计量标准考核规范和检定规程容易出现理解偏差和模糊点。根据酸度计工作原理,对新建标准准备中在标准器及配套设备、量值溯源及检定实验等方面易出现的技术问题进行了讨论分析,并提出了具体的解决方法。     

我国海洋观测技术的现状,差距及其发展

海洋观测技术和海洋工程技术是海洋资源开发、海洋环境保护和海洋学研究的两大支柱。发展海洋事业,应优先发展海洋观测技术。本文综述了我国海洋观测技术的现状,与先进海洋国家相比较存在的差距及当前和今后一段时间内我国海洋观测技术的发展。内容包括:遥感技术,浮标和潜标技术,船用观测调查技术,滨海台站观测技术,污染监测技术,海洋标准计量和通用技术。文章最后对发展我国海洋观测技术提出了几条政策性建议。     

海洋站仪器质量座谈会

海洋局科技司和装备司主持的海洋站仪器质量座谈会于1983年6月7日～9日在海洋仪器研究所召开。与会代表有海洋局科技司、装备司、政研室、海洋学报、各分局、海洋局和海洋学院等共25人。座谈会首先由仪器所李付所长讲话;听取了李长连同志代表海洋站仪器检查组作了“关于对我局部分海洋站仪器质量及计量工作抽查情况”的报告。报告中指出:自1982年上海召开的海洋站仪器计量检定工作座谈会以来,我局的海洋站仪器计量检定工作有所改进,仪器超检现象明显减少。但也发现一些问题,现用仪器中仍有16％超检,备用仪器中有18％超检,12％的仪器无备用,备用     

国家海洋标准计量中心简介

国家海洋标准计量中心成立于 1 990年 7月 ,是国家海洋局直属事业单位。同时兼为国家海洋计量站 ,是国家质检总局授权的国家级法定计量检定机构和国家科技部与国家质检总局联合授权的科技成果检测鉴定国家级检测机构。国家海洋标准计量中心的主要职能是管理全国海洋标准化、计量和质量工作 ,为海洋管理、海洋经济发展、海洋科技进步和国防建设提供技术支撑与公益服务 ,其基本任务是 :　　 (一 )宣传并贯彻执行国家有关质量技术监督工作的方针、政策和法律法规 ;拟订全国海洋质量技术监督工作的法规、管理制度和规划、计划 ,并对全国海洋质量…     

CTD观测资料中“峰值”产生的原因及其避免的措施

通常所说的海洋观测技术,它包括观测方法以及有关仪器设备的使用方法两个方面。近年来随着电子技术的发展,海洋仪器也得到了迅速的发展。特别是微机被应用到现场观测之后,海洋观测仪器的自动化程度大大前进了一步,使它由过去只能指示或记录数据,发展到能在现场对原始数据进行初步分析处理,提高了观测资料的精确度,加速了海洋研究工作的进程。仪器的高速度发展,要求调查人员必须迅速地掌握正确的观测方法,对观测资料的可靠性具有分析判断能力,这样方能充分发挥现代化仪器的作用,提高海洋调查工作的水平。     

声学多普勒剖面流速仪检测方法探讨

声学多普勒剖面流速仪(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,简称ADCP)在国内海洋调查和水文监测行业应用越来越广泛,但是作为一种计量仪器还没有行之有效的检测方法,这对仪器的使用、数据的质量控制造成很大影响。文中对国内外ADCP现场和实验室的检测方法进行了研究探讨,提出了ADCP的检测参数以及现场和实验室检测的技术难点,并对今后ADCP的检测工作给出几点建议。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,