上新世以来南海海水表层温度（SST）的变化

The reconstruction of sea surface temperature(SST) is a key issue in research on paleoceanography. The recently related studies are mainly concentrated on the Quaternary. The skeletons of a typical species of benthonic foraminifer(Amphistegina radiata) in the top 0–375.30 m interval of Well "Xike-1" reef core, Shidao Island, the Xisha Islands, are uniformly selected. The ratios of magnesium to calcium concentrations and other indicators are analyzed by an electron microprobe analysis(EMPA) with the purpose of estimating the paleo-SSTs since the Pliocene and further investigating the periodic change law of paleoclimate in the South China Sea(SCS).Meanwhile, the geologic significance of paleoclimatic events in the SCS is discussed with global perspectives. The results indicate that the paleo-SSTs reconstructed by the ratios of magnesium to calcium concentrations in the SCS show a general periodic trend of "high–low–high–low" in values changes since the Pliocene. By comparison,the fluctuations of reconstructed paleo-SSTs are much stronger in the Quaternary. Moreover, the variations of the ratios of magnesium to calcium concentrations in the A. radiata skeletons have recorded a series of major paleoclimatic events since the Pliocene, of which the Quaternary glaciation events and the Arctic ice cap forming events during the late Pliocene are more significant. Thus, using the changes of the ratios of magnesium to calcium concentrations in the A. radiata skeletons from Well "Xike-1" reef core to reflect the relative changes of paleo-SSTs is a relatively feasible and reliable way in the SCS, which is also proved by the correlation of drilling cores characteristics in this area.     

基于五种油源的中重度风化溢油的常规鉴定指标的应用效果评估

本文利用采集于我国三大油田的五种原油样品开展了长达210天的溢油风化模拟实验,并依据相对偏差和重复性限数学分析法,进行溢油风化过程分析和诊断比值应用效果评估。研究结果表明:经过210天的风化,溢油鉴定诊断比值发生明显改变;其中来源于萜烷、甾烷和多环芳烃的诊断比值变化率要远低于正构烷烃,可用于中长期风化溢油鉴定。此外,研究发现,在这些有效诊断比值中有4个变化率较小,相对偏差低于5%,保持了较好的稳定性,更适合于重度风化溢油鉴定。     

金属离子种类对珊瑚砂微生物固化影响研究

选用巴斯德芽孢杆菌,对微生物诱导钙离子、镁离子以及铁离子形成碳酸盐固化松散珊瑚砂颗粒的效果进行对比研究。试验结果表明,在相同试验方法、相同注入次数的条件下,微生物诱导形成的碳酸钙和碳酸镁能将珊瑚砂松散颗粒固化成为整体,加入铁离子的试样因为反应过程的原因没有成功。通过渗透性、干密度变化、无侧限抗压强度及微观结构等方面进行对比分析,钙离子试样相对于镁离子试样,具有固化过程平稳、干密度增量大、强度高、微观颗粒包裹更好的优点。综合试验结果得出,钙离子是现阶段微生物固化珊瑚砂较为理想的金属离子。本试验首次探讨了金属离子种类对珊瑚砂微生物固化效果的影响,为微生物固化技术提供了一定理论基础,对该技术的进一步应用具有一定借鉴意义。     

Tracing the inputs and fate of marine and terrigenous organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments: A multivariate analysis of lipid biomarkers

An understanding of the carbon cycle within arctic sediments requires discrimination between the terrigenous and marine components of organic carbon, insight into the removal mechanisms for labile carbon during burial and appreciation of shelf-to-basin processes. Using a large data set of multiple molecular organic markers (alkanes, alkanols, sterols, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids), we apply (1) principal components analysis (PCA) to obtain a robust comparison of biomarker compositions in Arctic Ocean sediments, (2) geometric mean (GM) linear regression of the PCA variables to estimate the relative contributions of labile/marine and stable/terrigenous sources to each biomarker and (3) the slope of the GM regression of each biomarker with TOC to provide a novel measure of the removal rate of each biomarker relative to phytol. The PCA- and TOC-based indices generally increase together: biomarkers with very high TOC-based removal rates such as the saturated and unsaturated n-alkanoic acids generally have a high labile/marine content from PCA, while the sterols have low removal rates, but exhibit a range of labile/marine content values and the n-alkanes and n-alkanols have low values for both. A dominant feature of all PCA models examined is a progressive decrease in the autochthonous/marine biomarkers with each increase in sediment core depth, which points to a universal diagenetic alteration of organic carbon with depth in the cores. The PCA model also displays a shelf to basin trend that is non-diagenetic and implies the ongoing (centuries or more) delivery of long-chain n-alkanes, n-alcohols and n-alkanoic acids in a matrix that is pre-formed and well-preserved within the sediments. Terrigenous biomarker distributions within the PCA model suggest that atmospheric transport of plant waxes in aerosols and the water borne transport of very fine plant macerals likely have significant roles in the export of these vascular plant biomarkers to the basins. Biomarker ratios and profiles of the PCA-based labile/marine content with core depth indicate that the PCA model is more strongly influenced by the biomarker lability than the marine content, while increases in the marine content are largely responsible for the shifts in composition for near-surface core sections.     

Interactions of cadmium(II) and protons with dead biomass of marine algae Fucus sp.

Samples of dead biomass from the marine brown algae Fucus ceranoides, Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus were studied for their ability to remove cadmium from aqueous solutions. The metal sorption process is rapid, with 90% of the metal uptake completed within the first 25 min of contact. The kinetic data was described successfully by a pseudo second order chemical sorption process with rate constants of ca. 0.6 g mmol^− 1 min^− 1. At pH 4.5, the raw biomass of the three species exhibited equilibrium uptake capacities for Cd as high as 0.8 mmol g^− 1 (90 mg g^− 1), on a dry weight basis, without chemical pretreatment. These sorption capacities are much higher than those reported for activated carbon and chitin. The sorption of Cd was found to increase as pH increases, reaching a plateau at pH 5.Batch sorption experiments and continuous potentiometric titrations of acid-treated biomass samples in 0.05 M NaNO₃ were used to derive thermodynamic binding parameters according to the NICCA model. The total amount of acid sites was 2.4–2.9 mmol g^− 1, with median values of the affinity distribution for protons and cadmium ions, log K˜_H and log K˜_Cd, of 3.7 and 2.69, respectively (conditional values). The apparent heterogeneity of the sorbent was successfully taken into account by the empirical NICCA isotherm, which described very well the competition between protons and metal ions, in contrast with a simpler discrete competitive Langmuir model.The experimental results demonstrate that these seaweeds constitute a promising, efficient, cheap and biodegradable sorbent biomaterial for cadmium removal from wastewaters. This use would represent an example of exploitation of a renewable marine resource in water treatment technologies for the prevention of heavy metal pollution in the environment.     

Experimental simple shear study of composite soil with cemented soil core

Abstract

Cement soil mixing piles are an effective treatment method for marine soft clay. To investigate the static and dynamic characteristics of the composite soil with cemented soil core, a series of experiments are carried out by using the cyclic simple shear test. The result shows that, the static shear strain showed strain hardening, cemented soil core can improve static shear strength of composite soil, vertical stress can enlarge reinforcement of cemented soil core. The tendency of strain development of composite soil with different area replacement ratios under cyclic loading is the same as that of pure clay, existing critical cyclic stress ratios corresponding to different area replacement ratios. In addition, improving area replacement ratio can increase cyclic strength. At same time, adding of cemented soil core does not change shape of hysteresis curve compared with it for clay either. Moreover, cemented soil core can also obstruct stiffness softening. Through regression analysis of the experimental data, relationship between cyclic number and soil softening index is proved to be linear. The results can give a reference for the dynamic characters of the marine soft clay foundation with cement soil mixing piles.     

Export flux and stability as regulators of community composition in pelagic marine biological communities: Implications for regime shifts

Regime shifts occur when a system transitions from one stable configuration to another. Such abrupt changes in biological communities may reflect small changes in environmental conditions such as temperature, oxygen concentration, or irradiance. Although it seems clear that biological communities are not randomly organized with respect to their functional components, there is disagreement concerning the factors that control that organization. In this paper, I examine the implications of assuming that the composition of pelagic marine biological communities evolves to a condition of maximum stability or resilience. At temperatures of 25 °C or less, a model based on this hypothesis predicts abrupt and discontinuous transitions from configurations associated with low export ratios to configurations associated with high export ratios as the rate of primary production increases. Comparison between field data and model predictions shows very good agreement at low and high production rates, but the field data do not support a step-function transition from low to high export ratios at intermediate rates of production. Instead, the field data are consistent with the assumption that food webs effect the transition between high and low ef ratio modes by reconfiguring themselves in a more-or-less continuous manner. The configurations associated with these transitions are at least locally more resilient than any similar food web structure.     

海水中大分子有机质对铂族元素的吸附动力学研究

Adsorption kinetics of the interaction between Pt, Pd and Rh(defined here as platinum group elements, PGEs)ions and macromolecular organic compounds(MOCs, 10 kDa), including humic acid, carrageenan and bovine serum albumin, and different cutoff fractions of natural organic matter(1 kDa and 3 kDa) obtained from seawater using centrifugal ultrafiltration devices were investigated. For a given element, all the adsorption kinetics did not reach equilibrium except the interaction between Pt and 1 kDa cutoff, and between Pd and humic acid.For all the tested MOCs, the adsorption kinetics could be divided into two stages, a rapid adsorption process in the first 8 h and the desorption stage after the first 8 h until the equilibrium. The change trend of partition coefficient(log_(10)K_d) values with experiment time was consistent with that of the kinetic curves. However, in the interaction between PGE ions and natural dissolved organic matter(NDOM), an obvious difference in the change trends of log_(10)K_d and kinetic curves was observed. It indicated that the partition behavior of PGE ions interacting with NDOM in seawater was a combined effect of different organic constituents. The adsorption and log_(10)K_d of PGEs in the 1 kDa NDOM fraction were higher and more stable than those in the 3 kDa NDOM fraction. The results also indicated that the 1–3 kDa NDOM may dominate the interaction between PGEs ions and NDOM. Moreover, no kinetic model could perfectly simulate the adsorption process. It indicated that the colloidal struction and morphology of MOCs or NDOM in seawater might be inhomogeneous. Hence, the interaction between PGE ions and organic matter in seawater was a complicated process and needs further research.     

我国瓯江口和珠江口凤鲚洄游模式和生境利用研究

Habitat use of the tapertail anchovy(Coilia mystus Linnaeus, 1758) from the Oujiang River Estuary and the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary was studied by examining the environmental signatures of Sr and Ca in otoliths using electron probe microanalysis. Individuals from the Oujiang River had higher and varied Sr:Ca ratios(expressed as(Sr:Ca)×1 000, 3.83–13.0 average) in the otolith core regions, suggesting that they were born in brackish or sea waters, and that a freshwater habitat might not be necessary for egg hatching and larval growth.While, individuals from the Zhujiang River had lower Sr:Ca ratios(0.39–2.51 average) in the core regions,suggesting a freshwater origin. After hatching, anchovies from the Zhujiang River migrate downstream to the river estuary close to brackish water. Our results demonstrated varied habitat use for spawning during stages of early life history between the two populations, and suggested that such variations are promoting diversity of life history strategies of this species.     

The study of wave pressure and uplift force on a submerged plate

Boundary element method (BEM) is used to study wave pressure acting on a vertical quay, as well as the uplift forces on a submerged plate. The plate, placed in front of the quay, is bored with holes. The results are then compared with the case of a plate without any perforation.The results showed that: for q/h = 0.45, where q is the depth of submergence of the plate and h is water depth, wave pressure acting on the vertical quay is very similar for plates with or without borings. However, with q/h = 0.20, wave pressure on the quay is changed according to wave periods, widths of the plate, the distance of the plate away from the quay, as well as the ratio of the holes to the plates. Uplift forces exerted on the plate are indeed smaller for plates with borings than without, and decrease with increasing porous ratio. Furthermore, the uplift forces will be the same for the same porous ratios, regardless of these ratios being caused by a single or a double perforation.     

Essential properties of Boussinesq equations for internal and surface waves in a two-fluid system

Boussinesq equations describing motions of internal waves in a two-fluid system with the presence of free surface are theoretically derived, and the associated essential properties are examined in this study. Eliminating the dependence on the vertical coordinate from all variables, four equations constitute the Boussinesq model with two flexible parameters, z_u and z_l, which indicate the specific elevations, respectively, in the upper and lower fluids. Similar to the Boussinesq model for a single-layer fluid, z_u and z_l are determined by matching the linear dispersion relation with Lamb's solution. This determines the optimal model. In the analysis stage, this problem is classified into two cases, the thicker-upper-layer case and the thicker-lower-case case, to avoid the possible divergence of wave properties as the thickness ratio grows. Since there exist two modes of motions that may be excited, cases of both modes are separately analyzed. Linear characteristics including the amplitude ratios and normalized particle velocities are analyzed. Second-order harmonic waves are examined to validate nonlinear behaviors of present model. Results of linear and nonlinear investigations show that the present model indeed extends the applicable range of traditional Boussinesq equations.     

基于图像处理的异重流与系泊结构物作用模型试验研究

异重流广泛存在于江河入海口附近，速度快、破坏力强，给近海工程的施工作业带来不小的难度。为了研究系泊结构物在异重流作用下的运动响应，基于图像处理技术，采用开闸式异重流模型试验方法，将异重流和结构物作为研究对象。利用图像处理技术处理由高速摄像机拍摄的结构物运动图片，从而获得结构物运动的时历曲线。对比讨论了不同密度比的异重流对结构物运动的影响，同一密度比的异重流对处于不同深度结构物运动的影响。研究结果表明：结构物运动受异重流密度的影响较大，结构物的运动幅值随着密度的增大而增大。处于高密度流体非混合层的结构物受到异重流的作用会产生大幅度的顺时针旋转和正x方向偏移；位置较高的方柱受到淡水的主导作用，会产生逆时针旋转和负x方向偏移。位于盐水与淡水剧烈混合区域的方柱并不会产生单一方向的偏移，而是在平衡位置附近波动。     

The lipid geochemistry of antarctic marine sediments: Bransfield strait

Ten sections of a 10m long sediment core from Bransfield Strait, Antarctic region, have been examined for hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, sterols, hopanoic acids, lignins and stable isotope ratios. The resolvable lipid compound classes generally occur in the following order of abundance: n-fatty acids > n-alkanes > n-alcohols > sterols > PAH with n-fatty acids comprising 50–80% of the lipids. The distribution of various lipid components indicate that they are principally from marine autochthonous sources, largely from diatoms and bacteria and to a lesser extent from dinoflagellates. There is no evidence from the lipid fraction of significant terrestrial plant input, which was also confirmed by the absence of methoxyphenols of the lignin degradation products. Aeolian transport from other continents appears to be minor or negligible. Minor amounts of epigenetic (mature) triterpenoids and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons found in all the samples are probably derived from submarine outcrops of weathered coaliferous shales. Stable carbon isotope ratios fall within a narrow range (−25 to −26‰), characteristic of Antarctic plankton. Coprostanol is the major stanol identified in the sediment core, most probably derived from the excreta of marine mammals, i.e. whales. Perylene, the dominant PAH, appears to be of marine origin in these Antarctic sediments. The presence of labile alkenes, unsaturated fatty acids and diploptene to a depth of 10m implies that little diagenetic alteration of the lipids has occurred. The sub-zero bottom water temperatures and the anoxic environmental conditions of this basin have preserved the total organic matter in the sediments, at least down to a depth of 10m.     

楚科奇海盆M04柱晚更新世以来沉积古环境记录

对"中国第五次北极科考"采自楚科奇海盆的M04柱进行粒度、冰筏碎屑、黏土矿物、岩心XRF扫描、沉积物颜色分析,初步建立了楚科奇海盆晚更新世MIS4期以来的沉积地层框架。MIS4期以来,楚科奇海盆M04柱沉积物粒度和黏土矿物组成具有明显的冰期/间冰期变化特征,冰期沉积物粒度分布以双峰态为主,由洋流搬运和海冰搬运沉积组分组成,伊利石含量高、高岭石含量低;间冰期沉积物具有三峰态粒度分布特征,由海冰搬运、洋流搬运和冰山搬运沉积组分组成,伊利石含量低、高岭石含量高。通过M04柱黏土矿物组合类型与北冰洋边缘海盆的表层沉积物黏土矿物组合类型对比表明,晚更新世以来楚科奇海盆沉积环境发生显著变化:温暖的间冰期受波弗特涡流驱动,波弗特海为研究区的物源输入提供了主要贡献;寒冷的冰期表层环流呈反向输运,细颗粒物源碎屑以东西伯利亚海的输入为主。     

Effects of irradiance on pigment signatures of harmful algae during growth process

Three harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, Phaeocystis globosa, Thalassiosira rotula, and Proro-centrum donghaiense were isolated from the coast of China and cultured in batches at three light intensities (40, 70 and 150 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1). The variation patterns of cell numbers and growth rates with light intensity during growth process were different among species. In P. globosa and T. rotula, maximum growth rates were found at 150 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1 and ranged from 0.60 divisions per day in T. rotula, to 1.17 divisions per day in P. globosa. The highest growth rate of P. donghaiense, however, was found at 70 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1 (0.36 divisions per day). In general, all the three HAB species showed adaptation to increasing light intensity by decreas-ing cellular concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a), but the variation patterns during the growth process were species-specific. The cellular concentrations of Chl a in P. donghaiense and T. rotula increased gradually with incubation time, but the opposite trend was found in P. globosa. Most of the pigment ratios and pigment indices of these three species were nearly constant during the growth process and showed small changes at different light intensities illustrating the applicability of chemotaxonomy during the initial and developing stages of HAB events, which is very important to study the ecological issues related to HAB species. Ratios of photoprotective carotenoids, such as diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin and β,β-carotene to total chlorophylls a (Tchl a) showed the trend of increasing with the increase of light intensity during growth process. The species-specific and pigment-specific variations in pigment ratios/indices at different light intensities during growth pro-cess probably reflected the differences in the pigment composition as well as the adaption capabilities of different species to the changes of physical conditions.     

Reactive iron delivery to the Gulf of Alaska via a Kenai eddy

Mesoscale anticyclonic eddies in the Gulf of Alaska are an important mechanism for cross-shelf exchange of high iron, low nitrate coastal waters and low iron, high nitrate offshore waters. A Kenai eddy was sampled in September 2007, 8 months after formation. The subsurface eddy core layer contained reactive iron concentrations more than eight times greater than waters at the same depths outside the eddy. The subsurface core of the Kenai eddy (25.4≤σ_θ≤25.8) is suggested to be seasonally important as these waters can be brought to the surface with storm events and deep winter mixing. The deeper core layer (25.8≤σ_θ≤27.0) is suggested to be a source of iron to HNLC waters on a longer timescale, due to isopycnal mixing and eventual eddy relaxation. The subsurface and deeper core layers are important reservoirs of iron that can promote and sustain primary productivity over the lifetime of the Kenai eddy. In addition, dissolved and leachable particulate manganese are shown to be excellent tracers of eddy surface and subsurface waters, respectively.     

Analysis of primary production in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, using a simple ecosystem model

A simple model of lower trophic level ecosystem has been created to analyze possible environmental control of primary production in eight sub-areas of the Seto Inland Sea. The primary production rates observed by Hashimotoet al. (1997a) in these sub-areas are well reproduced by the model, including horizontal processes such as horizontal transport of nutrients and vertical processes such as vertical mixing, light intensity and sinking of particulate matter. Without taking account of horizontal processes the model also successfully reproduces the observed primary production rates in some areas, but if fails to reproduce those in the others. This shows that the relative importance of the horizontal transport on the primary production differs are by area. Two time scales,T _z andT _H, are introduced to explain this difference.T _z is a vertical cycling time of material, which is defined as the time during which the stock of the material in the water column is utilized for primary production;T _H is the horizontal transit time of the material. The relative importance of the horizontal process is well explained by theT _H/T _z ratio; that is, the horizontal transport process is important in the areas where this ratio is small. Further the possible mechanisms of nutrient supply for the primary production in each sub-area are investigated using this model.     

Impact of salinity on early life history traits of three estuarine fish species in Senegal

The adaptive mechanisms on the early life stages of fishes to hypersaline stress are still poorly understood and probably determine the resistance of a population to disruption, compared with other less plastic species. The Casamance River in Senegal is an ideal location to test the adaptation to salinity as a dam was built in 1998 to exclude saline water intrusion. This lowered the salinity from 70 to 5 upstream and 60 downstream. The salinity influence on the growth in the early life of three West African fish species (Ethmalosa fimbriata, Sarotherodon melanotheron, and Tilapia guineensis) was studied using the width of microstructures in the otoliths and the individual migratory behaviour analysed from strontium (Sr) to calcium (Ca) ratios in the otoliths. The Sr:Ca ratio was quantified along individual transects measured from the posterior edge of the otolith to the core. The fishes were sampled on both sides of the dam that separated water with low salinity upstream from metahaline and hyperhaline water downstream.The results showed that salinity has different influence on the growth of each species. Ethmalosa fimbriata has the highest growth during the first 180 days in the freshwaters, indicating growth inhibition in the hyperhaline areas. For the two other species no growth difference were found. The Sr/Ca ratio varied widely, in Tilapia and Sarotherodon from below the dam. Individual life histories were more heterogeneous than upstream and showed a crossing of the dam for some individuals which could reach half of the fishes analysed. On the contrary in E. fimbriata, despite the large range of salinity, identical Sr/Ca profiles were found both upstream and downstream. This indicated that Sr/Ca ratio was not appropriate to evaluate life history patterns linked to salinity for this specie.     

Adsorption of lead and cadmium ions on calcite in the Krka estuary

The adsorption of Pb²⁺ and of Cd²⁺ ions from calcareous Krka river water of various salinities (3, 14, 20 and 38 psu) on calcite (CaCO₃, Merck p.a.) was investigated. Simultaneous adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions was studied as well. The results suggest that the two ions are adsorbed at different calcite surface sites; Pb²⁺ remained firmly bound to calcite at all salinities, whereas Cd²⁺ was firmly bound at low salinities and released at high salinities. Dissolved natural organic ligands at the freshwater-seawater interface (FSI; at 14 psu) promoted and below the FSI (at 20 psu) decreased the adsorption of Cd²⁺. The experiments were performed at metal concentrations of 8 × 10⁻⁸ mol l⁻¹ and at natural pH values around pH 8. Adsorbed amounts of trace metal ions were determined in filtered samples by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) with a three-electrode system, after 24 h of equilibration with calcite. Several adsorption models were tested, such as Freundlich's, Langmuir's and Schindler-Stumm's surface coordination model. Adsorption isotherms belong to S-1 class of empirical adsorption isotherms. None gave reasonable values of adsorption constants. The fractional partitioning of adsorbent to the solid phase when normalized to the quantity of adsorbent present (K_d) declined as solid concentration increased. It was found that the surface charge is not responsible for the observed effect. Instead, aggregate size increased, which effected a loss in surface area. This is a reasonable explanation for the observed S-shaped adsorption isotherms curves.     

中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积地球化学特征及富集机制研究

本文对中印度洋海盆深海富稀土沉积区两根柱样GC02和GC06开展了沉积物涂片观察,X-射线衍射分析,主量、微量和稀土元素分析,以及单矿物原位微区地球化学分析等,探讨了其地球化学特征、物质来源及稀土元素（REY）的富集机制。结果表明,GC02柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土和沸石黏土,GC06柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土、含沸石黏土和沸石黏土。稀土元素主要在含沸石黏土和沸石黏土中富集。北美页岩标准化（NASC）配分模式指示沉积物的REY主要来源于海水,矿物学和地球化学等特征表明该地区沉积物陆源组分可能主要源于澳大利亚的风尘物质。元素相关性和CaO/P₂O₅比值等指示了深海富稀土沉积中REY的主要赋存矿物为生物磷灰石（鱼牙/骨等）,其次为铁锰微结核。本文总结和探讨了深海富稀土沉积的形成机制,完善了深海富稀土沉积形成过程的概念模型。