石岛海域污损生物生态学研究

2016年3月-2017年3月在石岛海域进行了污损生物挂板实验,综合分析了该海域污损生物的种类组成、群落结构和季节变化等特点,并与邻近海区污损生物群落进行了比较。本次调查共发现污损生物21种,分析结果表明,石岛海域污损生物群落结构和数量随季节发生明显变化,夏季种类最多、丰度最大,秋、春季次之,冬季则很少有污损生物附着。根据CLUSTER分析结果,可将月板分为三个群落组,温度较凉爽的4月、5月和10月为一个群落组,温度最高的6月、7月、8月和9月为一个群落组,其余月份温度最低,为一个群落组,SIMPROF分析检验表明,各群落组间具有显著差异,且特征种各有不同。丰度/生物量比较曲线表明,在季板和年板中,只有夏季板的污损生物群落结构不稳定,这与小型节肢动物的爆发性增殖有关。和邻近海域相比,调查海域生物量偏低,但污损生物随季节变化趋势基本相同。     

东海污损生物群落研究 Ⅰ.种类组成和分布

对东海污损生物群落进行系统的研究,共发现污损生物３５８种,其中藻类８７种,动物２７１种,主要类群有甲壳动物、软体动物、多毛类和苔藓动物。污损生物种类数呈远岸区多于内湾区多于近岸区多于河口区的趋势。盐度对种类分布的影响最大,从河口区向远岸区,随着盐度的增大,污损生物种类由淡水种向低盐种再向高盐种演替。污损生物种数的季节变化明显,夏季最多,秋季次之,冬、春两季较少,这与水温关系最为密切     

近海污损生物生态研究进展

污损生物是影响海洋设施安全与使用寿命的重要因素之一。由于地理位置和环境因素的差异,各近海海区污损生物群落的种类组成和结构特点会出现不同,但基本上均由双壳类和无柄蔓足类构成污损生物群落的主要框架。开展数学生态模型研究是准确预测污损生物群落形成和发展过程的关键,但这需以大量的实海调查资料及数据库的构建为基础。此外,探讨污损生物群落的演替变化机制还可为海洋恢复生态学的发展提供借鉴。因此,开展近海污损生物研究不仅在海洋产业具有极高的应用价值,而且在基础研究领域也具有重要的科学意义。     

烟台市龙口港污损生物生态研究

于2007年03月22日至2008年03月21日在山东省烟台市龙口港附近海域,进行了为期1年的挂板试验,本次调查共记录该海域污损生物32种,优势种为内枝多管藻(Polysiphonia morrowii)、软丝藻(Ulothrix flacca.)、肠浒苔(Entermorpha intestinalis)、中胚花筒螅(Tubularia mesembryanthemum)等.该海域全年均有污损生物附着,月板平均生物量为525.18 g/m2,5-11月的生物附着量较高,最高值出现在7月;季板平均生物量为1569.39 g/m2,生物群落的种类组成和生物量变化明显,其中秋季板生物量最高,龙口海域污损生物的附着种类受季节性水温变化的影响比较明显,藻类开始附着的温度低于动物.4个季度污损生物的种群多样性指数(H忆)春季最高,均匀度指数(J)和种群丰富度指数(M)则夏季最高.统计分析表明,龙口港海域污损生物群落可大致划分为 4个组群,秋季附着的污损生物代表了试验海域的主要特征,同时揭示出污损生物附着季节、演替时间长短等是影响群落种类组成的重要因素     

珠江口东南近海海区污损生物研究

为研究珠江口东南近海海区污损生物状况,于1986年5月至1987年6月,在香港东南约114和160km,水深为95和113m处布设了两个生物浮标站,并对距香港约172km,水深为115m处的Marex水文气象浮标上的污损生物群落进行调查.此次调查共采集和鉴定出污损生物78种,其中在浸海只有3个月的试板上,主要有柄蔓足类、水螅和藻类,优势种是细板条茗荷、茗荷和直杯螅.至于浸海时间达6～12个月的浮标(包括沉标)及锚链系统,其上还有相当数量的多种双壳类软体动物、无柄蔓足类和苔藓动物等硬性污损生物附着.在种类垂直分布方面,污损生物群落组成随深度发生明显变化.     

厦门港大型污损生物的垂直分布

海洋污损生物对航运、海防、海洋工程和水产养殖设施以及沿海工厂的海水冷却管道都有危害。郑重、黄宗国等对厦门港污损生物的种类、数量和附着季节进行过调查研究。污损生物的种类组成、数量、群落演替及它们之间的相互关系都随不同时间、条件和地点而变化。我们运用生物统计求出这些差异的规徘性,为采取有效的防污措施提供理论依据。本文通过对周年挂板试验数据的数理统计,描述厦门港大型污损生物垂直分布的现象,并试加分析。     

广东电白浮标污损生物生态研究

本文根据1985年对广东电白沿岸浮标进行污损生物调查的结果,报道了该海域污损生物的种类组成、附着厚度、覆盖面积和湿重。共获得92种生物,优势种是Balanus reticulatus和Brahcidontes variatiIis。大部分浮标都完全被污损生物所覆盖,附着厚度为8-15mm,湿重3.8-14.7kg/m2。浮标侧面、底部及尾管内的污损生物群落有一定的差别。位于港内、港口和港外的浮标,其污损生物群落也不同,布放于海中一年的浮标,污损生物群落已接近顶级,二年浮标的污损生物群落有所衰退。     

东海污损生物群落研究：I.种类组成和分布

对东海污损生物群落进行系统的研究,共发现污损生物３５８种,其中藻类８７种,动物２７１种,主要类群甲壳动物,软体动物,多毛类和苔藓动物,污损生物种类数呈远岸区多于内湾区多于近岸区多河口区的趋势,盐度对种类分布的影响最大,从河口区向远岸区,随着盐度的增大,污损生物种类由淡水种向低盐种再向高盐种演替,污损生物种数的了节变化明显,夏季最多,秋季次之,冬,春两季较少,这与水温关系最为密切。     

湛江湾某燃煤电厂烟气脱硫海水排放区污损生物群落特点

2016年2月至2017年3月在湛江湾某燃煤电厂烟气脱硫海水排放区进行了污损生物挂板调查,共记录污损生物38种,优势种是网纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticalatus)、强壮板钩虾(Stenothoe valida)、翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)、圆鳃麦杆虫(Caprella penantis)等,调查海域全年均有污损生物附着,但种类和附着量季节性差异明显,污损生物附着盛期为春季和秋季,污损生物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Margalef丰富度指数(d)春季最高.相关性分析显示,中层挂片上生物量与盐度、悬浮物含量呈显著性相关,相关系数为-0.694和0.701.ABC曲线分析显示,夏季、秋季、上半年、下半年污损生物群落结构不稳定,冬季群落结构稳定性受到严重威胁,春季、周年挂片群落结构稳定.     

上海芦潮港海域污损生物的分布特征及生态特点

2007年3月1日至2008年2月29日在上海芦潮港附近海域进行了污损生物周年挂板试验,调查了该海域污损生物的种类组成、优势种、附着季节和生物量分布特征,分析了主要污损生物的生态特点.结果表明,该海域共鉴定出污损生物52种,隶属于9个生物门类,其中藻类5种,腔肠动物11种,苔藓虫6种,多毛类2种,软体动物5种,甲壳类1...     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,