人工养滩工程的综合防护原则及设计方法

在分析海滩失衡现状及总结人工养滩研究进展的基础上,提出在养滩设计过程中,应分析出现问题,根据地方需求并针对地形地貌条件制定方案.养滩设计最关键的是滩肩高度、剖面型式以及客沙粒径、坡度等参数的确定.滩肩补沙只是补充沙源的手段,而减缓侵蚀需要配合其他养滩方法,使养滩效果更佳.通过工程辅助手段,解决泥沙收支不平衡等问题,形成养滩补沙—构筑物护沙的综合养滩方法.在设计阶段应制定海滩监测计划,为海滩再养护参数确定提供数据.     

日照石臼港人工岬湾海岸设计及稳定性研究

基于日照万平口海区三期水深地形调查资料、水动力及海底沉积物调查数据,研究了日照石臼港海域人工岬湾海滩建设前后波浪场的变化、沉积物在波浪作用下沿岸输运变化及海岸侵蚀冲淤特征,并模拟验证了人工沙滩建设后的平衡岸线,明确了不同长度防波堤建设后海滩的稳定性及其设计的合理性。结果表明:防波堤建设前研究区入射波浪与岸线有一定夹角,导致波浪作用下沉积物有由南向北输移的趋势;人工岬湾的建设可改变近岸波浪场,继而影响沿岸泥沙输运,对岸滩稳定有重要影响;海岸工程、波浪场及泥沙输运三者相互作用,是人工岬湾海岸稳定性的关键因素。     

广东台山岬湾砂质海岸侵蚀影响因素

在海平面上升的背景下,海岸侵蚀灾害日趋加剧,砂质海岸普遍遭受海洋侵蚀。基于广东台山浪琴湾海滩和望头湾海滩2个岬湾砂质海岸的调查资料,对其海岸侵蚀现状、影响因素等进行研究分析,认为风暴潮与人为因素是目前岬湾砂质海岸侵蚀最大的影响因素。为防止砂质海岸侵蚀、保护砂质海岸提供科学参考。     

静态平衡岬湾海岸理论及其在黄、渤海海岸的应用

岬湾海岸是一种稳定的海岸存在形式,在天然海岸中岬湾地貌占51%。岬湾海岸研究是研究砂质海岸稳定性及演变的重要内容。岬湾海岸理论在海岸稳定性、海岸工程预测以及海岸综合治理方面有其重要的工程价值。文中详细讨论了岬湾理论中最具工程意义的抛物线型岬湾海岸线及基于静态平衡岬湾海岸理论开发的可视化应用软件MEPBay在海岸工程中的应用,并验证了该理论对黄、渤海海岸的适用性。MEPBay软件不仅有助于理解海岸形态过程,也是海岸工程师在岸线保护及海岸管理实践中的有力辅助工具。     

潜式与离岸式人工岬头护滩作用和水交换特征比较

潜式人工岬头和离岸式人工岬头是两种改良式人工岬头,与传统人工岬头相比,它们对岸滩的保护效果稍弱,但能改善岬湾内的水交换。以北戴河西海滩养滩工程为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,对潜式岬头和离岸式岬头的护滩效果和改善水交换效果进行研究比较。首先建立岸线演变模型和物质输运模型,对工程后的岸线演变及水交换情况进行模拟。岸线演变的模拟结果表明,潜式岬头和离岸式岬头的护滩效果均较好,但潜式岬头后的岸线形状相比离岸式岬头后更为平滑。同时讨论海滩的侵蚀和淤积特性对潜式岬头和离岸式岬头的影响以及潮汐条件对冲淡时间的影响。与传统岬头相比,潜式岬头和离岸式岬头可以很好地减少岬后冲淡时间以及改善岬湾内水交换,而护滩效果只是稍有减弱。因此,潜式岬头和离岸式岬头都是改善岬湾水交换的有效工程措施。     

北戴河海滩养护中的原滩环境调查

从海岸演变、沉积过程、动力条件、泥沙运移等多角度阐述了北戴河海滩养护区域自然环境条件.北戴河海岸属于岬湾沙质海岸,具备岬湾养滩的天然条件,发育多条断续分布的水下沙坝,原滩剖面为侵蚀性剖面;西海滩蚀退速率＞2 m/a,属于严重侵蚀岸段;波浪的强浪向NNE和ENE,常浪向S,潮流为NE —SW向的往复流,沿岸泥沙净输沙方向为NE— SW向.洋河浅海泥沙中值粒径为0.31～0.58 mm,物化性质均符合养滩需求,为理想沙源.通过构建合适的人工岬头和离岸潜堤配合人工养滩可以恢复受蚀的海滩.     

基于线性材料力学模型的海岸岬湾形态特征研究

具有岬湾形态的海岸一般具有良好的稳定性,是海岸侵蚀修复中经常使用的岸线形态,而岬湾形态特征与海岸水动力之间的确切关系还没有形成量化的描述。本研究定义了海岸岬湾形态特征的基本参数,基于历史卫星影像的解译,采用比拟、统计的研究方法,统计了全球240个岬湾的平面形态特征参数,分析得出：（1）岬控比（K）的值介于1.2至1.8之间,平均值为1.41,方差为0.02,标准差为0.16;（2）凸出度（ρ）的值介于0.2至0.51之间,平均值为0.34,方差为0.01,标准差为0.08;（3）根据弧形岸线形态和波浪绕射的不同,将自然海岸岬湾形态分为切线夹曲线型、曲线连切线型和曲线夹切线型3类。采用数值模拟,将线性材料受力变形的过程比拟于岬湾海岸线受水动力作用达到静态平衡过程,以线性材料为媒介,初步探究了岬湾平面形态与波浪之间的关系,对海岸线的预测、修复和保护海岸具有应用前景。     

平衡岬湾理论在莱州湾东岸砂质海滩的应用分析

岬湾海岸是世界上分布最为广泛的海岸形态,其形态特征可以反映岸线的长期冲淤变化趋势,相应的理论模型被提出来用以模拟平衡状态的岸线形态。莱州湾东岸从龙口港至刁龙嘴发育4个典型的岬湾海滩,本文利用常见的3个岬湾模型模拟该处海滩形态,并分析各模型的适用性,结果显示抛物线模型模拟结果适合本研究区,通过模拟和现场调查发现该区域绝大部分岸段将仍然处于侵蚀状态,人为作用在岸线的冲淤演化中影响巨大。     

粤东靖海湾海岸地貌动力演变及其工程影响

受人为工程的影响,相对稳定的岬湾海岸地貌常经历显著的动态调整。本文以粤东靖海湾典型岬湾海岸为例,运用Mc Laren模型、波浪动力场数值模拟、等深线对比、冲淤计算等多种方法,从海岸地貌动力学角度,对人为岬角工程前后岬湾海岸地貌动力过程和冲淤演变进行综合分析。结果表明:1)海岸地貌动力系统内常存在负反馈机制以维持系统的稳定。岬角工程后上岬角防波堤沿SSW延伸,ESE和E向浪经过防波堤时发生绕射,波能削减,湾顶动力减弱,海滩沉积物从下岬角向湾顶反向运移;2)海滩的蚀积状态在工程前后发生了转换,工程前遮蔽段侵蚀、开敞段堆积;工程后遮蔽段堆积、开敞段侵蚀;3)海湾水下地形对岬角工程的响应敏感,工程后海湾水下地形冲淤剧烈。     

华南岬湾海滩冲淤演变特征及其机制分析—以南澳岛前江湾为例

岬湾海滩在华南地区普遍分布,众多海滩面临侵蚀退化问题,对其海滩冲淤演变特征及机制的研究具有重要的现实意义。本文以粤东重要的旅游海岛南澳岛南部的前江湾为研究区,利用滩面调查、遥感影像数据与历史海图和实测水深数据,研究1970—2022 年海滩冲淤特征,并从水动力、沿岸输沙、稳定岸线形态等方面,探讨人类活动对海滩冲淤演变的影响机制。结果表明：前江湾海滩蚀淤演变在东南沿岸码头防波堤海岸工程建设前后呈现不同的空间变化特征,切线岸段前期侵蚀、后期侵蚀加剧,弧形岸段前期淤积、后期侵蚀;人类海岸工程造成的岬角位置变化和沿岸输沙受阻是影响海滩蚀淤演变的主要机制,导致岬湾岸线平面形态变为不稳定状态,区域沉积物的亏损也加剧了海岸失衡;自东向西的沿岸输沙的不均衡对其海岸线演变的空间特征起控制作用。     

Multigrain sedimentation/erosion model based on cross-shore equilibrium sediment distribution: Application to nourishment design

In the light of global warming and sea level rise there are many coastal beaches that suffer from erosion. Beach nourishment has become a common practice to maintain the sediment balance on a shore-face. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model for evaluating long-term impact of beach nourishment projects has been developed. The model addresses the longstanding complex issue of coastal morphology and sediment grain size distribution from an unconventional angle, which exploits the strong links between grain size distribution and the prevailing transport direction of each sediment constituent under ‘average’ wave and storm action. The present model predicts the redistribution of nourished sediment according to the subtle clues implied by equilibrium distribution curves and latest coastal wave transformation theories. After verification against recent field observations in Terschelling, The Netherlands, the model was used to predict long-term effects of different beach nourishment strategies. It was found that: (a) given the source sediment available in Terschelling the tactics of large volume and less frequent implementation are better than otherwise; and (b) from a pure engineering point of view, waterline nourishment outperforms offshore trough nourishment.The model offers an additional tool for coastal engineers to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness and the optimization of dumping locations for beach nourishment projects. It is also a useful tool for stratigraphic modelling of shallow-marine sedimentation in conjunction with sea level changes.     

海滩修复养护技术发展趋势与前景

海岸侵蚀是沿海各国面临的共同问题,海滩养护是当前砂质海岸保护的最佳手段,在全球范围内得到广泛应用。本文回顾了海滩养护技术的发展历程,总结了世界范围的海滩养护实践,分析各国海滩养护理念上存在的差异。以研究文献为基础,总结归纳了平面和横向剖面的补砂方式、辅助工程技术和海滩模型预测等方面的海滩养护技术研究进展,并在此基础上提出了海滩养护的未来发展趋势:①针对复杂海岸的海滩养护应用拓展;②基于沉积物管理的海滩养护修复;③从地貌系统到生态系统全面考虑的海滩养护技术;④全球砂源赤字条件下的海滩保护和修复思路。     

Numerical study of shoreline changes by emergency beach nourishment project at the Middle Beach of Beidaihe, China

Beach nourishment is a common coastal management strategy used to protect beach from erosion along the sandy coastlines. This method has been successfully applied to an emergency project at the West Beach of Beidaihe in the summer of 2008 and the full West Beach nourishment project in 2009-2010, which is the direct base of this study. Some basic information about the emergency engineering area at the Middle Beach is firstly described. The shoreline change of this area, including the analysis of beach width in five monitoring profiles in the bathing places of Middle Beach, is then discussed. After that a numerical model based on one-line theory is established and the numerical results agree well with the measured shorelines, which indicates that the model is appropriate and is qualified to predict the shoreline change of the Middle Beach. With the same model and parameters, long-term performance of the project is predicted, and the result shows that without follow-up nourishment and project, the bathing places can remain suitable for bathing for about 10 a. It is suggested to nourish the beach in time and carry out the beach nourishment project for the full Middle Beach in Beidaihe.     

河北省沙质海岸侵蚀灾害和防治对策

河北省沙质海岸是渤海海岸侵蚀灾害最严重的区段之一,海岸侵蚀主要表现于海滩沙粗化,滩肩迅速变窄,滩坡变陡,基岩裸露的比率增多.岸线蚀退率达1.5～3.5m/a,严重制约了海滩旅游事业.整治海难,刻不容缓.采取岸外潜坝和丁坝群等人工建筑物和大量补沙相结合的海滩养护方法应是当前最迫切、最科学和最实际的方法,只有南段沙丘和沙坝-泻湖岸段可采用植树种草的生物学方法护岸.     

Linear evolution of a shoreface nourishment

The morphological evolution of a shoreface nourishment is investigated by interpreting the nourishment as a linear perturbation of the natural system. The nourishment is projected onto the subset of linear eigenmodes with negative growth rates of the morphodynamical system. The evolution of these linear modes then determines the temporal behaviour of the shoreface nourishment. The method is presented, and results are shown for shoreface nourishments of different length scales on a straight coast and subject to normal incidence. Shoreface nourishments are represented by their expansions according to the projection method on a 1:50 plane beach profile. All nourishments are shown primarily to be diffusive features, with long scale nourishments diffusing more slowly than shorter length scale nourishments. Long scale nourishments also exhibit a shoreward movement during their decay. This all indicates that long length scale nourishments may be more beneficial in coastal engineering projects. This study is a first step towards nonlinear projection to study shoreface nourishment behaviour.     

海滩养护影响下的海岸风沙作用研究进展

海滩养护已经成为全球基于自然（nature-based）海岸防护的主要手段,并得到广泛应用。随着全球强风区海岸海滩养护工程数量的增加,海滩养护对海岸风沙过程产生的一系列影响逐渐得到重视。海滩养护工程形成了新的海滩地貌形态,扩大了海滩风区、增加了风沙物源、提高了滩面高程、改变了滩面沉积物,海滩地貌和沉积物组分变化引起了风沙运动过程的变化,与自然海滩风沙过程相比,有其独特的过程和特征,已经成为海岸风沙研究的热点之一。本文从海滩养护影响下的风沙环境变化、风沙活动变化以及养护海滩对沙丘的影响等3个方面梳理了国内外研究进展,提出养护海滩风沙研究存在区域不平衡以及风沙过程的综合性影响和定量化研究不足等问题,并结合我国海滩养护未来的发展趋势,从强风区养护海滩风沙运动规律、养护海滩风沙环境全要素的综合影响和风沙作用变化的模型评估等方面展望了我国养护海滩风沙研究的未来发展方向。     

海滩养护过程和工程技术

海滩养护是根据设计方案,向海滩大量抛沙,或者同时辅以硬工程,使受蚀海滩增宽和稳足的工程,是抵御海岸侵袭灾害的最佳措施。上世纪末发达国家已普遍开展,我国目前尚属起步,但近年发展迅速。该工程分调查,重建和修补3个阶段,三者相互补充和制约。重建前必须充分调查目标岸段,以为设计养护方案提供依据;重建阶段应注重抛沙位置、沙成分、抛沙量和沙源选择等工序;重建后应进行多年的剖面监测和再抛沙的修补。在那些浪大,沙少和岩礁裸露的侵蚀岸段,应辅以丁坝或岸外潜坝等硬工程加以抵浪,维持所填沙的稳定。     

海平面上升情景下辽东湾海岸侵蚀及影响评估

基于海洋站潮位观测和中国沿海海平面变化影响调查等数据,分析了辽东湾沿岸海平面变化及海岸侵蚀状况,并定量评估了未来海平面上升情景下,辽东湾两岸典型沙质海岸侵蚀影响和沙滩养护投入。分析预测和评估结果表明:1980-2017年,辽东湾沿海海平面上升速率为3.0 mm/a,其中辽东湾东岸沿海海平面上升速率明显高于西岸。2009-2017年,辽宁营口白沙湾、绥中网户、绥中南山港和绥中团山气象观测场岸段后退和下蚀较为严重,部分岸段滩肩蚀退达2～3 m/a。预计2100年,辽东湾沿海海平面上升幅度在20～48 cm之间,由海平面上升引发的辽东湾海岸侵蚀土地损失为23.1 km2,土地经济损失为1410万元。为减缓海岸侵蚀,旅游沙滩和一般沙滩养护总投入分别为11亿元和46亿元,全岸段养护成本较高,应选取旅游沙滩等重点岸段进行养护。     

The effects of beach nourishment on the sandy-beach amphipod Exoediceros fossor: impact and recovery in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia

Beach nourishment is increasingly being implemented to address problems of erosion. However, the ecological consequences of nourishment are poorly understood, especially in Australia. In Botany Bay, sand was piped from an intertidal borrow area at Elephant's Trunk to nourish the nearby eroding beach at Towra Point. The effects on an intertidal exoedicerotid amphipod, Exoediceros fossor (Stimpson, 1856), were examined using a beyond-BACI (Before–After, Control–Impact) sampling design. Sampling was conducted before and after engineering operations at sites within the borrow and nourishment locations and multiple control locations. Hypotheses concerning impact and recovery were tested using asymmetrical ANOVAs and two-tailed F-tests. These examined the effects on abundance and spatial variability, respectively. The impact of the engineering operations on abundance was very large at both borrow and nourishment locations. However, recovery started within several weeks and, using space × time interactions as a criterion, appeared to be complete within a year. This conclusion is made cautiously because of low statistical power and because other criteria for recovery suggest that it was not complete at some sites. As beach erosion is likely to increase in severity with rising sea levels and greater storm surges associated with climate change, management authorities will need a better understanding of the ecological effects of beach nourishment.     

人工海滩研究进展

海滩是激浪作用下泥沙在激浪带的堆积,是海岸带最活跃的地貌单元。近年来,由于世纪性的海平面上升,侵蚀型海滩范围扩大,侵蚀加重,海滩宽度变窄、坡度变陡和滩面物质粗化等问题日益严重,引起了广泛关注,亦成为海岸工程研究的热点课题之一。几十年的工程实践表明,海滩喂养与人工海滩是当前防护海滩侵蚀最有效的措施,并已为欧、美、日等国广泛应用。利用海岸地貌学原理方法,借鉴模拟环境条件类似的周边自然海滩的形成和演变规律,合理的设计海滩物质的颗粒大小和组成,海滩的坡度、高度、宽度以及填砂范围等关键参数,能够有效地使人工海滩更快的达到平衡状态并维持其稳定。在海滩的娱乐休闲功能在国际范围内日益受到重视的今天,这一方法在海岸工程应用上具有重要的现实意义。