铁对浮游植物吸收营养盐的围隔实验初岁研究

利用围隔实验初步研究了铁的加入对浮游植物吸收营养盐的影响.结果表明,春季向黄海天然水体中进行单纯的DIN和PO4-P加富并不能明显地促进浮游植物的生长(M2与Ml相比),在营养盐加富的条件下铁的加入则能够对浮游植物的生长起到明显地促进作用(M3、M4与M2相比);铁的加入能够明显提高浮游植物对DIN和P04.P的吸收利用率.加铁围隔M3和M4中浮游植物对DIN的吸收利用率分别为59%和45%,分别比M2提高了9倍和6.5倍;对PO4-P的吸收利用率分别为88%和86%,均比M2提高了3.2倍.M3和M4中浮游植物对氮的平均吸收速率分别是M1的2倍和M2的1.5倍;对磷的平均吸收速率以M3中最高,达到了其他围隔袋的2倍之多.铁的加入能够提高浮游植物对氮的平均吸收速率;对于磷来说,低浓度(10-2umol/L)添加铁似乎对其吸收速率无甚影响,但是添加10-1umol/L的铁能够明显的促进浮游植物对磷的吸收速率.铁的加入能够明显降低浮游植物体内的氮磷比,且这种响应非常敏感.     

长江口营养盐结构特征及其对浮游植物的限制

根据2013年5月、11月两个航次的调查资料,分析了长江口营养盐浓度及其结构的分布变化,并探讨了营养盐对浮游植物的限制情况。长江口营养盐分布存在季节差异:口门外NO3-N、NO2-N浓度均为春季高秋季低,PO34-P、3SiO2-Si、NH4-N浓度则秋季高春季低,口门内除NO2-N外,NO3-N、PO34-P、SiO23-Si、NH4-N浓度均为秋季高于春季。NO3-N、PO34-P、SiO23-Si浓度从近岸向外海逐渐降低,NO2-N、NH4-N浓度分布规律不明显。NO3-N是DIN的主要存在形态,其占DIN的比例为春季95%、秋季83%。春季、秋季DIN/P均高于16,表现出长江口过量的DIN输入,春季Si/DIN基本小于1,秋季Si/DIN大于1。春季由于硅藻的局部生长使DIN/P异常升高、Si/DIN异常降低,秋季西北部海区受苏北沿岸流影响,呈低DIN/P值和高Si/DIN值分布。受含过量DIN、SiO23-Si的长江冲淡水的影响,春、秋季均表现为PO34-P潜在相对限制。春季由于浮游植物的大量吸收,局部出现PO34-P、SiO23-Si的绝对限制。当同时考虑绝对限制和潜在相对限制时,春季15.38%的站位受PO34-P限制,限制情况较上世纪90年代更为突出。     

近4年来象山港赤潮监控区营养盐变化及其结构特征

根据2002—2005年4—9月份象山港赤潮监控区表层海水营养盐(Si,N和P)监测基础资料,分析、探讨了监控区水域的营养盐变化及其结构特征。分析结果表明:4年来,监控区水质富营养化严重,DIN的污染程度明显高于PO4-P;Si,N和P营养盐含量的空间波动程度存在明显的年际差异;SiO3-Si,PO4-P和NO3-N含量的月变化特征主要受港湾内藻类等浮游植物的生命活动和陆源径流的共同影响;NH4-N含量的月变化特征受鱼类新陈代谢强弱的影响。4年来NH4-N的含量略有升高,NO3-N和SiO3-Si的含量均有所降低,而NO2-N和PO4-P的含量则保持稳定;SiO3-Si/PO4-P比值略有所减小,NO2-N/DIN,NH4-N/DIN,NO3-N/DIN,DIN/PO4-P和SiO3-Si/DIN的比值均保持稳定。4年来整个监控区DIN一直处于热力学平衡状态,NO3-N量占DIN的83.77%～97.23%,是该海域DIN的主要存在形式,PO4-P一直是该海域初级生产力的主要潜在限制性因子。SiO3-Si/DIN<1,与DIN相比,SiO3-Si略显不足。     

营养盐对浒苔生长影响的围隔生态实验

2008年6月在青岛近海围隔实验研究了营养盐对浒苔生长的影响。结果表明,添加营养盐的围隔浒苔湿重生物量明显高于未添加营养盐的对照组和海区实验组。一次性添加f/2配方的营养盐和一次性添加N的2组浒苔日均相对增长率分别达10%和9%,围隔外海区对照只达4%。浒苔可在短期内快速大量地吸收营养盐,一次性添加f/2配方的营养盐储备液(水体浓度约f/8)的围隔中,浒苔24 h内对N和P的吸收速率分别为9.25μmol.g-1.h-1、0.63μmol.g-1.h-1。丰富的营养盐能够促进浒苔的迅速生长,营养盐的种类和浓度对浒苔的生长影响显著,种类多、浓度高的营养盐环境有利于浒苔生长。相对于NH4-N和PO4-P,充足的N源是浒苔快速生长的重要影响因素。     

2011年夏秋季辽东湾营养盐分布及环境容量研究

利用2011年夏季和秋季辽东湾海域水质现场调查资料,讨论了整个辽东湾海域氮、磷营养盐的分布特征,进而通过计算富营养化指数(EI)和氮磷比(N/P)对辽东湾富营养化现状进行了评价,并估算了无机氮和活性磷酸盐的环境容量。结果显示,无机氮(DIN)和PO4-P浓度均呈现出河口大于远海、底层大于表层、秋季大于夏季的特征。夏秋季海水EI值均大于1,富营养化状况较为严重;海水N/P值大于16,营养盐结构严重不平衡,浮游植物生长处于显著的磷限制状况。整个辽东湾PO4-P环境容量仍有剩余,DIN环境容量夏季仅有极少余量,秋季已无余量,需对DIN的入海负荷进行大力削减。     

围隔生态系内不同粒级浮游植物群落变化研究

通过现场围隔实验，模拟赤潮发生过程，研究了种群不同生长阶段中不同粒级浮游植物种群的变化情况。结果表明，添加营养盐能有效促进浮游植物的生长，东海原甲藻围隔（M1）和自然水体围隔（M2）中浮游植物分别于第7天和第4天出现生长高峰，叶绿素a最大值分别为112．79mg／m和235．60mg/m。微型浮游植物与微微型浮游植物存在竞争，微型对微微型生长的抑制作用：M2〉M1。在营养盐丰富时，硅藻的增殖速率比东海原甲藻快，达到高峰期时间短，消亡也快。硅的减少促进硅藻水华的消亡。     

荣成湾营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素分析

根据2009年2月、5月、8月、11月4个航次的调查数据,分析了荣成湾水体的溶解无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)、硅酸盐(Sio3-Si)的时空分布特征及其影响因素,并对荣成湾营养盐的潜在限制进行了讨论.结果表明,荣成湾营养盐含量及分布与养殖海带的生长周期有着紧密的联系:海带生长初期(11月)营养盐含量较高,营养盐的平面分布呈近岸高外海低的变化趋势,NO3-N为DIN的主要成分;海带生长后期(5月份)水体营养盐含量较低,DIN分布趋势与11月份基本一致,PO4-P表现为湾中部较高,近岸和湾外较低,NO3-N和NHL-N是DIN的主要成分;海带收获后期(8月份)营养盐含量极低,DIN呈近岸浓度低外海浓度高的变化趋势,PO4-P和SiO3-Si则呈近岸高外海低的变化趋势,DIN主要以NH4-N为主.荣成湾水体浮游植物生长在春、秋和冬季基本不受营养盐的限制,夏季主要受到P的限制,基本不受N、Si的限制.     

近10年涠洲岛周边海域表层海水营养盐含量变化特征

根据2004~2013年间涠洲岛邻近海域共30个航次的营养盐监测结果,分析了涠洲岛邻近海域海水中营养盐的组成和变化特征.结果表明:无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)浓度的季节变化特征均为冬季秋季夏季,Si O2-3-Si各季节浓度差别不大.受陆源输入的影响,无机氮年际变化幅度比较大,整体上呈现上升趋势,NO-3-N与DIN的变化趋势基本相似,且对无机氮的贡献最大;Si O2-3-Si和NH+4-N呈现出逐渐下降的趋势,其中Si O2-3-Si下降趋势比较明显;PO3-4-P则呈现先增加后下降的趋势.营养盐化学计量比以及浮游植物生长营养盐限制因素分析结果显示,涠洲岛邻近海域主要属于磷限制,整个海域处于贫营养化程度.近10年来涠洲岛邻近海域海水中的Si/N逐年降低,N/P先降低后增加,这种变化趋势可能会导致浮游植物种群的变化.     

营养盐在东海春季大规模赤潮形成过程中的作用

为研究营养盐在东海大规模赤潮形成过程中的作用,分别于2004,2005年春季在东海赤潮爆发前进行了2个航次的海上调查。调查结果显示:DIN,PO4-P,SiO3-Si浓度分别高达15,0.55,15μmol.L-1以上,调查海域整体上处于富营养化状态;受陆源输入影响,调查区域营养盐分布呈现出近岸高、外海低,等值线走向与岸线基本平行的特点。同2004年相比,2005年春季调查海域营养盐高值区明显外扩,营养盐水平整体升高:其中DIN浓度升高9%、PO4-P升高18%、SiO3-Si升高60%,硅磷比上升60%,硅氮比上升了47%。研究结果表明,较高的营养盐浓度水平,较高的硅酸盐含量以及较高的硅磷比、硅氮比值是2005年春季优先爆发大规模硅藻赤潮的重要原因之一。     

胶州湾营养盐结构的长期变化及其对生态环境的影响

根据 1 962年— 1 998年 81个航次的调查和历史资料 ,讨论了胶州湾营养盐及其结构的长期变化和对生态环境的影响。近 40年来 ,胶州湾无机N和P浓度分别增加了 3.9倍和1 .4倍 ,DIN/PO4 P摩尔比从 1 5 .9± 6.3增加到 37.8± 2 2 .9,SiO3 Si浓度保持在一个很低的水平。高的DIN/PO4 P比例和很低的SiO3 Si/PO4 P比例 ( 7.6± 8.9)及SiO3 Si/DIN比例 ( 0 .1 9±0 .1 5 )表明 ,胶州湾营养盐结构已经从比较平衡到不平衡。根据化学计量营养盐限制的标准 ,DIN和PO4 P作为胶州湾浮游植物限制因子的可能性已经减少或消失 ,SiO3 Si限制已经增加。营养盐结构的变化已经导致大型硅藻的减少和浮游植物优势种组成的变化 ,大型硅藻可能趋向于小型化。胶州湾生态系统的这些变化是人类活动影响的直接结果。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.