广东三水盆地玄武岩源区特征与南海早期演化

南海在扩张前是否经历了陆内裂谷阶段是南海成因研究中一个重要的问题。三水盆地位于南海北部陆缘,其新生代以来喷发的双峰式火山岩具备大陆裂谷的岩石组合特征。通过对其中玄武岩主微量元素分析认为三水盆地玄武岩可以分为亚碱性和碱性玄武岩系列,两者均显示出明显的Nb、Ta正异常,相对于大陆地壳具有较低的Th/Sc、La/Nb和U/Al×1000,陆壳混染程度低;首次对盆地内玄武岩进行40Ar-39Ar测年,结合前人年代学结果表明玄武质岩浆强烈喷发的时段为61～54 Ma,其中亚碱性玄武岩喷发时间(60 Ma)早于碱性玄武岩(56 Ma);通过熔融柱模型反演得到亚碱性岩浆源区起止熔融温压分别为1 517℃(3.03 GPa)和1 471℃(2.25 GPa),深度为101～76 km,碱性岩浆源区起止熔融温压分别为1 555℃(3.33 GPa)和1 506℃(2.48 GPa),深度为110～84 km,整体为石榴石-尖晶石橄榄岩过渡区且呈逐渐变深的趋势。综合岩浆源区特征以及岩石组合特征认为三水盆地在古新世具备大陆裂谷特征。通过对比三水盆地与南海扩张期岩浆活动的分布时段及源区特征,发现三水盆地与南海扩张期岩浆活动时间分布存在较长间隔,深部过程差异较大,三水盆地岩浆活动与南海扩张并无直接因果联系。     

中国南海世界首次发现碳酸岩母岩浆向碱性玄武岩连续转化现象

<正>地幔存储了地球上绝大部分的碳,其中的CO_2可能对岩浆的最初形成起到关键作用。碱性玄武岩是富碱、贫硅的一类火山岩,也是地球上主要的板内火山岩类型,但其成因长期以来存在争议。由于火成碳酸岩常与碱性火山岩相伴生,碱性玄武岩中也常常含有富CO_2的包裹体,这些都显示CO_2可能对碱性玄武岩熔     

闽北大嵛山岛火山岩岩石地球化学及成因研究

闽北近岸岛屿(大嵛山岛、浮鹰岛及东台山岛)晚中生代火山岩以凝灰岩、流纹岩类为主,偶见中基性安山岩类。大嵛山岛西北部火山岩定年结果为(100.2±1.7) Ma,可对应闽东上火山岩系石帽山群黄坑组,西部及东部火山岩定年结果为(116.7±1.5) Ma和(111.4±2.0) Ma,可对应闽东下火山岩系小溪组。主量元素结果显示该岛屿以酸性(SiO_2含量65%)火山岩为主,钾含量较高,主要为高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩。稀土元素配分图表现为轻稀土富集的右倾型特征,微量元素蛛网图表现出富集Rb、K、Pb等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Ta、Nb、Ti等高场强元素(HFS),Eu负异常,具有明显的壳源特征。两阶段Nd模式年龄(T_(2DM))为1 401～1 327 Ma,表明岩浆可能主要来源于中元古界陆壳物质。Pb同位素特征显示与富集地幔EMⅡ存在亲缘关系,表明研究区火山岩岩浆可能主要来源于与俯冲作用有关的大陆地壳物质。小溪组和黄坑组火山岩Sr同位素初始比值(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i分别为0.710 13～0.711 10和0.722 82,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd值分别为0.512 208～0.512 214和0.512 267,ξNd(t)值分别为-6.1～-6.0和-5.2,表明两组火山岩岩浆来源存在差异,可能存在不同程度的幔源物质混合作用。结合区域构造背景认为,研究区晚中生代火山岩的形成与太平洋板块俯冲作用密切相关,具有板内及火山弧特征。     

晚中新世南海珍贝-黄岩海山岩浆活动及其演化:岩石地球化学和年代学证据

南海海盆15°N附近呈东西向展布的珍贝-黄岩海山被认为是32~17Ma前南海海盆的残留扩张中心.对采自黄岩海山的两个火山岩样品(9DG,9DG-2)进行了岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究.两个样品的SiO₂含量分别为60.3%和63.6%,Al₂O₃含量分别为17.56%和17.55%,TiO₂含量分别为0.48%和0.31%,碱度率分别为3.88和3.62.根据岩石学和岩石化学分类,样品属碱性系列的粗面岩.对稀土元素和微量元素分析表明岩石具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)型配分型式,轻重稀土总量比(∑c(LREE)/∑c(HREE))和球粒陨石标准化镧镱比((La/Yb)N)分别高达17.22和27.23,并具有铕负异常和锶、磷、钛亏损的特点.样品9DG的锶-钕-铅同位素分析结果为锶-87的含量与锶-86的含量之比值为0.704183,钕-143的含量与钕-144的含量之比值为0.512827,铅-206的含量与铅-207的含量之比值为18.68668,铅-207的含量与铅-204的含量之值为15.67962,铅-208的含量与铅-204的含量之比值为39.00261,表明初始岩浆来自软流圈地幔,具有与珍贝海山玄武岩相似的同位素组成.经钾-氩法测年,粗面岩的年龄为(7.77±0.49)Ma,略晚于珍贝海山玄武岩的年龄[(9.1±1.29)~10.0±1.80Ma],属于南海扩张期后晚中新世火山活动的产物.对比珍贝海山玄武岩的地球化学和同位素特征,认为两者有相同的岩浆源区,但是它们经历了不同程度的结晶分异过程,在晚中新世期间珍贝-黄岩海山可能有地幔柱活动.     

海底熔岩风化作用及其地质意义

海底熔岩风化作用过程的研究对于澄清元素地球化学迁移具有重要的意义。首先简要介绍了海底熔岩风化作用及鉴定标志。在细致的岩相学工作前提下,利用指示风化程度的特征风化矿物如橙玄玻璃、黏土矿物(蒙脱石和蒙皂石)、沸石(钙十字沸石)以及铁的氧化物和氢氧化物,结合烧失量(L.O.I),K_2O/(K_2O+Na_2O)比值和Fe_2O_3/(FeO+Fe_2O_3)比值等识别风化岩石的化学鉴别指标,辨识了马里亚纳海槽熔岩(弧后盆地玄武岩,BABB)和火山玻璃、西太平洋海山省(白垩纪碱性洋岛玄武岩,OIB)及中生代洋壳(洋脊玄武岩,MORB)的风化程度,探讨了风化作用的原因及其对岩石地球化学数据的影响。结果表明,与超过5 Ma的海山和洋壳玄武岩相比,马里亚纳海槽玄武质熔岩风化程度很低,仅基质中的隐晶质和玻璃质及玄武岩的玻璃质边缘略微橙玄玻璃化,其余基本保持新鲜岩石结构。马里亚纳海槽熔岩和火山玻璃的很低的风化程度是因其在海底经历的风化作用时间很短。最后,我们指出,马里亚纳海槽处海底熔岩风化作用没有造成显著的元素迁移,对精确获得其全岩的元素和同位素地球化学数据不产生明显影响,而对超过5 Ma的海底熔岩的地球化学数据解释时要谨慎。     

冲绳海槽火山岩地球化学特征及岩浆源区地幔性质探讨

冲绳海槽是因菲律宾海板块俯冲于欧亚板块之下,在陆壳上发育起来的一个初始的弧后盆地,是研究弧后扩张作用早期盆地演化、岩浆作用和壳幔过程的天然实验室。尽管迄今对冲绳海槽已经做了大量的调查研究工作,但仍存在一些颇有争议或亟待解决的科学问题,如:冲绳海槽酸性浮岩与基性玄武岩之间的成因联系,冲绳海槽不同区段构造背景对岩浆作用的控制,冲绳海槽岩浆源区地幔的特征,俯冲板块组分(流体+熔体)对地幔楔部分熔融的贡献等。本文在系统收集和整理(剔除了一些存疑数据)了迄今已有冲绳海槽火山岩主量元素、微量元素(包括稀土元素)与Sr-Nd-Pb同位素数据的基础上,通过对资料的系统分析,进一步确认了酸性浮岩与基性玄武岩的岩浆同源性;认为在冲绳海槽北段与中段主要分布有酸性浮岩和中性安山岩,应该是两段区域目前正处于裂谷阶段的反映,而南段广泛分布的基性玄武岩说明在构造性质上已接近成熟性弧后盆地;冲绳海槽的火山岩岩浆源区具有II型富集地幔（EMII型）Dupal异常特征,岩浆源于流行地幔（PREMA）和EMII型地幔端元混合的源区地幔,其中EMII约占比15%,PREMA贡献率在85%左右;源于俯冲的菲律宾海板块(俯冲洋壳或沉积物)的流/熔体的加入是导致冲绳海槽下伏地幔具有EMII型特征的原因,这一点不同于Dupal异常源于壳幔相互作用的观点。     

冲绳海槽及邻区火山作用与形成演化

冲绳海槽是新月形的弧后扩张盆地，强烈的构造活动和广泛的火山作用是海槽重要的特征。本文作者主要借助对海槽火山岩的常量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd 同位素和年龄数据分析，结合火山的时空分布及相关构造地质条件，揭示了海槽火山作用的演化过程及其与本地区构造活动的关系，以便更好地了解海槽和沟-弧-盆体系的形成演化历史。作者通过研究得出:①海槽的火山岩石地球化学特征表明岩石属钙碱性系列，主要包括玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和流纹岩，岩石组成具双峰结构。②在海槽的不同区段内，火山作用具有一定的差异。海槽不同区段内火山带岩浆源区深度的差异，是造成海槽不同区段火山活动性质变化的原因，而岩浆源深度受俯冲带形态和地壳厚度控制。海槽北、中段火山岩以流纹岩和安山岩为主，流纹岩分布在海槽盆地内，形成时代较新( <1Ma)，安山岩大部分分布在岛弧火山带中，形成时代是中、晚中新世。海槽南段火山岩由玄武岩和玄武质安山岩组成，从老到新分布在琉球火山弧(大约13Ma)、台北火山带(3Ma～现代)和南段中央凹陷(晚第四纪)中。③琉球火山弧形成于中、晚中新世(17～6Ma)。但大约12Ma发生的吕宋弧与欧亚板块的碰撞作用改变了本地区的动力条件，而宫古断裂对此次改变起了阻断作用，使海槽南段的张裂要晚于北、中段。另外，中新世琉球岛弧南段的形成确定了海槽南段的弧后盆地性质。 冲绳海槽是年轻的弧后盆地，其岩浆、构造活动发育。对海槽岩浆作用的研究可上溯至20世纪50年代，但由于海水及恶劣气候等条件的制约，几十年来对海槽研究程度仍很有限，且在不同区段有很大差异。特别是对区内岩浆作用的研究，极大地受到样品采集偶然性的限制。作者收集前人资料综合对比海槽不同区段内火山活动的异同，了解海槽火山活动研究中的成就与问题， 为进一步开展此项研究打下基础。     

渤海海域黄河口凹陷渤中29-6构造火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

为了厘定渤海海域黄河口凹陷北部渤中29-6构造钻遇的90.5m火山岩系地层层位,对该套火山岩进行了系统的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年分析。薄片结果表明,该套火山岩可分为3段,自上而下分别是顶部玄武岩(2 880.5～2 910.5m)、中部煌斑岩(2 910.5～2 959.5m)和底部凝灰岩(2 959.5～2 971m)。锆石U-Pb年龄结果显示,中部煌斑岩和底部凝灰岩均形成于早白垩世时期,地层年龄晚于124Ma,而顶部玄武岩形成于新生代岩浆活动,地层年龄晚于45.2Ma,结合玄武岩上部和玄武岩中泥岩的古生物分析结果,认为该套玄武岩指示了沙河街组三段沉积期的岩浆喷出事件。本研究落实了渤中29-6构造底部连续钻遇的火山岩系地层实为中生界、新生界2套不同时期的火山岩系,对进一步理解、认识黄河口凹陷的中生代、新生代火山活动及相应的火山岩油气勘探具有重要意义。     

南海及其围区新生代岩浆活动时序与成因研究

南海及其围区新生代岩浆活动具有相似的特征,根据与南海扩张时间(32~15.5 Ma)的先后关系,将岩浆活动分为三期:扩张前(32 Ma)、扩张期(32~15.5 Ma)和停止扩张后(15.5 Ma)。从岩相学特征可知:扩张前的岩石以三水盆地双峰式岩浆岩组合为代表;根据最新的IODP 349航次的钻孔样品资料,南海海盆扩张期岩浆岩为典型的MORB,而少量的陆缘岩石资料显示,该期岩浆岩为碱性玄武岩;停止扩张后岩浆活动可分为两期,早期以大陆-大洋中脊过渡型拉斑玄武岩为主,晚期以碱性玄武岩为主。除了扩张期南海海盆的MORB,整个新生代的岩浆岩地球化学特征大体一致,与OIB相似,显示地幔源区具有不均一性,由一个DMM和一个EM端元组成,且岩石均表现出明显的Dupal异常特征。对于富集端元的性质和来源、Dupal异常的成因、海南地幔柱是否存在等问题目前存在较大争议。具OIB特征的岩浆除来自地幔柱作用外,地幔交代作用也是重要的产生机制。本文认为碳酸盐流体对地幔源区的交代作用可能在南海地区新生代岩浆活动中扮演了重要的角色。另外,岩浆岩成岩过程的研究也不够全面深入,这些都是在今后的研究工作中需要关注的地方,有待后来进一步的研究。     

麦哲伦海山区MA、MC海山玄武岩基岩的岩石学特征

麦哲伦海山区MA、MC海山玄武岩基岩的岩石学特征研究表明,岩性为蚀变玄武岩、橄榄玄武岩等;结构为基质具间隐、间往结构及拉斑玄武结构的斑状结构;矿物组成为斜长石、橄榄石、辉石及脱玻化玻璃等。按岩石化学成分分类属碱性玄武岩,而稀土分配模式属洋岛碱性玄武岩类型。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.