尕海地区晚冰期以来沉积记录的气候环境演变

通过对尕海沉积物烧失量和碳酸盐含量以及岩性变化分析,重建了尕海地区晚冰期以来的气候环境演变。结果显示:烧失量及碳酸盐含量指标可以较好地反映晚冰期以来的气候变化,晚冰期的阿勒罗德暖期和新仙女木事件有较好的反映。全新世则可划分为早全新世的不稳定期,年代为11150-8240 cal.aBP,中全新世较为暖湿期,年代为8240-3200 cal.aBP,晚全新世干冷期,年代为3200 cal.aBP至今。并发现1550-1440 cal.aBP存在一暖湿事件。     

内蒙高原腾格淖尔中全新世湖泊干旱环境的粒度和元素记录

对内蒙古高原腾格淖尔湖泊约400cm剖面沉积物的粒度、碳酸盐和TOC含量以及元素地球化学特征进行分析,利用Mg/Ca、CEC、Rb/Sr、CIA、古气候指数C等的古气候古环境指示意义,结合3个AMS 14 C年代结果,利用该区域湖泊"碳库效应"研究的基础进行年代校正,分析了腾格淖尔大约9 000cal.aBP以来古环境演变过程。研究发现腾格淖尔全新世早—中期(约9 000～4 500cal.aBP)气候暖干,有效湿度小,而湖泊为高湖面,最高湖面在约8 000～6 200cal.aBP期间;湖泊的高水位主要是继承了早全新世夏季风增强形成的扩张湖泊;3 000～4 500cal.aBP以来气候冷干,有效湿度稍有增加,湖面在降水持续减少情况下逐渐收缩干涸。     

巢湖地区末次冰消期—早全新世沉积环境演化

利用AMS14 C对巢湖西岸杭埠河三角洲地区湖相沉积岩心年代的精确测定与校正,以及粒度、磁化率、地球化学元素、总有机碳、总氮以及有机质稳定碳同位素等气候环境代用指标的分析与研究,提取了巢湖地区末次冰消期—早全新世的环境演变信息,重建了研究区13 393~7 486cal.aBP期间的环境演变序列:(1)13 393~12 420cal.aBP期间,气候由冷干向温凉发展,降雨量增加,湖泊水位迅速上升,巢湖进入快速发育阶段,但在13 040~12 773cal.aBP期间出现冷干事件;(2)12 420~11 760cal.aBP期间,本阶段响应全球性降温事件—YD事件,气候干冷且不稳定,降雨减少,湖泊水位下降,湖盆收缩且水位变迁频繁,湖内浮游植物有所生长;(3)11 760~9 160cal.aBP阶段气候温和湿润且稳定,雨水充沛,湖泊水位稳定或有所扩张,湖内大型水草类植物繁衍,但在约11 006cal.aBP出现冷干事件;(4)9 160~7 486cal.aBP阶段整体气候温凉偏干且波动明显,降水相对减少,湖泊面积收缩,湖内有机质来源以湖内自生的水生植物为主,并在约8 633及8 493cal.aBP分别遭遇冷干与强降水事件。     

黄土高原定西鲁家沟黄土剖面15 ka以来的环境演变

根据鲁家沟黄土剖面粒度、磁化率、有机质和碳酸盐含量等气候代用指标的变化和14C测年结果,分析和讨论了定西地区近15 cal.kaBP以来气候演化的过程。结果表明15 cal.kaBP以来的气候变化可划分为4个阶段:(1)末次冰期晚期(14900~11200 cal.aBP),气候较为寒冷干旱;(2)全新世早期(11200~7560 cal.aBP),气候开始转暖转湿,但整体上较为寒冷;(3)全新世中期(7560~3600 cal.aBP),气候温暖湿润,夏季风强盛;(4)全新世晚期(3600~1200 cal.aBP),气候变得干旱,夏季风强烈减退,风尘堆积旺盛,形成了现代黄土和表土层。该区末次冰期晚期以来的环境变化是不稳定的,气候存在频繁次级波动。1500~1200 cal.aBP的晚全新世期间,有机质含量出现峰值,表明气候总体向干旱化发展的同时,叠加了人类活动的影响。     

越南红河三角洲近五千年来的几个降温事件

根据对越南红河三角洲的2个钻孔的孢粉分析结果，结合沉积特征和高精度的AMS^14C测年数据，恢复了近五千年来百年一千年尺度的气候变化，发现了3个分别开始于4530cal．aBP，2100cal．aBP和620cal．aBP的明显降温事件，其中4530cal．aBP和620cal．aBP降温事件可与全球全新世气候变冷事件中的“新冰期(Neoglacial)”和“小冰期(Little Ice Age)”相对应，可能与由北大西洋地区几个短期变冷事件的全球气候响应机制有关。3340cal．aBP以来，人类干扰性植物成分的增加，表明人类活动对自然植被的影响改造作用增强，因此，本研究中气候的降温事件不排除人类影响的因素，仍需要进一步深入研究。     

河北任丘剖面河湖相沉积及全新世水文气候事件

河北平原中部任丘剖面厚达12 m的河湖相沉积和多层的泥炭为该地区环境演变研究提供了基础.根据测年结果、沉积物的粒度、磁化率等代用指标分析,重建了该地区11 640 cal.aBP以来的环境演化序列.对粒度、磁化率的变化及其反映的水文气候事件进行了解释.对于东部湿润地区的开放型湖泊而言,粒度仍然可以很好地反映气候干湿变化规律;而在河湖相交替沉积的地区,磁化率有两种赋存机制,在河流相沉积中其赋含在粗粒碎屑物质中,而当湖泊生产力相当旺盛的时候其与平均粒径呈负相关,但是与小于10 μm粒径呈显著正相关.全新世以来该地区经历了3次湖泊扩张时期,年龄分别为9 500～9 050、8 110～7 240、5 670～3 300 cal.aBP.另外,较为明显的河道前进事件有两次,分别发生在9 050～8 110和6 700～6 500 cal.aBP,此时湖泊严重收缩,河道占据原来的湖盆位置.     

柴达木盆地尕海湖沉积物粒度特征及其古气候意义

以尕海湖DG02钻孔沉积物为研究对象,利用高分辨率的粒度数据,结合岩性、孢粉特征,分析其粒度特征及近11000aBP来的气候环境变化。研究发现,尕海湖沉积物记录了该区域湖泊水体逐渐上升又逐渐减少的过程,气候环境变化大致分为4个阶段:(1)冰消期晚期(11324～10290aBP)气候干旱,湖泊水位下降,面积收缩,水动力较强,沉积颗粒较粗;(2)早全新世(10290～8850aBP),气候转向湿润,湖泊水位上升,为浅水至深水的过渡阶段,颗粒由粗变细;(3)中全新世(8850～4400aBP),气候更加湿润,湖水水位达到最高,面积扩大,水动力达到最弱,沉积颗粒最细;(4)晚全新世(4400～200aBP),气候变干,湖泊强烈收缩,湖面下降,水动力达到最强,沉积颗粒最粗。尕海湖DG02钻孔沉积物粒度所记录的区域气候干湿变化及一些重要的干湿事件与国内外研究显示出较好的一致性。     

兴凯湖沉积物磁化率和色度反映的28kaBP以来区域古气候环境演化

对兴凯湖长269 cm的沉积岩心的研究结果显示:沉积物的色度和磁化率特征可以较好地反映区域气候环境变化。沉积物明度分别与红度、磁化率、黏土和有机质含量之间及磁化率与黏土之间有很好的相关性;红度高值与明度低值对应暖湿气候环境,磁化率低值反映沉积物较粗的较低湖面,对应冷干气候。28480~26160 cal.aBP,湖区处于温湿气候时期;22880~18170 cal.aBP,岩心孢粉浓度很低,流域处于末次盛冰期疏桦林草原环境;18170~12650 cal.aBP处于Bφlling/Older Dryas/Allerφd暖期。岩心深度90~78 cm段,对应于新仙女木期;11500~4570 cal.aBP,进入全新世暖期,其中8000~5000 cal.aBP,本区处于全新世大暖期(气候适宜期);4570~1470 cal.aBP气候变为凉干;1470 cal.aBP以来,流域又变为暖湿气候环境,同时,人类活动逐渐增强造成水土流失加剧。     

珠江三角洲中部全新世以来的微体动物群记录与古环境重建

通过分析珠江三角洲中部钻孔沉积物的微体动物群(有孔虫和介形类)组成和分布特征,结合测年、岩性、沉积物粒度和软体动物群数据,重建了珠江三角洲中部全新世以来的古环境演化。受末次冰期影响,珠江三角洲地区暴露地表遭受风化剥蚀,普遍发育杂色黏土。随着冰后期气候回暖,海平面快速回升,海水经多个口门自南向北侵入珠江三角洲地区。南部较早接受海侵,约9010cal.aBP海水入侵至中部地区,研究区开始发育河口湾环境,并持续至4510cal.aBP。期间,钻孔记录的微体动物群组成和丰度特征反映了2次短周期的水体条件波动,最大水深发生于约7000～5630cal.aBP,微体动物群的丰度达到最高值。约4510cal.aBP以来为持续海退期,河流作用逐渐增强,发育三角洲平原环境。     

海南岛鹿回头造礁珊瑚的^14C年代及珊瑚礁的发育演化

通过2002年7月沿鹿同头珊瑚礁坪断面方向，在原生滨珊瑚(Porites)礁表面进行系统采样，并进行^14C测年和年代校正，初步划分出全新世以来珊瑚礁演化的5个阶段：珊瑚礁繁盛期(7300-6000cal．aBP)、珊瑚礁发育停滞期Ⅰ(6000-4800cal．aBP)、珊瑚礁发展期(4800-3000cal．aBP)、珊瑚礁发育停滞期Ⅱ(3000-1000cal．aBP)和现代珊瑚礁发育期(1000cal．aBP以来)。鹿回头珊瑚礁在7300-6000cal．aBP处于发育的繁盛期，已基本上形成了现代珊瑚礁的地貌格局。后来不同时期珊瑚礁是在此时期形成的礁塘或礁坑等低洼地中形成，并存鹿同头半岛两侧向外发展，现代珊瑚礁则发育于全新世珊瑚礁的外礁坪或礁前斜坡带。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,