华南大气热源和水汽汇的时间变化

用１９８０－１９８６年的ＥＣＭＷＦ资料以及降水量资料，分析了华南地区的大气热源及水汽汇的时空分布变化特征及其与降水异常的联系。分析表明，７年平均的整层积分热源强度在夏半年较强，其中以６，８月最明显，冬季则较弱；辐射冷却在２－４月最显著；水汽汇在２－６月最强，８－１０月次之，其他份较弱甚至为弱的水汽源。     

华南秋季大尺度大气水汽汇时空演变特征

用1958—2004年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160站月降水量资料分析了华南秋季大尺度大气水汽汇的时空变化特征。结果表明,华南中西部、东部地区是华南秋季水汽汇的2个主要变异中心区。华南中西部地区秋季水汽汇与该地区降水一样,以年际尺度变化为主;而该地区蒸发量的年代际变化比年际变化还稍显著。华南东部地区秋季降水、水汽汇和蒸发都存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征。如果我国南方上空出现向东北(向西南)的水汽通量距平,则会导致华南上空的水汽汇偏强(偏弱)。     

青岛雾水中SO2的研究

大气的严重污染导致雾中溶入ＳＯ2。等物质而形成酸雾（ＡｃｉｄＦｏｇ）。酸雾的研究较少［１～６，８，１０］。美国加州南部酸雾ｐＨ＜３．０，最低１．６３，我国仅对贵州的梵净山及四川的峨眉山等地的酸雾进行过研究，其成分多为常量组分［４～６，１０］。ＳＯ２是大气中重要的污染物，而酸雾中ＳＯ２的研究至今未见报道。因此研究雾水中ＳＯ２及其他成分具有重要的意义。青岛的６～７月为多雾月份，此时盛行风ＳＳＥ１，雾多形成于４～８ｍ／ｓ风速时，雾以上午４～８时频率最大，最小频率出现于午后１４～１６时，青岛海雾最长持续…     

黄淮海流域盛夏月降水异常的时空变化

利用１９５１～１９９５年７～８月黄淮海流域４３个站的月降水量及５００ｈＰａ高度资料,采用功率谱以及主相关型与ＥＯＦ相结合的方法,分析黄淮海历年７～８月降水异常的时空变化及其环流特征。主要结果为：黄淮海历年７～８月降水异常的多雨带分布存在着偏南型与偏北型,但７月两类雨型的多雨中心位置与８月不同。这两类多雨型与同期东亚５００ｈＰａ高度距平中心分布存在着很好的对应关系。历年７月两类多雨型的交替变化,存在着２．６ａ和１８ａ左右周期,而８月则存在着６～９ａ的周期。其７月的跃变发生在１９８０年附近,８月则发生在１９６５年附近。黄河下游８０年代盛夏的少雨干旱与其跃变有密切联系。     

暴雨发生的不稳定条件的试验

本文根据Ｈｏｓｋｉｎｓ所提出的惯性重力波不稳定判据：Ｒｉ＜ｆ／ζａ，结合湿斜压大气的特点，对１９９６年６月２９日０２时发生在我国东部的一次降水过程进行了分析，得出了下列特征：西南低空急流是降水得以产生所需水汽的载体；对流层下部深厚不稳定层结是对流性降水所必须的热力层结条件；该地区对流层下部满足Ｒｉｓｅ＜ｆ／ζａ，６ｈ后该地区惯性重力波不稳定增长。在充足水汽条件下，该地区发生暴雨。     

影响黄渤海区域两次北上台风的对比分析

利用热带气旋路径数据集资料、NCEP逐6 h再分析资料和FY卫星TBB资料,统计显示:1985—2014年北上到渤海和黄海北部的台风一共34个,其中8月最多,有三分之一已经变性成温带气旋。两次北上影响黄渤海的台风过程(1410号"麦德姆"和0713号"韦帕")的对比分析显示:两者北上时与中纬度的高空槽云系结合,锋生显著,降水范围增大。台风"韦帕"登陆后与高空槽云系结合的纬度更低,强度减弱速度更快,降水和对流云带主要分布在其中心的北侧,而台风"麦德姆"则主要分布在其中心的西南侧。台风登陆后垂直速度和水汽通量散度出现不对称结构,并与降水区域一致。视热源和视水汽汇诊断显示:台风"韦帕"遭遇的冷空气强度更强,由西侧的中高层开始快速向下入侵;台风"麦德姆"则由低层开始由西侧和东侧同时入侵。     

山东夏季极端降水时空分布及环流特征分析

本文利用2000—2018年山东省大气监测自动站的降水观测资料以及美国国家环境预报中心与美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR/NCEP)再分析的高空月平均资料、降水月平均资料以及逐日降水资料,分析了不同季节山东省极端降水的时空分布的基本特征,以及异常大气环流对极端降水的影响。结果表明,极端降水对山东降水的影响主要集中在夏季,山东省的东南沿海地区表现更为明显。在500hPa上,极端降水次数偏多季的环流形势表现为AO负位相,在50°N的中纬度西风上波动较为显著,降水概率随之增大。根据极端降水持续时间,将极端降水分为第一类和第二类极端降水,若200hPa上南亚高压偏东,500hPa上副高西伸,中纬度西风带的槽脊振幅明显偏大;同时,在850hPa上,高纬度波长较长,有利于冷空气直接南下和暖湿的水汽输送带交汇于山东省上空,则有利于产生第一类极端降水,反之,则易产生第二类极端降水。     

大鹏湾夜光藻种群的季节变化和分布特征

于１９９０年３月－１９９２年６月对中国南海大鹏湾盐田附近海域的夜光藻种群动态及时空分布进行了综合调查，结果表明，夜光藻种群的出现期间一般为每年的１－６月，最早是１９９１年的１２月，娄量高峰期为３－５月，种群密度的波动极为显著；调查期间共发生８次赤潮，且都发生在３月初至５月初；大鹏湾夜光藻赤潮的发生特点是，赤潮的发生和消失突然，持续时间短，一般不超过３ｄ。     

划分风浪与涌浪的一个新判据——海浪成份及其在南海的应用

使用风浪谱的零阶矩（Ｍ０ｗ）和混合浪谱的零阶矩（Ｍ０）定义的混合浪能量成份因子，作为划分风浪与涌浪的一个新判据，给出了混合浪能量成份因子和混合浪波高成份因子的计算公式。根据混合浪波高成份因子的计算公式，使用ＧＥＯＳＡＴ卫星高度计５０个重复周期的资料，计算了南海海域波高成份因子及其月变化规律，资料的样本长度是１个月。计算结果表明：该海域的混合浪波高成份因子具有明显的时间变化规律。海浪在１１、１２、１、２月份和５、６、７、８月份，混合浪波高成份因子的概率密度分布形状高而窄，而在３、４月份和９、１０月份，混合浪波高成份因子的概率密度分布形状低而宽。在１１、１２、１和２月份，最可能出现的混合浪波高成份因子等于１．２，有７０％的波浪含有涌浪成份，在整个海域涌浪占主导地位。在５、６、７月份，最可能出现的混合浪波高成份因子位于０．３～０．４之间，有６０％的波浪只含有风浪成份，在整个海域风浪占主导地位。其它月份，最可能出现的混合浪波高成份因子介于冬夏两季之间，亦即风浪和涌浪出现的概率几乎是相同的     

赫氏黄盖鲽受精卵孵化与仔幼鱼培育初步研究

于１９８６年，用人工受精的卵孵化或经驯养自然产卵、孵化室内饲育的方法，进行了人工培苗试验，结果表明：在繁殖期的４－５月份，捕自海内的亲鱼，经催产或驯养，均可在室内产卵孵化。在室内用硅菏、等鞭金藻、扁藻、贻贝幼体、皱褶臂尾轮虫、齿虫幼体和贝肉组成的饵料系列作饵料；受精卵和幼体在水温９．５－２５℃、盐度２９．２－３１．６‰，ｐＨ７．８８－８．１７，ＤＯ８．７－６０．７ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ４－Ｎ４４－１１８μ     

2011年夏季台湾海峡上升流的变化特征及其与风场的关系

根据2011年6月27日至7月4日台湾海峡航次的调查资料,结合6月1日至8月31日海表温度和风场的卫星遥感数据,分析了平潭附近海域、澎湖北部海域、东山附近海域、台湾浅滩东南部海域上升流的变化特征及其与风场的关系.以海表温度差值(SSTd)来反映上升流强度,该值负值越大,上升流强度越强,分析可知:在2011年夏季,平潭附近海域上升流的强度除了7月中、下旬和8月底外,其余时段较为稳定.SSTd值与局地沿岸风速存在滞后3 d左右的相关关系,特别是稳定持续的西南风对其强度有较大的影响.澎湖北部海域上升流的SSTd值在-1℃左右,强度相对较小,且6、7月比8月时强盛,局地风场对澎湖北部海域上升流有一定的影响,但不是主要影响因素,而是由地形和风共同作用.东山附近海域上升流的强度并不稳定,在6、7月变化较剧烈,到8月SSTd值稳定在-3℃左右,SSTd值的变化对于局地沿岸风的响应同样存在一个3 d左右的滞后时间,除此之外还与上升流中心的水平变动有关.而台湾浅滩东南部海域上升流虽有波动,但持续存在,且6、7月比8月时强盛,其变化与局地风场的关系不大,主要受海流和地形等其他因素的影响.     

Monthly Variation of Sea-Air Temperature Differences in the Korean Coast

Monthly variations of sensible heat, latent heat and momentum fluxes and the modification of sea temperature to air temperature were examined at four coastal stations—Sokcho, Kangnung, Ulsan and Chungmu in the path of the East Korea Warm Current from the year of 1981 to 1990, which was one of main migration routes of Japanese common squid. The difference between monthly averaged sea surface and air temperatures at the 10 m height above the sea surface mainly became negative values from April through August, while they had positive ones from September through March. Monthly variability of the temperature differences is significant in both summer and winter, while it is generally small in spring and fall. Negative values of sensible heat fluxes, which indicated a heat gain by the sea through heat conduction across the air-sea interface were found at the four coastal stations from April to August. Minimum values of sensible heat fluxes at Sokcho, Kangnung and Chungmu were in June, except for Ulsan in August. To the contrary, positive sensible heat flux implying a heat loss from sea toward atmosphere occurred from October to February with a maximum in December. Latent heat fluxes due to condensation of moist air over sea surface had small magnitudes from April to August and those due to evaporation of water particles from the sea surface into the lower atmosphere had relatively large magnitudes from October to March. Minimum values of latent heat fluxes also occurred in June except for August in Ulsan. Momentum flux was small from June to August under weak wind in summer, but it was large from December to February under strong wind in winter. Regression equations between sea surface temperature and air temperature at the 10 m height above the sea surface had very high correlation coefficients from 0.92-0.98, except for 0.78-0.84 of Ulsan, which was partially affected by upwelling of cool water from the bottom into the sea surface. Similar to the sea surface, correlation coefficients were over 0.83-0.97 except for 0.70-0.79 for Ulsan at the 10 m depth of sea and were over 0.70-0.95 except for 0.59-0.82 for Ulsan at the 20 m depth.     

高原逗点云团与江南暴雨

本文主要是利用水汽图像和ＨＬＡＦＳ数值模式计算方法从定性到定量地研究１９９８年６月１２日￣１４日江南北部的一次大暴雨过程。通过云系路径的分析和发展的定量研究,我们可清楚看到影响江南北部这次大暴雨过程的天气系统,是从青藏高原东移的。其中,特别是该系统（气旋）东移到暖湿的海而时得到了大量第表面水汽蒸发补充,水汽上升凝结潜热释放,促使气旋迅速发展。     

Characteristics of radiative heat transfer in the atmospheric surface layer from the results of direct measurements

Results of direct measurements of the long-wavelength (LW) radiative heat influx (RHI) in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) are presented. These measurements were performed in August 2003 at the IAP RAS base in Tsimlyansk under the conditions of unstable and stable stratification during a weak wind and a cloudless sky and under nonsteady conditions during cumulus cloudiness in the daytime. The underlying surface was dry steppe with spars grass. The in situ RHI measurements were performed with an original optoacoustic receiver having a quasi-spherical angle of view at heights from 0.15 to 4 m. It is shown that the radiative heating in the ASL was many times the actual heating, especially during near-noon hours. In the daytime, the radiative heating attained its maximum at the heights of measurements 0.15–1 m and decreased with height. The radiative heating at these heights in the near-noon hours was on average about 20 K/h, attaining 60 K/h under a cloudless sky and a weak wind. Under inversion stratification, the radiative cooling usually exceeded the actual cooling, amounting on average from 0 to ?8 K/h and changing with height only slightly. Periods with close (in phase) fluctuations of the radiative and actual cooling, sometimes changing to heating, were observed during the night. Regression equations, showing a high correlation between the RHI values at the heights of measurements 0.5 and 1 m and the soil-air temperature differences at the height of measurements, are obtained for different heights. The diurnal mean RHI profiles are characterized by a heating on the order of several K/h in the lower part of the layer of measurements, which decreases with height and changes to cooling at heights of up to 4 m. A change in the effective radiation with height in the layer of measurements, which was obtained through the summation of RHI values at several heights, was significant, attaining on average ?25 W/m² in the near-noon hours and +10 W/m² in the evening hours. The nonradiative (turbulent) heat influx, obtained as the difference between the rates of actual and radiative temperature variations measured in situ, decreased the radiative heating in the daytime many times. The main sources of error in direct RHI measurements are estimated.     

黄海冷水团的环流结构

运用定性分析和数值模拟，对黄海冷水团的环流结构进行了探讨，结果表明黄海冷水团的垂向环流结构为双环结构：跃层以上区为中心上升，边缘下降的弱环流;跃层以下区为中心下降，边缘上升的强环流；在冷水团的中心区域，流动很弱，且无穿越温跃层的垂向流动。同时也对以往有关黄海冷水团垂向环流结构的工作进行了讨论。     

2017年辽东湾夏季潮汐锋位置变化的分析

近海潮汐锋的分布和变化，主要受表层风摩擦、底层潮混合、净热通量和浮力平流的影响。基于2017年7、8月份辽东湾东部海域的实测数据，并结合ROMS（Regional Ocean Model System）模拟结果，利用考虑浮力平流效应的Stigebrandt公式对夏季辽东湾潮汐锋的位置变化进行了诊断计算，计算结果与ROMS模拟的潮汐锋位置符合较好，进一步探讨了风、净热通量和浮力平流对锋面位置变化的影响。主要结论如下：（1）位于辽东湾北部和东、西沿岸浅水区的潮汐锋呈"几"字形分布；（2）2017年6-7月潮汐锋位置变动不大，7月份仅在辽东湾东、西两岸潮汐锋位置略微向深水区移动，这主要是净热通量整体略微减小和风场略微增大造成的，浮力平流作用效果不够显著；（3）2017年8月辽东湾潮汐锋位置较7月向深水区大幅移动，最大移动距离约为20km，辽东湾8月份净热通量的大幅减弱起到了重要作用，浮力平流使潮汐锋位置向浅水区偏移，其调节效果比较显著。     

利用Argo剖面浮标分析上层海洋对台风“布拉万”的响应

In situ observations from Argo profiling floats combined with satellite retrieved SST and rain rate are used to investigate an upper ocean response to Typhoon Bolaven from 20 through 29 August 2012. After the passage of Typhoon Bolaven, the deepening of mixed layer depth(MLD), and the cooling of mixed layer temperature(MLT) were observed. The changes in mixed layer salinity(MLS) showed an equivalent number of increasing and decreasing because the typhoon-induced salinity changes in the mixed layer were influenced by precipitation, evaporation, turbulent mixing and upwelling of thermocline water. The deepening of the MLD and the cooling of the MLT indicated a significant rightward bias, whereas the MLS was freshened to the left side of the typhoon track and increased on the other side. Intensive temperature and salinity profiles observed by Iridium floats make it possible to view response processes in the upper ocean after the passage of a typhoon. The cooling in the near-surface and the warming in the subsurface were observed by two Iridium floats located to the left side of the cyclonic track during the development stage of the storm, beyond the radius of maximum winds relative to the typhoon center. Water salinity increases at the base of the mixed layer and the top of the thermocline were the most obvious change observed by those two floats. On the right side of the track and near the typhoon center when the typhoon was intensified, the significant cooling from sea surface to a depth of 200×104 Pa, with the exception of the water at the top of the thermocline, was observed by the other Iridium float. Owing to the enhanced upwelling near the typhoon center, the water salinity in the near-surface increased noticeably. The heat pumping from the mixed layer into the thermocline induced by downwelling and the upwelling induced by the positive wind stress curl are the main causes for the different temperature and salinity variations on the different sides of the track. It seems that more time is required for the anomalies in the subsurface to be restored to pretyphoon conditions than for the anomalies in the mixed layer.     

2011年南黄海辐射沙脊群海域浮游植物种类组成和密度的时空变化

于2011年2～12月,在南黄海辐射沙脊群海域设置6个采样站位,每逢双月份调查1次,研究该海域浮游植物密度及优势种的时空变化.调查共获得浮游植物87种,以硅藻种类最多.浮游植物密度呈周年双峰变化,分别在4月和8月成峰,4月峰值最大,水样浮游植物平均密度为1.59×104cells/dm3,网样浮游植物平均密度为2.71×106cells/m3,8月峰次之,水样浮游植物的平均密度为1.28×104cells/dm3,网样浮游植物平均密度为7.38×105cells/m3;浮游植物密度在2月和4月,北高南低,6月和8月中部高,外围较低,10月和12月南部高北部低.2月和4月,中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）为第一优势种,6月和12月虹彩圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis）为第一优势种,8～10月琼氏圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus jonesianus）为第一优势种,枯水期（2月）铁氏束毛藻（Trichodesmium thiebautii）在局部海域形成优势.     

台湾海峡中、北部海域春、夏季水团分析

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北冰洋浮冰区湍流通量观测试验及参数化研究

利用2008年8月21～29日我国第3次北极考察期间在北冰洋海区(84°27′N,143°37′W～85°13′N,147°20′W)冰站观测的湍流资料及相关资料,对海冰近地层湍流通量及其特征参数进行了研究.结果表明:观测期间浮冰近地层始终存在逆温和逆湿层.这与我们以前(1999年在75°N和2003年在78°N)的观...