潜堤对波浪传播变形的物理模型试验研究

以不可渗透光滑潜堤为研究对象,基于波浪水槽试验,分析了规则波和不规则波通过淹没梯形潜堤时的波浪外部形态变化以及内部能量变化规律。探讨了不同波浪要素(周期、波高、淹没水深)对潜堤附近波高影响的变化规律。同时,探究了潜堤斜坡坡度、堤顶淹没水深对波浪频谱在频域分布的影响。研究结果表明:当波浪通过潜堤时,波浪主频能量衰减,波浪能量由低频向高频移动;潜堤斜坡坡度越大、堤顶水深越小,波浪主频能量衰减越剧烈;波浪通过潜堤后高频波能量占潜堤次生波能量的1%~30%。     

人工沙滩与潜堤结合岸滩防护工程数值研究

人工沙滩与潜堤结合是沙质岸滩软硬防护相结合的防护技术。本文在利用实验室物模试验结果对XBeach水沙运动数值模型进行了有效性检验的基础上,应用该模型对月亮湾沙滩修复工程人工沙滩与潜堤相结合的岸滩防护技术,进行岸滩剖面演变数值分析。通过对风暴海况波浪作用下,该工程有、无潜堤以及潜堤不同位置和不同高度的5个工况数值计算结果分析,得出潜堤的设置,可以使沙滩侵蚀有不同程度的减轻或范围缩小,对人工沙滩防护具有良好的效果;潜堤的位置和高度影响其对沙质岸滩防护效果,潜堤的位置后移和高度升高都会使波浪的冲泄区下移,从而减少对上部沙滩的侵蚀,对人工沙滩的防护效果更好。     

聚焦波作用下透水潜堤消波特性数值模拟研究

基于非静压数值计算模型,本文系统研究了聚焦波作用下透水潜堤的消波特性,通过设置合理的计算工况,详细分析了波高、堤顶水深、谱峰周期、孔隙率以及堤顶宽度5种因素对透水潜堤消波特性的影响。与此同时,本文将透水潜堤的计算结果同不透水潜堤的计算结果进行了对比分析。计算结果表明:透水潜堤对聚焦波的消减作用要强于不透水潜堤,从而说明,透水潜堤能更有效地降低畸形波对海岸基础设施的影响;波高和堤顶水深是影响潜堤消波特性的重要因素,随入射波高增加、堤顶水深减小,透水潜堤对波浪的消减作用逐渐增强。透水潜堤对长周期波浪的消波效果较差。在本文考虑的孔隙率范围内,孔隙率越大,透水潜堤消波效果越好;当孔隙率为0.4,堤顶宽度为0.612 5 m时,透水潜堤可消减54%的入射波能,比不透水潜堤对入射波能的消减增加36.1%。本文研究结果可为进一步认识透水潜堤的消波特性和海岸防护工程设计提供相应的参考。     

一种新型抛石潜堤对砂质海滩防护作用的试验研究

借助不规则波波浪水槽,开展了两种重现期、三种设计水位下的典型岸滩剖面断面模型试验,对一种新型抛石潜堤的消浪能力、保滩促淤特性以及堤身块石的稳定性进行了研究。由试验资料分析可知:潜堤的消浪能力随堤顶相对水深d/h的增大而衰减,建堤位置的选取对潜堤的透射系数K、浪爬高衰减系数K*以及堤后岸滩冲淤变化有较大影响;堤身整体稳定性相对较好,各部位块体均未出现翻转180°、从坡面滚落、逐步位移等失稳现象。本试验研究在一定程度上揭示了抛石潜堤的消浪阻流特性及砂质岸滩地形的响应规律,可为该新型抛石潜堤及同类型潜堤在砂质海滩防护中的应用提供科学依据。     

聚焦波浪在浅堤上传播变形高精度数值模拟研究

基于开源程序REEF3D,通过建立高精度二维数值波浪水槽,系统研究了聚焦波浪在浅堤上传播变形的规律,着重分析了聚焦波浪通过浅堤的水动力过程及能量变化规律,讨论了不同波浪要素对聚焦波浪传播特性的影响。除此之外,还考虑了双浅堤布置对聚焦波浪传播变形的影响。研究结果表明:极端波浪通过浅堤时,堤顶水深越小,波浪主频能量衰减越显著。在给定堤顶水深条件下,聚焦点与浅堤的相对位置对聚焦波浪能量的衰减影响较小。在双浅堤布置条件下,随着浅堤间距的增加,上下游浅堤的相互影响逐渐减弱,高频段的波浪能量也随之减小。     

北戴河西海滩潜堤岬头养滩功效研究

根据北戴河西海滩人工养滩后实际监测数据,对养滩工程中潜堤岬头的养滩功效进行分析,并通过数值模拟的方法进行验证。结果表明,潜堤岬头起到了很好的消浪促淤效果。岬头建成后,沙滩整体以淤积为主,局部岸段发生侵蚀,但侵蚀量不大,低潮滩以上沙滩平均单宽淤积量为21.3 m~3/m,其中,M4剖面单宽淤积量最大,为98.3m~3/m;数值模拟结果肯定了岬头的消波减能功效,其预测的岸线形态与实测岸线基本一致。     

斜坡上波浪破碎与越浪非静压数值模拟

为合理确定防浪建筑物的越浪量,基于含非静水压力梯度项的非线性浅水方程建立了近岸波浪越浪数值模型。通过采用域内造波、消波并结合波前静压假定的破碎模型,模拟了规则波和不规则波在斜坡上的波浪传播变形,并在此基础上进行了越浪量数值计算。数值计算结果与物理模型实验结果表明,非静压模型可合理地描述波浪破碎点位置、破碎后的波高、增减水以及斜坡上的堤后越浪量。数值模型具有较高的计算精度和计算效率,可为实际工程防浪建筑物越浪以及堤顶高程的设计提供一种新的数值研究手段。     

港口扩建影响下近岸沙滩稳定防护三维水动力模型试验研究

面向日本海的韩国东海港(Donghae)位于朝鲜半岛东部的江原道海岸,该港在原有基础上扩建新港区,为了降低该工程对邻近沙滩稳定性影响,拟建用于进行岸滩防护的突堤与离岸堤群。本文主要研究了工程实施前后沙滩剖面变化以及工程对岸线的影响。试验结果表明,当波浪持续作用达到沙滩剖面基本稳定时,不同角度布置的离岸堤群和突堤所共同构成的防护措施可以对沙滩岸段进行有效防护,根据波浪作用下的泥沙动床试验结果,入射波在传至离岸堤后能量有所衰减,对于削弱波浪侵蚀力的改善效果是非常明显的,结合试验现象和测试结果可见,离岸堤在减少附近海滩的侵蚀和侵蚀海滩上起到了一定的作用。     

开敞式滩海油田保滩促淤工程研究

分析了飞雁滩油田海区的海洋环境条件,试验研究了不同结构型式潜堤的稳定性和保滩促淤效果,对潜堤的保滩促淤效果和淤积速率进行了预测,对工程布置、潜堤结构方案、基础冲刷防护措施和潜堤顶高程提出了建议．     

基于随机森林的复坡堤越浪量预测研究

针对复坡堤越浪量的计算问题,提出了采用随机森林算法预测越浪量的方法。首先,通过对欧洲CLASH数据集进行筛选,挑选出符合复坡堤越浪量预测的数据;其次,对数据做无量纲化处理,建立以随机森林为基础的复坡堤越浪量预测模型,并通过网格搜索(GridSearchCV)方法对模型进行调参以改善模型的性能;最后,利用决定系数R~2来评估模型的精度,并将随机森林模型与集成神经网络模型做了预测能力的对比,同时还给出了随机森林模型各个特征参数对预测精度的重要性。结果显示,随机森林模型的决定系数为92.7%,集成神经网络模型的决定系数为87.7%,表明随机森林模型对越浪量具有更强的学习和预测能力。通过对特征重要性的分析,墙顶高程对模型预测精度的影响最大,堤顶高程次之,堤脚宽度影响最小。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,