滨海湿地土地覆盖面向对象分类及变化监测

基于1973—2018年期间的6期遥感影像数据,利用面向对象的分类方法提取江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区核心区的土地覆盖分类信息,进而利用土地转移矩阵分析近45年来盐城保护区核心区土地覆盖变化规律。研究表明:在1973—2018年期间,研究区土地覆盖类型由海到陆依次为海水、光滩、河流、米草、碱蓬、茅草、芦苇和养殖区。土地覆盖变化总体上表现为:光滩大面积减少,变化类型是光滩→碱蓬群落→米草群落,主要集中在研究区中部地区。茅草群落自2008年消失,变化类型是茅草群落→芦苇群落→养殖区,主要集中在研究区的西南和西北部地区。碱蓬群落明显减少,主要转变为芦苇和米草群落,集中在研究区中部地区;西部靠近海堤的变化类型是碱蓬群落→芦苇群落,东部靠近光滩的变化类型是碱蓬群落→米草群落。养殖区大面积增加,集中在研究区西南部地区;芦苇群落明显增加,集中在研究区西部和西北部地区。结果分析认为,盐城滨海湿地保护区核心区土地覆盖类型在近45年来变化显著,尤其是人工湿地养殖区的分布范围明显增加,这可能对滨海湿地生态系统健康与可持续发展造成一定影响,应尽快改变滨海湿地保护区核心区的开发利用方式。     

双台子河口芦苇湿地盐分离子空间变化与植物群落退化演替关系

以双台子河口芦苇湿地为研究对象,对2009年10月野外调查所获取的土壤、植物样品进行室内分析,研究盐分离子和植被群落退化演替的关系。结果表明:根据芦苇生物量、覆盖度、株高3项生长指标变化,研究区芦苇群落退化演替的顺序为芦苇—芦苇/补血草—芦苇/碱蒿—芦苇/碱蓬—獐茅/翅碱蓬—翅碱蓬。随着退化演替的进行,翅碱蓬群落的各盐分离子含量显著高于其他五种植物群落的含量。电导率与芦苇生物量、株高呈显著负相关,与土壤易溶盐离子(除CO2-3)呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。说明各盐分离子通过影响电导率而间接抑制植物生长,电导率与pH呈极显著正相关(P0.01),说明试验区土壤盐化的同时伴随着碱化。     

近30 a来盐城沿海盐沼时空分布演变规律及影响因素分析

盐沼是全球温带及亚热带地区的主要滨海湿地类型之一,具有重要的生态服务功能。本文以盐城沿海区域为例,利用近30 a来的6期遥感卫星图像,通过简单的植被覆盖指数(NDVI)粗提取和目视解译的方法分析了该区域盐沼的时空演变,并对引起这些变化的影响因子进行了探讨。结果表明,近30 a来研究区盐沼面积呈大幅度先升后降又小幅度上升的趋势,至2015年盐沼面积减少了约18 km²;盐沼的空间位置不断向外扩张,最大扩张距离达到了5.5 km,盐沼的宽度也随着时间不断变化;盐沼植被类型发生了不同程度的演变,景观指数表明景观破碎化程度不断加剧,獐毛、碱蓬、芦苇大量减少,单一的互花米草覆盖湿地。对盐沼时空变化起到影响的自然因素和人为因素中,围垦活动的影响最为显著。     

互花米草入侵对盐城淤泥质潮滩湿地潮沟系统影响研究

潮沟既是滨海湿地特有的地貌因子,也是输送水分与盐分的重要通道,对植被的生长与空间分布有重要的影响。为探究互花米草入侵对盐城滨海湿地潮沟系统演变的影响,本文利用遥感与地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）技术,分析了1989年至2020年江苏盐城典型淤泥质潮滩湿地互花米草沼泽时空变化过程与潮沟系统演变特征。研究结果表明：(1)互花米草扩张经历了入侵初期的斑块阶段、中期连续带状分布阶段及现状阶段过程,入侵影响的景观类型也从光滩转变为碱蓬沼泽;(2)互花米草入侵过程对潮沟系统产生的影响主要表现为潮沟平均宽度与长度减小、互花米草内潮沟的数量与分支增多;(3)潮沟系统的变化与互花米草的平均面积、平均周长等存在较大的相关性,表明互花米草的入侵是潮沟系统变化的重要影响因素。     

辽河三角洲滨海湿地生态系统CO_2释放机制

二氧化碳(CO2)是滨海湿地生态系统主要释放的温室气体,对其释放机制的研究是碳循环研究的重要内容。利用LI-8100A土壤呼吸速率检测系统,应用封闭系统的动态气室法,通过2012年5月对辽河三角洲光滩、翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)2种典型植被湿地类型的系统呼吸通量及其不同实验处理后的呼吸通量研究,探讨在这一季节条件下湿地生态系统的CO2释放途径与机制。研究表明,芦苇湿地呼吸通量[(3 041.59±320.66)mg·m-2·h-1]高于翅碱蓬湿地[(534.09±56.06)mg·m-2·h-1],且站立植物的呼吸量的贡献在翅碱蓬湿地仅占24%,在芦苇湿地占40%。特别地,当湿地植物被移除后,湿地系统所产生的CO2通量会显著增高,由此揭示了滨海湿地植物一旦被破坏,其生态系统在短时间内会向大气释放大量的CO2。     

黄河口湿地典型地物类型高光谱分类方法

黄河口湿地地物类型具有复杂多样的特点,本文将线性光谱混合分析模型与归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化水体指数(NDWI)相结合,建立了一种新的滨海湿地遥感影像分类方法;开展了基于CHRIS高光谱影像的黄河口湿地芦苇、柽柳、碱蓬、大米草、潮滩和水体6种典型地物分类实验,整体分类精度为77.33%,Kappa 系数为 0.71,与经典的最大似然分类(MLC)方法相比较,整体分类精度提高1.6%,Kappa 系数提高0.02,尤其是芦苇、碱蓬、大米草和潮滩的分类精度明显提高。     

护滩软体排对潮滩碱蓬湿地修复的影响研究——以江苏条子泥为例

河口海岸潮滩湿地具有重要的生态服务功能,是近年来国家海岸带保护修复重大工程的重点关注区域。江苏条子泥潮滩湿地是中国黄（渤）海候鸟栖息地（第一期）的重要组成部分,面临着潮滩湿地保护修复和海堤工程维护的统筹协调等问题。护岸工程软体排是河口海岸工程常用的维护措施,但其对潮滩湿地保护和修复的影响尚不清楚。通过野外调查、碱蓬移栽和播种试验,分析了护滩软体排工程临近区域的高程、水动力、沉积物等环境参数对盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）湿地修复的影响。结果表明：1）软体排对潮滩地貌影响明显,软体排内滩面稳定,软体排外亦有掩护效果,两月内促进盐沼植被区高程增量达29 cm,软体排外光滩高程变化剧烈;软体排建造后,海堤附近滩面地形有助于碱蓬植被定植,形成的高滩上移栽碱蓬存活率达55%,而在低处潮滩无法存活。2）碱蓬植被密度和株高受到盐度、高程、中值粒径环境因子的显著影响（P<0.05,P为显著性水平）,高程与碱蓬植被密度、株高正相关;盐度和中值粒径与碱蓬植被密度负相关;流速与碱蓬植被密度负相关;有效波高与碱蓬株高负相关。研究结果可为潮滩软体排护滩工程的实施、碱蓬盐沼植被定植机理和生态修复提供科...     

盐城滨海湿地景观变化分段研究

在ERDAS、ArcGIS等软件支持下,利用3S技术将1期研究区植被分布图和3期遥感影像,提取出4期盐城滨海湿地景观分布图,并对这4期的湿地景现属性数据进行分段对比,即按照控制研究区湿地景观分布的不同影响因素,将研究区从北向南分为3段区域进行对比分析.结果表明:盐城滨海湿地在1980-2008年期间,自然景观,包括河口...     

1976年以来江苏盐城滨海湿地景观变化及驱动力分析

基于1976年的地形测绘数据和1987,1992,1997,2002,2007年的遥感数据提取土地利用和景观的时空变化,进而分析近40 a来江苏盐城滨海湿地的景观变化和驱动力。研究表明:自1976年以来盐城滨海湿地中的自然湿地总面积呈逐渐减少的趋势;景观的主要变化特征表现为以獐茅、碱蓬群落为代表的自然湿地的大面积减少,和以鱼塘、农业用地为代表的人工湿地的大面积增加。景观指标分析表明盐城滨海湿地景观总体上有破碎化程度加剧的趋势。结果分析认为,这种变化既受到政策导向型的各类滩涂开发等人为干扰活动的影响,也受到滨海湿地自然演化和潮滩蚀淤等自然因素的影响。尽快改变盐城滨海湿地现有的开发利用模式,使各种人类活动对整个生态系统的压力减到最小,以获得经济、社会、生态效益的统一。     

土地利用变化对盐城滨海湿地土壤有机碳库的影响

以盐城滨海湿地为例,基于遥感影像提取土地利用变化信息,估算了1987-2007年盐城滨海湿地表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳储存量和滨海湿地土壤固碳能力现状。结果表明:表层土壤有机碳储量1992年较1987年略有增长,1992~2002年间下降33.3%,2002~2007年间增加30.5%。自然湿地面积减少是湿地土壤有机碳储量减少的主要原因,而互花米草入侵和围垦造田造成了湿地土壤有机碳储量增加。农田、芦苇滩、碱蓬滩、互花米草滩和光滩有机碳埋藏速率分别为12.90、0.30、0.80、2.92和1.68×104 t/a。滩涂围垦造田在短期内有利于滨海湿地土壤有机碳储量增加,但淤泥质滨海湿地生态系统在淤长过程中的自然演替过程,能使整个湿地具有更高、更持久的固碳能力。本研究建议合理控制围垦速率,才能在获取经济社会利益最大化的同时,保证湿地土壤有机碳储量持续增加。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,