基于遥感的红树林地上生物量估算研究进展

红树林生态系统地上生物量是碳储量评估和气候变化研究必需的基础数据之一，其估算方法是蓝碳研究的热点。遥感以其宏观、综合、动态、快速、可重复等特点，已成为红树林地上生物量估算的主要技术手段。本文综合国内外相关研究进展，分析了光学遥感、微波雷达、激光雷达（Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR）数据源在红树林生物量估算的应用现状，以及多源遥感数据融合应用的优势；总结了基于遥感的统计模型、过程模型和间接法3种生物量估算方法的研究现状；从多源遥感数据的融合、发展机器学习算法和遥感过程模型、长时序分析，以及建立红树林地面调查数据集等角度对红树林生物量遥感估算进行展望。     

基于遥感的珠江口海岸线变迁分析

利用1990年、2000年和2010年三个时相的遥感影像,进行2000年前后两个十年的海岸线变迁情况对比分析。结果表明:2000年前的十年间,珠江口海岸线向海推进,导致面积共增加了16486.63ha,主要受人为因素影响,围海养殖是本时段海岸线变迁的主要因素;2000年后的十年间,珠江口海岸线继续向海推进,但推进速度降低,导致面积增加了9280.15ha,填海造地是这一时段海岸线变迁的主要因素。又根据珠江口的区域特征,以珠江入海八大口门为界,将整个研究区划分为九个岸段进行了详细分析。     

广东省红树林资源变化遥感监测

利用1990年的Landsat-5TM、2000年的Landsat-7ETM+和2008年的CBERS-02BCCD 3期遥感影像对广东省近18a来的红树林湿地资源进行监测,并对其时空变化情况进行分析。结果表明:广东省红树林呈现不断增加的趋势,1990年、2000年和2008年的面积分别为7 733.2,8 722.0和9 593.3hm2;红树林由沿岸分散分布趋于集中分布;天然林减少,人工林增加。     

粤港澳大湾区红树林时空分布演变及现存林龄遥感分析

红树林作为热带、亚热带以红树植物为主体的海岸带生态系统,是重要的海岸湿地类型之一。本文使用多源、多时相遥感数据,形成了1969-2020年粤港澳大湾区岸线、围填海、养殖区、红树林分布数据图集,并利用联合红树林识别指数(CMRI)对大湾区现存红树林进行时序分析得到红树林林龄数据集。结果表明,通过多源遥感数据解译得到现存红树林数据集,结合CMRI时序数据可以建立现存红树林变迁历史,进而有效估算红树林林龄。粤港澳大湾区红树林的时空分布发生了明显变迁,现存红树林面积约为3 316 hm²,大湾区内部各地区存量林龄差异较大,整体林龄均值为20 a。近50年间,岸线整体向海移动,岸线变迁、围填海和养殖区变化显著影响红树林面积、空间分布及林龄大小,人工种植是近20年红树林恢复的主因。     

2010—2018碳收支的变化分析年海南东寨港红树林湿

红树林生态系统在全球气候变化和碳循环过程中发挥着很重要的作用，准确评估红树林湿地的碳收支，对于保护和恢复海洋蓝色碳汇以及全球气候治理工作具有重要的意义。本研究以海南东寨港国家级自然保护区的红树林湿地为研究对 象，采用 《对 2006 IPCC 国家温室气体清单指南的 2013 增补：湿地》 （简称 《湿地指南》） 中的计算方法，利用野外现场调查数据及已有的研究成果作为参数，评估和量化海南东寨港红树林湿地在 2010—2018 年期间的碳收支情况。研究表明：（1） 2010 年红树林面积为 1 627.21 hm2，全部为成熟红树林，碳储量为 5.85*105t C；2018 年红树林面积为 1 665.42 hm2，其中 1 625.84 hm2为成熟红树林，碳储量为 6.71*105t C，39.58 hm2为过渡期红树林，碳储量为 4.36*103t C，总碳储量为6.75*105t C。 （2） 2010—2018 年期间红树林碳储量增加了 9.0*104t C。另外，有 1.37 hm2的红树林湿地退化为水域，释放了81.36 t 的碳储量。因此，2010—2018 年期间东寨港红树林湿地碳收支为+8.99*104t C，整体上表现为净碳汇生态系统。本研究结果可为气候变化背景下海南红树林湿地的保护与恢复、风险评估以及气候治理提供科学参考。     

浙江省红树林分布和造林成效分析

基于不同时期浙江省红树林造林数据及林分生长监测, 分析浙江省红树林时空变化和区域造林生长差异。结果表明: (1)截止到2020年浙江省红树林面积总计386.77hm², 其中温州市257.01hm², 台州市129.76hm²,主要造林树种为秋茄(Kandelia obovata) (368.48hm²)和苦槛蓝(Myoporum bontioides) (18.29hm²); (2)不同时期红树林面积占现有总面积的比例分别为0.11%(2000年前)、3.72%(2000—2010年)、36.17%(2011—2015年)和59.99%(2016—2020年); (3)2000年以前和2000—2010年的秋茄平均株高分别为205.5cm和246.13cm, 林分盖度分别高达67.69%和77.90%; 2011—2015年和2016—2020年秋茄株高分别为106.63cm和50.17cm; 盖度分别为68.66%和24.56%; (4)不同区域红树林种植区滩涂沉积物中碱解氮、速效钾、有机质和含盐量存在显著性差异(P<0.05); (5)龙港市新美洲村的4年生秋茄株高显著高于树排沙岛(P<0.05), 龙湾区树排沙岛的4年生秋茄基径则显著高于乐清西门岛(P<0.05)。近年来, 浙江省红树林种植面积显著增加, 但红树林种群结构单一, 矮化为灌木群落, 并且生长发育受土壤盐度影响较大。     

百年内全球海平面上升、地壳上升和潮滩沉积对广西英罗湾红树林分布的影响

为有效保护和合理利用广西红树林,探讨了自2000年到2100年全球海平面上升、地壳上升和潮滩沉积对英罗湾红树林分布的影响。采用机理分析方法建立红树林边界位置预测模型;利用预测模型计算在2000年数字高程模型上定位2100年红树林边界的数据;利用Global Mapper软件在2000年数字高程模型上确定红树林边界的位置。利用Mapinfo professional地理信息系统软件分析海平面上升引起的红树林边界的移动。通过研究得到在2000年数字高程模型上表达2100年红树林边界位置的数据,以及自2000年到2100年红树林边界移动专题地图。结果表明:自2000年到2100年,低、中模式海平面上升,英罗湾红树林边界向外扩展,面积增大;高模式海平面上升,红树林边界向陆移动,面积增大;极端模式海平面上升,红树林边界向陆移动,面积减小。     

基于GF-2影像的广西茅尾海红树林物种分类及盖度估算分析

为了掌握茅尾海红树林种类和盖度情况,基于GF-2 PMS1高分辨率卫星遥感影像数据,使用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)和回归模型方法开展了茅尾海红树林物种分类和植被盖度估算研究,并对其分布特征展开了详细分析。研究表明:(1)广西茅尾海红树林共有4个种类,分别是桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)和茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)。桐花树作为茅尾海红树林的优势种,面积为1228.612 ha,占总面积72.5%,散布在茅尾海潮间带。秋茄面积最少,仅有1.976 ha,零星分布于茅岭乡和尖山镇沿岸,多数与无瓣海桑和桐花树混生。(2)基于GF-2 PMS1卫星影像的NDVI植被指数建立的二次多项式盖度回归模型效果最好,决定系数最大为0.7644,均方根误差RMSE最小为0.0680。(3)植被盖度分布状况与植被类型有密切关系,植被种类纯生区的盖度要明显大于植被混生区的盖度。本研究结果为茅尾海国家海洋公园和自治区级自然保护区管理部门的决策提供理论基础。     

基于国产高分遥感的人工种植红树林种间分类方法研究——以广西茅尾海红树林为例

红树林的种间结构组成对红树林生态系统的健康和发展至关重要,而红树林种间分类问题一直以来都是基于遥感手段的红树林监测中的难点。针对该问题,以人工种植为特点的广西茅尾海红树林遥感种间分类为例,基于面向对象的分类思想,提出了一种现场样本与分割对象相结合的红树林种间分类方法。利用GF-2 PMS1高分辨率卫星遥感影像数据,开展了广西茅尾海红树林湿地典型植被精细分类和空间分布研究,并将分类结果与基于像素和传统面向对象SVM分类方法进行了对比。结果显示:总体上,面向对象分类方法更适合用于茅尾海红树林湿地典型植被分类;对于局部混生明显的区域使用基于像素SVM分类方法效果会更好;传统面向对象分类方法中将整个影像分割对象单元作为训练样本可能会在某种程度上造成负面影响。因此,使用文中提出的样本选择新方法进行面向对象分类精度最高,总体精度达到了93.13%,Kappa为0.89。     

红树林与互花米草盐沼交界区空间格局变化规律的遥感分析

红树林和盐沼是世界上重要的滨海湿地类型。在我国东南部沿海,互花米草盐沼和红树林之间的竞争成为一个重要的问题。为了研究红树林和互花米草盐沼之间的空间竞争规律,选取福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区为研究区域,收集了1988年至2014年27年间共15期覆盖该区域的Landsat影像和Google Earth影像,采用最大似然分类法提取出红树林与互花米草盐沼的近30 a历史变化信息。历史遥感影像分析表明:1)红树林面积20世纪90年代增长速度最快,2004年以后增长速度变慢;2)互花米草最早出现在2002年,此后以缓慢的速度朝着地势高的区域扩散,2010年后互花米草的扩散速度加快;3)红树林与互花米草的交界区基本保持稳定,部分区域表现为红树林略微向外扩张;4)影响红树林与互花米草盐沼交界区空间格局的因素可能有潮沟的分布和红树林的林冠完整性等。     

Remote Sensing of Mangrove Change Along the Tanzania Coast

This article contributes to the understanding of the changes in distribution and total area of mangrove forests along the mainland Tanzania coast over the past decade. Mangroves are recognized as critical coastal habitat requiring protection and special attention. The Tanzania coastline forms a suitable habitat for establishment of mangrove forests. Mangrove forests are distributed from Tanga in the north to Mtwara in the south covering approximately 109,593 hectares from 1988-1990 and about 108,138 hectares in 2000. The largest continuous mangrove stands are found in the districts of Rufiji, Kilwa, Tanga-Muheza, and Mtwara. Comparison of data between these two time periods shows that the geographic coverage of mangroves has no dramatic change in the past decade. The Tanzania Mangrove Management Project and other closely related programs and efforts pertaining to mangrove conservation contribute to direct restoration and natural regeneration of mangroves. This study documents the changes of mangroves and demonstrates that remote sensing and GIS offer important data and tools in the advancement of coastal resource management and ecosystem monitoring. Application of geographic information technologies is critical for improved coastal resources management and decision making for sustainable development in Tanzania.     

Remote Sensing of Mangrove Change Along the Tanzania Coast

This article contributes to the understanding of the changes in distribution and total area of mangrove forests along the mainland Tanzania coast over the past decade. Mangroves are recognized as critical coastal habitat requiring protection and special attention. The Tanzania coastline forms a suitable habitat for establishment of mangrove forests. Mangrove forests are distributed from Tanga in the north to Mtwara in the south covering approximately 109,593 hectares from 1988-1990 and about 108,138 hectares in 2000. The largest continuous mangrove stands are found in the districts of Rufiji, Kilwa, Tanga-Muheza, and Mtwara. Comparison of data between these two time periods shows that the geographic coverage of mangroves has no dramatic change in the past decade. The Tanzania Mangrove Management Project and other closely related programs and efforts pertaining to mangrove conservation contribute to direct restoration and natural regeneration of mangroves. This study documents the changes of mangroves and demonstrates that remote sensing and GIS offer important data and tools in the advancement of coastal resource management and ecosystem monitoring. Application of geographic information technologies is critical for improved coastal resources management and decision making for sustainable development in Tanzania.     

Coastal aquaculture,mangrove deforestation and blue carbon emissions: Is REDD+ a solution?

Globally, coastal aquaculture particularly shrimp farming has been under huge criticism because of its environmental impacts including devastating effects on mangrove forests. However, mangroves are ecologically and economically important forests, and the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics that provide a wide range of ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Carbon emissions are likely to have been the dominant cause of climate change and blue carbon emissions are being critically augmented through mangrove deforestation. Because of mangrove deforestation, different climatic variables including coastal flooding, cyclone, drought, rainfall, salinity, sea-level rise, and sea surface temperature have dramatic effects on coastal aquaculture. Mangrove forests have been instrumental in augmenting resilience to climate change. The “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD)” program can help to restore mangroves which in turn increases options for adaptation to climate change. However, technical and financial assistance with institutional support are needed to implement REDD+.     

Assessment of aquaculture impact on mangroves of Mahanadi delta (Orissa), East coast of India using remote sensing and GIS

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food industries. However, the rapid growth of aquaculture worldwide has resulted in growing concerns about its impact on important ecosystems. The expansion of aquaculture farms in the coastal areas has led to conversion of mangroves, more rapidly. To assess the impact of aquaculture on mangroves, the present study has been undertaken in Mahanadi delta of Orissa, East coast of India which is famous for its distinctive mangrove ecosystem. It has undergone tremendous changes due to the development of aquaculture and agriculture activities during last two decades. For this, satellite data of different time periods (Landsat MSS of 1973, Landsat TM of 1990 and IRS P6 LISS III of 2006) were used. It was found that the delta was occupied by dense mangrove (12.6%), open mangrove (3.3%), aquaculture (12.9%) and agriculture (30.9%) in 2006. A loss of 2606 ha mangrove area and an increase of 3657 ha aquaculture area was observed from 1973 to 2006 clearly depicts the augment of aquaculture industry. It is suggested that, regular monitoring of the mangroves and effective implementation of coastal management laws be strictly undertaken to prevent the further loss mangroves in Mahanadi delta.     

Assessing the potential of REDD+ in a production mangrove forest in Malaysia using stakeholder analysis and ecosystem services mapping

Mangrove forests are ecologically important and carbon-rich coastal ecosystems that provide direct and indirect livelihood support for coastal communities. In recent years there has been increased discussion in the policy and scientific communities over how to include mangrove forests in climate change mitigation initiatives such as REDD+. There are a number of challenges to establishing a successful REDD+ project in mangrove areas, with land tenure and stakeholder entitlements arguably the most challenging. This study examines how REDD+ approaches might be applied to better balance timber production and conservation objectives in the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), a 40,466 ha mangrove forest area in Malaysia. Stakeholder profiles and needs are linked with ecosystem services to develop an integrated profile of this complex social-ecological system, which has been managed for timber production for more than 100 years, and has recently revealed evidence of declining ecosystem health. The results provide insights into how REDD+ might be operationalised in existing forest areas with traditions of multiple uses, potentially contributing to improved social-ecological outcomes for forests and their diverse stakeholders.     

基于HY-1C卫星CZI数据的红树林长势遥感监测

红树林是一种以耐盐的红树植物为主体的潮滩湿地林生物群落,其生长状态对于海岸带具有重要意义,利用遥感技术对红树林进行监测已成为目前主要手段之一。本文以广西北海山口红树林为例,利用HY-1C卫星的海岸带成像仪数据,结合其纹理参数,提取红树林信息,并对红树林植被指数进行分析。结果表明:2018年10月至11月间,红树林的RVI值均大于1,其中部分区域大于5;红树林的NDVI值的变化处于0~0.01之间,NDVI均值都大于0.5;红树林的EVI指数值主要集中在0.2~0.7之间。不同的植被指数计算结果均表明山口红树林长势良好。     

Solutions to blue carbon emissions: Shrimp cultivation,mangrove deforestation and climate change in coastal Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, export-oriented shrimp farming is one of the most important sectors of the national economy. However, shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh has devastating effects on mangrove forests. Mangroves are the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, and blue carbon (i.e., carbon in coastal and marine ecosystems) emissions from mangrove deforestation due to shrimp cultivation are accumulating. These anthropogenic carbon emissions are the dominant cause of climate change, which in turn affect shrimp cultivation. Some adaptation strategies including Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), mangrove restoration, and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) could help to reduce blue carbon emissions. Translocation of shrimp culture from mangroves to open-water IMTA and restoration of habitats could reduce blue carbon emissions, which in turn would increase blue carbon sequestration. Mangrove restoration by the REDD+ program also has the potential to conserve mangroves for resilience to climate change. However, institutional support is needed to implement the proposed adaptation strategies.     

Changes in biotic and abiotic processes following mangrove clearing

Mangrove forests, important tropical coastal habitats, are in decline worldwide primarily due to removal by humans. Changes to mangrove systems can alter ecosystem properties through direct effects on abiotic factors such as temperature, light and nutrient supply or through changes in biotic factors such as primary productivity or species composition. Despite the importance of mangroves as transitional habitats between land and sea, little research has examined changes that occur when they are cleared. We examined changes in a number of biotic and abiotic factors following the anthropogenic removal of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) in the Panamanian Caribbean, including algal biomass, algal diversity, algal grazing rates, light penetration, temperature, sedimentation rates and sediment organic content. In this first study examining multiple ecosystem-level effects of mangrove disturbance, we found that areas cleared of mangroves had higher algal biomass and richness than intact mangrove areas. This increase in algal biomass and richness was likely due to changes in abiotic factors (e.g. light intensity, temperature), but not biotic factors (fish herbivory). Additionally the algal and cyanobacterial genera dominating mangrove-cleared areas were rare in intact mangroves and included a number of genera that compete with coral for space on reefs. Interestingly, sedimentation rates did not differ between intact and cleared areas, but the sediments that accumulated in intact mangroves had higher organic content. These findings are the first to demonstrate that anthropogenic clearing of mangroves changes multiple biotic and abiotic processes in mangrove forests and that some of these changes may influence adjacent habitats such as coral reefs and seagrass beds. Additional research is needed to further explore the community and ecosystem-level effects of mangrove clearing and their influence on adjacent habitats, but it is clear that mangrove conservation is an important aspect of managing tropical coastal systems.