杭州湾地区末次冰盛期第一硬质黏土层粒度特征及其环境意义

对于沉积物粒度分布特征的研究是衡量沉积介质能量,判别沉积地理环境和水动力条件的最基本方法之一。对杭州湾地区河姆渡钻孔的末次冰盛期第一硬质黏土层样品进行系统的粒度分析,并与典型黄土、古土壤、下蜀土及河流相、湖相样品进行对比后发现,该层位样品所显示的粒度分布特征与湖相沉积物极为相似,而与下蜀土及河流相沉积物有所差别。从粒度分布的角度推断,该区第一硬质黏土层的沉积环境为河湖相。     

连云港近岸海域沉积物粒度的分形特性

基于粒度数据,运用分形和多重分形理论对连云港近岸海域沉积物粒度分布的分形特性进行了分析,研究了粒度分布的分维变化和多重分形参数的空间分布。结果表明,连云港近岸海域沉积物粒度分布具有分形和多重分形特性。粒度单形分维值介于2.205~2.406之间,平均值为2.312,分维值与0.6~8μm粒级含量呈正相关,描述了粒径分布的整体特征。多重分形谱宽Δα在1.668~3.934之间,Δf值在0.979~1.378之间,定量表征了粒径分布的非均匀性和奇异性。空间上,单形分维值具有随深度增加而减小的趋势,Δα高值多分布在近岸,粒度分维特性空间变化从粒度分布的内在结构反映了沉积物的动力改造过程,指示了不同的沉积环境。     

人工岛建设对龙口湾表层沉积物粒度及黏土矿物组成特征的影响

通过对2013年采自龙口湾的表层沉积物样品进行激光粒度分析和X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,根据其表层沉积物粒度及黏土矿物组成分布特征,来探讨大规模人工岛建设对龙口湾表层沉积物粒度分布及黏土矿物组成特征的影响。结果表明,龙口湾沉积物粒度以粉砂为主(62.90%),黏土(18.05%)和砂(19.05%)的质量分数相近。龙口湾表层沉积物的黏土矿物组成与莱州湾整体沉积物组成相近,其不同组分质量分数表现为伊利石蒙皂石绿泥石高岭石,但个别矿物的含量仍存在一定差异。表层沉积物粒度分布及黏土矿物的组合特征表明,尽管龙口湾的沉积物仍以沿岸河流输沙、风沙和岛岸侵蚀为主,但沿岸大规模人工岛建设已对其组合特征产生重要影响。粒度组成上黏土质量分数略有升高,砂质量分数略有下降;黏土矿物组成上表现为蒙皂石的最大质量分数升高24.55%,绿泥石和高岭石的最大质量分数均下降35%左右,而伊利石质量分数最高且变化不大。通过对龙口湾表层沉积物粒度分布及黏土矿物组成特征的研究,可在一定程度上揭示大规模人工岛建设对龙口湾的沉积环境的影响。     

基于粒度分布曲线的邻近传播聚类算法在沉积环境识别中的应用——以白洋淀地区为例

以白洋淀地区出露的22个沉积剖面中沉积物的粒度数据为研究对象,利用邻近传播聚类算法(AP聚类算法)进行聚类分析,并与已知典型沉积环境形成的沉积物粒度频率分布曲线进行对比,探讨了基于沉积物粒度特征的邻近传播聚类算法在沉积环境识别中应用的可行性以及白洋淀地区不同沉积环境的粒度特征。结果表明:邻近传播聚类算法能够将相同或者相近动力条件下形成的沉积物聚为一类,挖掘沉积物粒度数据中蕴含的沉积动力信息;所有样品的沉积物粒度频率分布曲线划分为11类簇;考虑到同一沉积环境中动力条件的变化,将聚类结果得到的分布范围、形状相近的11簇曲线进一步合并为4组曲线,并与已知典型沉积环境粒度曲线进行对比,识别出湖沼相、湖相、河流相、洪积相等4种主要的沉积相。其中,湖沼相与湖心相沉积环境、湖滨相与河漫滩相沉积环境形成的沉积物粒度组分相近。湖沼相与湖心相、湖滨相与漫滩相、河床相的沉积物粒度主要组分分别为细粉砂、粗粉砂、细砂或粗砂,洪积物中粗粉砂、中砂、粗砂含量相近,呈多峰态。邻近聚类传播算法可为沉积环境动力条件反演、分区等提供潜在的新手段。     

楚科奇海盆M04柱晚更新世以来沉积古环境记录

对"中国第五次北极科考"采自楚科奇海盆的M04柱进行粒度、冰筏碎屑、黏土矿物、岩心XRF扫描、沉积物颜色分析,初步建立了楚科奇海盆晚更新世MIS4期以来的沉积地层框架。MIS4期以来,楚科奇海盆M04柱沉积物粒度和黏土矿物组成具有明显的冰期/间冰期变化特征,冰期沉积物粒度分布以双峰态为主,由洋流搬运和海冰搬运沉积组分组成,伊利石含量高、高岭石含量低;间冰期沉积物具有三峰态粒度分布特征,由海冰搬运、洋流搬运和冰山搬运沉积组分组成,伊利石含量低、高岭石含量高。通过M04柱黏土矿物组合类型与北冰洋边缘海盆的表层沉积物黏土矿物组合类型对比表明,晚更新世以来楚科奇海盆沉积环境发生显著变化:温暖的间冰期受波弗特涡流驱动,波弗特海为研究区的物源输入提供了主要贡献;寒冷的冰期表层环流呈反向输运,细颗粒物源碎屑以东西伯利亚海的输入为主。     

粒度分析中偏度系数的影响因素及其意义

利用粒度分析中的偏度系数对区分不同搬运动力和不同沉积环境下的沉积物具有重要的鉴定意义,通过对偏度系数内涵的深入分析和粒度分析不同方法的比较,研究表明:偏度是非正态粒度分布下的偏斜程度,可敏感地反映粒度分布两端的微量变化,正偏是沉积物粒度分布的细偏,负偏则是粗偏,偏度正负大小与多种因素有关,它主要受沉积物属性控制,既与沉积环境类型密切相关,又与环境能量是否对应平衡有关;偏度还受计算方法和测试方法等人为因素影响。筛析法结合图解法计算较适用于粒度粗、跨度大的沉积物粒度分析,激光粒度法结合矩法计算更适用于粉砂—黏土粒级沉积物的粒度分析。     

现代黄河口南岸海洋沉积环境分析

根据在现代黄河口南岸采集的45个表层沉积物样品与5个柱状沉积物样品的粒度测试结果,研究了现代黄河口南岸沉积物的类型与空间分布特征。通过粒度参数计算和聚类分析方法绘制了粒度概率累积曲线,探讨了沉积物粒度分布特征与物源和沉积动力环境间的关系。现代黄河口至广利河河口的沉积物颗粒呈"粗—细—粗"分布,表层沉积物分为粉砂质砂和砂质粉砂2种类型。通过分析对比柱状沉积物不同深度粒度频率曲线与概率累积曲线,结合对沉积环境和沉积速率的分析,认为黄河河道摆动是影响沉积环境的主导因素。通过对比典型潮滩剖面丰枯季节粒度概率累积曲线发现,广利河在局部区域对沉积环境产生一定的影响。研究表明:黄河改道是影响沉积环境的主导因素,同时,广利河等沿岸河流在河口局部区域对原有沉积环境有一定的改造作用,至莱州湾南岸,沿岸小清河、弥河等河流取代黄河成为影响沉积环境的主导因素。     

防城湾沉积过程及不同沉积环境下的粒度分布特征

沉积物的粒度成分是反映沉积作用、沉积环境、特别是沉积动力条件最明显的标志之一,因而,研究现代沉积物粒度成分的空间分布及其在不同沉积环境下的粒度分布特征,探讨其形成机制等,一直吸引着有关学者的注意。 近二十年来,有些学者曾据沉积物的粒度参数特征,区分了现代风砂、河沙和海滩砂     

渤海南部早-中更新统湖相沉积的粒度特征及其对沉积环境的指示

通过对莱州湾南岸Lz908孔下部47m沉积物的粒度分析,揭示了该地区沉积物的粒度特征:平均粒径介于3.2Φ~7.4Φ,大部分为黏土质粉砂,少部分为砂质粉砂,亦含有少量粉砂质砂;分选系数介于1.1~2.5,分选较差;偏度绝大多数介于0.7~2.4,表现为正偏和极正偏;峰度介于1.9~3.4,表现为平坦和正态。通过粒级组成、粒度象特征、粒度结构散点图等的综合分析,表明:钻孔下部沉积物与上部沉积物相比,指示了相对低能稳定的水动力环境;莱州湾南岸地区在早-中更新统处于浅湖相与深湖相交替存在的沉积环境。因此,本文认为对渤海莱州湾南岸地区沉积物粒度特征的研究可以有效的判断沉积环境,提取古环境信息,是沉积环境的重要替代指标。     

福建诏安湾海域表层沉积物粒度特征及输运趋势分析

通过对诏安湾海域6个站位的水文泥沙观测和181个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析,结合海湾水深地形,应用Gao?Collins粒径输运模型和系统聚类分析方法,分析研究了福建诏安湾海域的粒度参数分布特征、表层沉积物的运移趋势和沉积环境划分及其动力机制.结果表明,诏安湾表层沉积物共6种类型,以黏土质粉砂和砂为主,平均粒径介于0.5...     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...