台湾海峡盆地的地质构造特征及演化

分析了台湾海峡盆地形成的区域地质背景,将其纳入东海和南海盆地形成的框架内考虑,研究其区域演化阶段和盆地演化特征。结果表明,以台湾海峡盆地为中心的包括南海北部陆缘和东海在内的中国东南沿海地区在古新世—始新世期间处于统一的边缘海盆构造背景之下,而自晚始新世起,南海北部大陆边缘与其北部的台湾海峡地区、东海逐渐走上了不同的演化道路,前者向非典型的被动大陆边缘演变,而后者则继续其自古新世—始新世以来的演化进程,形成了自古新世至晚中新世间的4个有序分布的裂陷盆地群和相应的盆间弧体系。台湾海峡盆地有两次独特的前陆盆地经历,分别发生于晚渐新世—早中新世和晚中新世末至今,并且以第二次前陆最为强烈。     

喜马拉雅前渊和孟加拉湾盆地形成演化

通过区域地质、地球物理、板块重建及地球动力学背景综合研究,揭示了喜马拉雅前渊和孟加拉湾盆地形成演化及动力学背景。喜马拉雅前渊与孟加拉湾盆地被西隆(Shillong)高原分隔。喜马拉雅前渊位于西隆高原北侧,主要以拉萨地块前白垩系为基底,晚白垩世—早始新世为新特提斯洋向洋内岛弧、拉萨板块俯冲形成的弧前和弧后盆地;中始新世—中新世早期,新特提斯洋逐渐俯冲消亡,印度板块与拉萨地块的陆陆碰撞逐渐加剧,形成前陆盆地;中新世中期以来,随着印度板块与欧亚板块陆陆碰撞的加剧,喜马拉雅前陆盆地隆升、剥蚀,只保留了前陆盆地的前渊。孟加拉湾(Bengal)盆地位于西隆高原南侧,其西北部以印度板块的前寒武系为基底,石炭—二叠纪为裂谷盆地,三叠纪为剥蚀区,侏罗纪—早白垩世以火山作用为主,晚白垩世—早始新世为被动大陆边缘盆地,中始新世以来随着印度板块向拉萨板块俯冲加剧,印度洋板块向缅甸大陆俯冲,孟加拉湾盆地演化为陆缘碎屑供应逐渐增强的残留洋盆。孟加拉湾东南部的基底为前古近系洋壳,始新世以来形成巨厚的残留洋盆充填序列。     

沙捞越盆地的盆地类型分析

针对沙捞越盆地盆地类型的不同观点,通过盆地区域构造背景、构造演化阶段、构造沉降曲线的分析以及构造地质事件的恢复,得到以下认识:①盆地的构造演化可划分为晚白垩世—晚始新世,拉让洋壳向婆罗洲基底俯冲,并在婆罗洲中部形成火山岛弧的俯冲增生期;渐新世—早中新世,拉让洋壳俯冲消减完毕,路科尼亚地块与婆罗洲碰撞,并俯冲于婆罗洲基底之下,形成周缘前陆盆地的前陆盆地期;中中新世至今,南中国海开启、婆罗洲碰撞抬升引起盆地稳定沉降的被动边缘期3个阶段。②盆地所选井的构造沉降曲线具有早期缓慢沉降、晚期快速沉降这一前陆盆地的典型特征。③盆地构造地质事件复原图表明,盆地晚期处于被动大陆边缘构造背景。由此,认为沙捞越盆地为复合型盆地,即早期为前陆盆地,晚期则转化为大陆边缘型盆地。     

南海东沙隆起及其周围坳陷的地质演化

南海北部陆架由陆壳边缘的一系列断陷-拗陷盆地和隆起组成。早白垩世以前与华南板块连为一体。燕山期第三幕(晚拉拉米运动)形成北东东走向的狭长大陆裂谷盆地。古新世和始新世裂谷盆地进一步拉张和扩大,形成珠一、珠二和珠三坳陷。东沙隆起介于珠一和珠二两个坳陷之间,面积约28000平方千米。其地质演化分为四个阶段:(1)晚白垩世至古新世块断活动时期。(2)始新世至渐新世上升与剥蚀时期。(3)晚渐新世至早中新世持续沉降时期。(4)中中新世至目前的非补偿沉积时期。因此,东沙隆起为一有较好远景的油气富集构造带。     

尖峰北盆地地质构造及油气勘探潜力

尖峰北盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘南部,是一个新生代沉积盆地。盆地发育了A、B、C、D、E5套地震层序;盆地内地质构造复杂,断裂发育,平面上断裂展布方向主要有NE向、近EW向和NW向三组,断裂可分为正断层及平移断层,以正断层为主。古新世—始新世为盆地形成时期即断陷阶段,盆地内部充填了大量河湖相沉积。渐新世—中中新世为盆地发展期即坳陷阶段,盆地沉积类型由陆相逐步过渡到海陆过渡相和海相。中中新世末期,盆地相对隆升,部分地区遭受剥蚀。晚中新世—全新世为区域沉降阶段,盆地及其围区以稳定的浅海-半深海相沉积为主。盆地早期河湖相、三角洲相沉积分布范围较广,最大沉积厚度超过4500m,具有一定的生烃能力;盆地储盖条件良好,油气运移条件良好;尖峰北盆地具备较好的油气潜力。     

南沙海域万安盆地地质构造与沉积体系特征

万安盆地是其东侧万安走滑断裂发生右旋走滑所派生的扭张应力作用下形成的一个走滑拉张盆地。NE、NEE和SN向的断裂是盆内最主要的断裂,它们在盆内局部形成"三隆四坳"的格局。盆地构造演化经历了基底形成、初始裂谷作用、裂谷发育(第一阶段裂谷作用)、裂谷后早期(第二阶段裂谷作用)、构造反转和裂后期(区域沉降阶段)等几个阶段。根据钻井资料和地震资料中叠加速度建立的时-深关系,在该盆地可划分出4个巨层序界面:MB1,声波基底的顶部(前古近纪);MB2,渐新世顶部(24Ma);MB3,晚中新世(8Ma);MB4,早上新世(4Ma)。每一个巨层序界面(MB)之上都有与之对应的巨层序(MS),从老到新依次为MS1—MS4。盆地晚始新世—渐新世以湖泊-三角洲沉积体系为主;晚中新世时经历了非海相-海陆交互相-陆架沉积体系的过渡;中新世—早上新世为碳酸盐岩-浅海陆架-三角洲沉积体系;早上新世—第四纪为陆架-陆坡-深海沉积体系。     

东亚大陆边缘的板块重建与构造转换

东亚大陆边缘中新生代期间的动力学演化始终是地质研究的难点和热点,特别是对其大陆边缘性质、类型和演化过程始终不明朗,并存在巨大争论。系统综述了40多年来已有东亚大陆边缘二叠纪以来板块重建的主要方案,特别是近10年来东亚陆缘新的研究成果,侧重探讨了晚三叠世以来东亚大陆边缘类型转换、不同构造域的交接—转换过程。认为东亚陆缘总体经历了三叠纪前的被动陆缘阶段、晚三叠世—早白垩世的大陆岩浆弧发育的安第斯型活动陆缘阶段、早白垩世晚期—始新世的走滑拉分盆地发育的安第斯型活动陆缘阶段和渐新世以来的日本型活动大陆边缘阶段。这对于认识中国东部海域渤海湾、黄海、东海和南海盆地成因具有指导意义。同时,分析了各阶段海—陆分布特征及其变迁规律、板块格局变动过程及其动力学背景。     

南海西南海域曾母盆地新生界沉积充填演化研究

曾母盆地位于南海西南海域,是一个总面积约17×104km2的新生代含油气盆地。在综合研究该盆地新生界沉积特征和沉积体系发育状况以及模拟沉积层的沉降速率和沉降史的基础上,分析和研究了新生界沉积层的充填演化特征和充填序列。晚始新世—渐新世时该盆地基本上为东陆西海,位于西部的坳陷为海相沉积,其它地区多为陆相或海岸平原相沉积。中渐新世末至中新世末由于纳土纳等隆起没于水下,该区主物源方向发生改变,致使该盆地早期的沉积环境为南陆北海,而后因古巽他河的作用自南向北逐渐形成三角洲前积复合体。该三角洲沉积复合体随时间由南往北不断推进,形成大范围的三角洲沉积充填序列;与此同时,盆地东部和西部发育碳酸盐岩台地和生物礁,围区深坳部位为巨厚的滨-浅海和半深海充填沉积。从晚始新世至中新世末,该区的沉降速率和沉降中心不断发生变化。上新世和第四纪主要为浅海陆架及半深海充填沉积。上述复杂的沉积充填演化过程构成该盆地独特的沉积充填序列     

南中国海越南南部近海九龙和南昆山盆地的地质演化

张裂和区域沉降是越南南部近海九龙和南昆山盆地的特色。初期的张裂开始于始新世-早渐新世。紧接着是晚渐新世地壳块体的上升和旋转。上升块体的侵蚀标志着九龙盆地从张裂到区域沉降的转变。第二阶段的张裂开始发生于南昆山盆地。并持续至晚中新世。南昆山盆地部分地区经历了中-晚中新世的倒转。九龙盆地中同生张裂和裂后单元分别由非海相沉和海陆交互相到浅海沉积组成。南昆山盆地中的同生张裂沉积分成早期同生断裂单元-相应于初期张裂阶段。和晚期同生张裂单元。在张裂的第二阶段沉积。早期同生和晚期同生张裂单元由非海相沉积和非海相到浅海沉积组成。后张裂单元由陆架、深海沉积组成。正式出版的报告资料显示九龙盆地以生油为主．油主要储集在破碎基岩高处。丽南昆山盆地通常含气，其气圈闭在中新世砂岩和晚中新世碳酸岩中。这些明显的特征可能随着南昆山盆地长期的张裂和倒转所造成的圈闭形成及圈闭整体破裂而出现差异。     

中国东部晚白垩世至早第三纪海侵

笔者通过对我国东部盆地晚白垩世和早第三纪沉积及古生物资料，特别是有孔虫，沟鞭藻，钙质超微化石，龙介虫科栖管，藻叠层石等的综合研究认为，我国东部盆地在晚白垩世至早第三纪曾发生过四期海侵。由老到新依序为森诺曼期，晚土伦期至早赛诺期，古新世至早始新世，晚始新世至早渐新世。在海侵影响下，我国东部十多个盆地形成了海陆过渡相半咸水沉积，并具有典型的半咸水生物化石组合。通过对松辽盆地，苏北－南黄海盆地，渤海湾沉     

Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary basins of active continental margin of Southeast Russia: paleogeography,tectonics, and coal–oil–gas presence

Various settings took place during the Late Mesozoic: divergent, convergent, collisional, and transform. After mid-Jurassic collision of the Siberian and Chinese cratons, a latitudinal system of post-collision troughs developed along the Mongol-Okhotsk suture (the Uda, Torom basins and others), filled with terrigenous coal-bearing molasse.The dispersion of Pangea, creation of oceans during the Late Jurassic are correlated to the emergence of the East Asian submeridional rift system with volcano-terrigenous coal-bearing deposits (the Amur-Zeya basin). At that time, to the east there existed an Andean-type continental margin. Foreland (Upper Bureya, Partizansk, and Razdolny) and flexural (Sangjiang-Middle Amur) basins were formed along the margin of the rigid massifs during the Late Jurassic to Berriasian.During the Valanginian-mid-Albian an oblique subduction of the Izanagi plate beneath the Asian continent occurred, producing a transform margin type, considerable sinistral strike slip displacements, and formation of pull-apart basins filled with turbidites (the Sangjiang-Middle Amur basin).The Aptian is characterized by plate reorganization and formation of epioceanic island arcs, fore-arc and back-arc basins in Sakhalin and the Sikhote-Alin (the Alchan and Sangjiang-Middle Amur basins), filled with volcanoclastics.During the mid-Albian a series of terranes accreted to the Asian continental margin. By the end of the Albian, the East Asian marginal volcanic belt began to form due to the subduction of the Kula plate beneath the Asian continent. During the Cenomanian–Coniacian shallow marine coarse clastics accumulated in the fore-arc basins, which were followed by continental deposits in the Santonian–Campanian. From the Coniacian to the Maastrichtian, a thermal subsidence started in rift basins, and continental oil-bearing clastics accumulated (the Amur-Zeya basin).Widespread elevation and denudation were dominant during the Maastrichtian. This is evidenced by thick sediments accumulated in the Western Sakhalin fore-arc basin.During the Cenozoic, an extensive rift belt rmade up of a system of grabens, which were filled with lacustrine–alluvial coal–and oil-bearing deposits, developed along the East Asian margin.     

Middle to Late Cenozoic tectonic events in south and central Palawan (Philippines) and their implications to the evolution of the south-eastern margin of South China Sea: Evidence from onshore structural and offshore seismic data

Using recently gathered onland structural and 2D/3D offshore seismic data in south and central Palawan (Philippines), this paper presents a new perspective in unraveling the Cenozoic tectonic history of the southeastern margin of the South China Sea. South and central Palawan are dominated by Mesozoic ophiolites (Palawan Ophiolite), distinct from the primarily continental composition of the north. These ophiolites are emplaced over syn-rift Eocene turbidites (Panas Formation) along thrust structures best preserved in the ophiolite–turbidite contact as well as within the ophiolites. Thrusting is sealed by Early Miocene (∼20 Ma) sediments of the Pagasa Formation (Isugod Formation onland), constraining the younger limit of ophiolite emplacement at end Late Oligocene (∼23 Ma). The onset of ophiolite emplacement at end Eocene is constrained by thrust-related metamorphism of the Eocene turbidites, and post-emplacement underthrusting of Late Oligocene – Early Miocene Nido Limestone. This carbonate underthrusting at end Early Miocene (∼16 Ma) is marked by the deformation of a seismic unit corresponding to the earliest members of the Early – Middle Miocene Pagasa Formation. Within this formation, a tectonic wedge was built within Middle Miocene (from ∼16 Ma to ∼12 Ma), forming a thrust-fold belt called the Pagasa Wedge. Wedge deformation is truncated by the regionally-observed Middle Miocene Unconformity (MMU ∼12 Ma). A localized, post-kinematic extension affects thrust-fold structures, the MMU, and Late Miocene to Early Pliocene carbonates (e.g. Tabon Limestone). This structural set-up suggests a continuous convergent regime affecting the southeastern margin of the South China Sea between end Eocene to end Middle Miocene. The ensuing structures including juxtaposed carbonates, turbidites and shallow marine clastics within thrust-fold belts have become ideal environments for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. Best developed in the Northwest Borneo Trough area, the intensity of thrust-fold deformation decreases towards the northeast into offshore southwest Palawan.     

Cross-section restoration and one-dimensional basin modeling of the Central Subbasin in the southern Kunsan Basin,Yellow Sea

The petroleum system of the Kunsan Basin in the Northern South Yellow Sea Basin is not well known, compared to other continental rift basins in the Yellow Sea, despite its substantial hydrocarbon potential. Restoration of two depth-converted seismic profiles across the Central Subbasin in the southern Kunsan Basin shows that extension was interrupted by inversions in the Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene that created anticlinal structures. One-dimensional basin modeling of the IIH-1Xa well suggests that hydrocarbon expulsion in the northeastern margin of the depocenter of the Central Subbasin peaked in the Early Oligocene, predating the inversions. Hydrocarbon generation at the dummy well location in the depocenter of the subbasin began in the Late Paleocene. Most source rocks in the depocenter passed the main expulsion phase except for the shallowest source rocks. Hydrocarbons generated from the depocenter are likely to have migrated southward toward the anticlinal structure and faults away from the traps along the northern and northeastern margins of the depocenter because the basin-fill strata are dipping north. Faulting that continued during the rift phase (∼ Middle Miocene) of the subbasin probably acted as conduits for the escape of hydrocarbons. Thus, the anticlinal structure and associated faults to the south of the dummy well may trap hydrocarbons that have been charged from the shallow source rocks in the depocenter since the Middle Miocene.     

西太平洋晚第三纪钙质超微化石及其古海洋学意义

本文研究了菲律宾海东部,北部“大洋钻探工程”125航次782A和786A二个钻孔晚第三纪的钙质超微化石。本区自下而上划分为13个带(或亚带),存在三个沉积间断:晚渐新世与中中新世之间;中中新世与晚中新世之间以及晚中新世与早上新世之间。据超微化石分析,本区晚第三纪存在4个相对暖水期和4个相对较凉期。根据菲律宾海东部,中部“深海钻探工程”58、59、60三个航次以及我国东海陆架、台湾东海岸及西部地区,南海北缘等地钙质超微化石分带的对比,晚渐新世与早中新世之间以及中、上新世之间的沉积间断在环西太平洋一侧具有普遍性,但形成原因不尽相同。     

Evolution of the Grenada and Tobago basins and implications for arc migration

The tectonic mechanisms controlling how volcanic arcs migrate through space and geologic time within dynamic subduction environments is a fundamental tectonic process that remains poorly understood. This paper presents an integrated stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of Late Cretaceous to Recent volcanic arcs and associated basins in the southeastern Caribbean Sea using seismic reflection data, wide-angle seismic refraction data, well data, and onland geologic data. We propose a new tectonic model for the opening of the Grenada and Tobago basins and the 50-250-km eastward jump of arc volcanism from the Late Cretaceous Aves Ridge to the Miocene to Recent Lesser Antilles arc in the southeast Caribbean based on the mapping of three seismic megasequences. The striking similarity of the half-graben structure of the Grenada and Tobago basins that flank the Lesser Antilles arc, their similar smooth basement character, their similar deep-marine seismic facies, and their similar Paleogene sediment thickness mapped on a regional grid of seismic data suggest that the two basins formed as a single, saucer-shaped, oceanic crust Paleogene forearc basin adjacent to the now dormant Aves Ridge. This single forearc basin continued to extend and widen through flexural subsidence during the early to middle Eocene probably because of slow rollback of the subducting Atlantic oceanic slab. Rollback may have been accelerated by oblique collision of the southern Aves Ridge and southern Lesser Antilles arc with the South American continent. Uplift and growth of the southern Lesser Antilles arc divided the Grenada and Tobago basins by early to middle Miocene time. Inversion of normal faults and uplift effects along both edges of the Lesser Antilles arc are most pronounced in its southern zone of arc collision with the South American continent. The late Miocene to Recent depositional histories of the Grenada and Tobago basins are distinct because of isolation of the Grenada basin by growth and uplift of the Neogene Lesser Antilles volcanic ridge.     

Cenozoic tectonic and stratigraphic development of the Central Vietnamese continental margin

The East Vietnam Boundary Fault Zone (EVBFZ) forms the seaward extension of the Red River Shear Zone and interacted with the extensional rift systems in basins along the Central Vietnamese continental margin. The structural outline of the central Vietnamese margin and the timing of deformation are therefore fundamental to understanding the development of the South China Sea and its relation to Indochinese escape tectonism and the India-Eurasia collision. This study investigates the structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Central Vietnamese margin in a regional tectonic perspective based on new 2-D seismic and well data. The basin fill is divided into five major Oligocene to Recent sequences separated by unconformities. Deposition and the formation of unconformities were closely linked with transtension, rifting, the opening of the South China Sea and Late Neogene uplift and denudation of the eastern flank of Indochina. The structural outline of the Central Vietnamese margin favors a hybrid tectonic model involving both escape and slab-pull tectonics. Paleogene left-lateral transtension over the NNW-striking EVBFZ, occurred within the Song Hong Basin and the Quang Ngai Graben and over the Da Nang Shelf/western Phu Khanh Basin, related to the escape of Indochina. East of the EVBFZ, Paleogene NE-striking rifting prevailed in the outer Phu Khanh Basin and the Hoang Sa Graben fitting best with a prevailing stress derived from a coeval slab-pull from a subducting proto-South China Sea beneath the southwest Borneo – Palawan region. Major rifting terminated near the end of the Oligocene. However, late stage rifting lasted to the Early Miocene when continental break-up and seafloor spreading commenced along the edge of the outer Phu Khanh Basin. The resulting transgression promoted Lower and Middle Miocene carbonate platform growth on the Da Nang Shelf and the Tri Ton High whereas deeper marine conditions prevailed in the central part of the basins. Partial drowning and platform retreat occurred after the Middle Miocene due to increased siliciclastic input from the Vietnamese mainland. As a result, siliciclastic, marine deposition prevailed offshore Central Vietnam during the Pliocene and Pleistocene.     

西太平洋边缘海盆的形成与演化

从地球深部地幔流动引起的地质作用出发，结合裂谷的发展演化规律，认为地幔向东（或南东）的蠕散和流动促使亚洲大陆边缘地壳拉伸、变薄以致破裂，由大陆裂谷发展至弧后裂谷，形成西太平洋边缘海盆。最后提出边缘海盆发展演化的4个阶段，即：新生阶段（郯庐裂谷系）、幼年阶段（冲绳海槽）、青壮年阶段（日本海）和成熟阶段（南海）。