全新世海侵以来现行黄河口区域沉积层序及古气候演化

本文对位于现行黄河口深度30.73m的BH6钻孔粒度分布、岩性特征、常量元素、有孔虫介形虫种类及分布、14 C年代进行了分析,讨论了研究区全新世海侵以来的沉积层序和古气候演化。钻孔连续记录了近黄河口区域全新世海侵以来的沉积历史,从上至下可以分为5个沉积相,(1)(0~4.87m)为河口三角洲前缘亚相,(2)(4.87~8.08m)为前三角洲相沉积,(1)(2)共同组成三角洲相沉积,(3)(8.08~12.08m)应为近岸浅海沉积,(4)(12.08~23.85m)为河口边滩至潮坪相沉积,(5)(23.85m~)为陆相湖泊沉积。利用钻孔常量元素特征比值对古气候演化进行讨论,认为全新世海侵期以来BH6钻孔古气候总体经历了相对暖-温凉-暖-温凉的过程。     

涌潮沉积揭示长江河口湾全新世最高海面

海面变化对沿海地区的自然环境和社会经济有着重要影响,了解过去海面变化规律可以为预测未来海面上升情景提供参考依据。以长江古河口湾湾顶附近的扬州市昌建广场建筑工地所揭示的自然沉积剖面(CJGC剖面)为研究对象,通过详细调研,在剖面下部发现了保存有海相贝壳的涌潮沉积,为研究全新世最高海面和最大海侵提供了绝佳的地质材料。通过系统的沉积相与光释光(OSL)年代学研究,重建了古河口湾中全新世以来沉积环境的变化过程。结果表明,该地点中全新世以来经历了从陆相→潮滩→河口沙坝→河漫滩的沉积环境变迁,清晰显示了由海侵到海退的变化过程。OSL测年数据表明长江河口全新世最高海面和河口湾湾顶最大海侵出现的年代约为5.6 ka,当时对应的海面高度不低于海拔1.3 m,这一时期的高海面在世界多地均有记录。     

广西防城湾全新世海侵及防城河三角洲的演变

本文根据北部湾北岸防城湾地区河口的地貌特征和地层、古生物以及~(14)C年龄资料论述了这一地区全新世以来的海侵过程及河口三角洲的演变过程。文中比较详细地叙述了不同沉积相的岩石学特点和相应古生物组合的各个种属,并具体分出两个沉积旋迥以及与之对应的两期三角洲。认为本区在全新世中期6000年前开始接受海侵,然后在两次海面波动过程中形成两期三角洲,随着海侵的发展,河口后退,第一期三角洲形成于1800年前,分布在防城河口—5m以内至牛头岭地区,第二期即现代三角洲分布在将军岭以北至针鱼岭的防城湾顶。     

晚第四纪长江三角洲高分辨率层序地层学的初步研究

根据钻孔资料分析了长江三角洲冰后期层序的构成：古河谷内由河床相，浅海相－河口湾相组成，海侵面在滞留沉积与潮坪堆积物之间，最大海侵面位于浅海相和前三角洲泥质层中，古河间地层层序包含滨海相，浅海相和潮坪相，其海侵面与层序界面重合，最大海侵面在浅海泥质层中，在古河谷和古河间的沉积相组合不同，但二者同在一个海侵海退旋回中形成，属同一层序。     

黄海南部陆区冰后期沉积环境的演变

研究区内全新统与上更新统间普遍发现沉积间断。晚更新世古地形呈东个完南向西北逐渐抬高的掀斜状。本文以李堡孔为例,讨论了全新统垂向层序,自下而上由滨海,河口海湾,近岸浅海和潮坪相组成,为一个完整的海浸海退层序。全新世海侵层受古地形及三角洲进积、主河道南偏影响,表现明显的水平相变。通过对区内十几个钻孔剖面的对比分析,揭示了垂向演替及水平相变的规律及其两者间的关系,恢复了全世以来沉积环境的演化过程。     

伶仃洋东岸晚更新世以来硅藻组合及环境意义

通过分析伶仃洋东岸sz17QZ-20-3钻孔硅藻分布特征,结合测年、岩性和粒度,重建了该地区晚更新世以来的古环境演化。依据沉积物岩性粒度变化判断,晚更新世时期在23.6~11.0 m层段发育了一套河床相-溺古湾相-岸滩相-冲积相的垂向沉积序列,在花斑黏土层中有海水种Ethmodiscus rex碎片的存在,指示晚更新世海侵海退旋回。早全新世海侵在9000 cal.aBP左右到达研究区,海水种硅藻含量开始迅速增加,发育滨海平原相沉积;在8000 cal.aBP左右达到最高海平面,海水种硅藻含量最高;随后研究区处于海平面停滞状态,并缓慢下降,发育浅海相沉积;中晚全新世4.2~0 m层段为海退时期,发育河口湾相沉积。中全新世4.4~4.2 m层位海水种含量突然增加和4.4~4.6 m层位贝壳碎屑层指示可能有风暴潮事件发生;晚全新世0.3~0 m层段表层沉积物中硅藻丰度异常偏高,受人类活动影响较大。     

辽河三角洲晚更新世以来的地层层序及沉积环境变迁

通过分析辽河三角洲获取的长41.4m的ZK2孔岩心的岩性、粒度、有孔虫丰度及分子标志物等资料的基础上,结合精确的测年数据、海面变化等资料,并与其他钻孔资料分析对比,构建了辽河三角洲晚更新世33ka BP以来的年代地层框架,将ZK2孔自下而上划分为U1-U4这4个沉积相段:U1为河道相,U2为河漫滩相,U3为海相(全新世海侵)和U4为上三角洲平原相。U3段的海相沉积自下而上又可进一步分为U3~1、U3~2、U3~3、U3~4、U3~5 5个沉积层,分别对应了河口湾相、浅海相、前三角洲相、三角洲前缘相、下三角洲平原相(潮坪相)。沉积物的粒度、有孔虫及生物标志物BIT等指标在不同沉积环境中出现了较为明显的变化,且变化趋势相似,揭示了辽河三角洲晚更新世33ka BP以来的海平面变化的沉积历史,其中U3段沉积物(15.75~2.65m)沉积连续,地层完整,测年数据可靠,较完整地反映了辽河三角洲9 100cal.a BP以来全新世海侵期的沉积历史。     

渤海湾西岸全新统沉积特征及环境演化

在研究区已施工22个钻孔及47处陡坎剖面调查基础上,详细研究了本区全新世地层的沉积物特征、沉积环境及其空间展布形态;认为本区全新统为一套由陆相-海相-陆相交互沉积的松散沉积物,成因类型主要为冲积、湖沼沉积以及海积,沉积相主要为分支河道、边滩、泛滥平原、潮汐河道、潮间带、潮上带、滨海湖沼等。受构造-气候事件影响,沉积物在横向上陆-海-陆交叉松散沉积叠加形似3个交错穿插的"楔形体";垂向上,沉积物粒度具正韵律层序,局部海侵层可见反韵律层序。总体上反映该区全新世以来陆—海交互作用及海进—海退演变历程。     

珠江三角洲沉积相序

珠江三角洲是在晚更新世玉木亚间冰期和全新世大西洋期,由多条河流的泥、沙输入溺谷型河口湾内,形成具不同沉积特征的叠覆、镶嵌复合体,经历了由河口湾沉积向河控三角洲沉积的演变.其沉积相序分两类:一类是玉木亚间冰期和大西洋海侵阶段,形成以潮汐作用为主的溺谷型河口湾沉积相序,属海侵层序;另一类为大西洋期海平面相对稳定以来,以迳流作用为主的进积型河控三角洲沉积相序.     

南黄海太阳沙西侧海域晚第四系地震层序和沉积环境演变

在南黄海太阳沙西侧潮流脊槽海域进行了密集网格的高分辨率浅地震勘探,测线间距主要为120 m和200 m。沉积物穿透厚度最大约80~90 m,划分为2个地震层序(SQ1和SQ2),细分为5个亚层(U1~U5)。位于下部的层序1(U1)为晚更新世陆相沉积,上部的层序2(U2~U5)以全新世海相沉积为主。根据地震相特征研究了各亚层的沉积环境,从晚更新世晚期以来,研究区经历了三角洲辫状河流—河流刻蚀—古河道充填—河口滨海—三角洲滨浅海—现代潮流脊槽的沉积环境演变过程。在早全新世中期,研究区发育了一条窄河口型潮流沙脊,并随海平面的快速上升而被掩埋。现代潮流沙脊形成于末次高海面后,与古潮流沙脊没有继承关系,与晚更新世古地形也没有关系,受控于潮流系统。     

Facies architecture of the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner continental shelf of west-central Florida: implications for Holocene barrier development

Sediment vibracores and surface samples were collected from the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf of west–central Florida in an effort to determine the three-dimensional facies architecture and Holocene geologic development of the coastal barrier-island and adjacent shallow marine environments. The unconsolidated sediment veneer is thin (generally <3 m), with a patchy distribution. Nine facies are identified representing Miocene platform deposits (limestone gravel and blue–green clay facies), Pleistocene restricted marine deposits (lime mud facies), and Holocene back-barrier (organic muddy sand, olive-gray mud, and muddy sand facies) and open marine (well-sorted quartz sand, shelly sand, and black sand facies) deposits. Holocene back-barrier facies are separated from overlying open marine facies by a ravinement surface formed during the late Holocene rise in sea level. Facies associations are naturally divided into four discrete types. The pattern of distribution and ages of facies suggest that barrier islands developed approximately 8200 yr BP and in excess of 20 km seaward of the present coastline in the north, and more recently and nearer to their present position in the south. No barrier-island development prior to approximately 8200 yr BP is indicated. Initiation of barrier-island development is most likely due to a slowing in the Holocene sea-level rise ca. 8000 yr BP, coupled with the intersection of the coast with quartz sand deposits formed during Pleistocene sea-level highstands. This study is an example of a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic shallow marine depositional system that is tightly constrained in both time and sea-level position. It provides a useful analog for the study of other, similar depositional systems in both the modern and ancient rock record.     

Sedimentary facies and paleoenvironmental interpretation of a Holocene marsh in the Gironde Estuary in France

1Introduction Since the last glacial maximum, the Holocenehas been marked by a rapid rise in sea level. After6 000 a BP, the present-day level was reached andthe rate of sea-level rise (SLR) decreased rapidly(Morzadec -Kerfourn, 1974; Kidson, 1986 ).These…     

Global sea-level control on local parasequence architecture from the Holocene record of the Po Plain,Italy

Holocene deposits exhibit distinct, predictable and chronologically constrained facies patterns that are quite useful as appropriate modern analogs for interpreting the ancient record. In this study, we examined the sedimentary response of the Po Plain coastal system to short-term (millennial-scale) relative fluctuations of sea level through high-resolution sequence-stratigraphic analysis of the Holocene succession.Meters-thick parasequences form the building blocks of stratigraphic architecture. Above the Younger Dryas paleosol, a prominent stratigraphic marker that demarcates the transgressive surface, Early Holocene parasequences (#s 1–3) record alternating periods of rapid flooding and gradual shoaling, and are stacked in a retrogradational pattern that mostly reflects stepped, post-glacial eustatic rise. Conversely, Middle to Late Holocene parasequences (#s 4–8) record a complex, pattern of coastal progradation and delta upbuilding that took place following sea-level stabilization at highstand, starting at about 7 cal ky BP. The prominent transgressive surface at the base of parasequence 1 correlates with the period of rapid, global sea-level rise at the onset of the Holocene (MWP-1B), whereas flooding surfaces associated with parasequences 2 and 3 apparently reflect minor Early Holocene eustatic jumps reported in the literature. Changes in shoreline trajectory, parasequence architecture and lithofacies distribution during the following eustatic highstand had, instead, an overwhelming autogenic component, mostly driven by river avulsions, delta lobe switching, local subsidence and sediment compaction. We document a ∼1000-year delayed response of the coastal depositional system to marine incursion, farther inland from the maximum landward position of the shoreline. A dramatic reduction in sediment flux due to fluvial avulsion resulted in marine inundation in back-barrier position, whereas coastal progradation was simultaneously taking place basinwards.We demonstrate that the landward equivalents of marine flooding surfaces (parasequence boundaries) may be defined by brackish and freshwater fossil assemblages, and traced for tens of kilometers into the non-marine realm. This makes millennial-scale parasequences, whether auto- or allogenic in origin, much more powerful than systems tracts for mapping detailed extents and volumes of sediment bodies.The Holocene parasequences of the Po coastal plain, with strong age control and a detailed understanding of sea-level variation, may provide insight into the driving mechanisms and predictability of successions characterized by similar depositional styles, but with poor age constraint, resulting in more robust interpretations of the ancient record.     

The chenier plain coastal system of Guyana

The low chenier coast of northeastern of South America bears Holocene cheniers which are considered as useful features because they protect the coast against marine erosion as sites for human settlement, and the transportation network.

The relationship between chenier formation and the morphology of the coast is striking. Most cheniers in Guyana are old features. It is believed that clusters of cheniers were formed when large quantities of sand were available during periods of dry climatic conditions.

When fine particles were transported by the streams towards the sea during pluvial climates, chenier formation naturally decreased. A similar cycle of shorter duration based on the movements of mud shoals in the nearshore area of the continental shelf affects the coastal process, resulting in the formation or destruction of cheniers. On the Guyana coast chenier formation is not as active as on the Suriname coast. Much research is necessary to survey and protect these important features.     

珠江口伶仃洋海底沉积

在前人工作的基础上,利用2003—2005年广州海洋地质调查局1∶10万《珠江三角洲近岸海洋地质环境与地质灾害调查》项目的实测资料,综合分析了伶仃洋海底的沉积特征,认为伶仃洋表层沉积物类型有:砂、黏土质砂、砂-粉砂-黏土、砂质黏土、黏土质粉砂、粉砂质黏土等6种类型。伶仃洋晚更新世以来的海底地层主要有两套:层A为全新世冰后期海侵以来逐渐堆积而成的沉积物,钻孔揭示的沉积物类型主要为黏土质砂和砂—粉砂—粉砂质黏土;层B为一套晚更新世的黏土质粉砂、细砂—粗砂(含砾)、粉砂质黏土—黏土,以陆相沉积和剥蚀为主,局部为海陆交互相沉积,其下地层则为基岩风化物和基岩。     

全新世长江三角洲地区砂体的特征和分布

砂体是三角洲的重要沉积单元,它构成三角洲的骨架,决定三角洲的形态,反映三角洲的演变过程,是认识三角洲的关键.砂体的矿物组分能为推断三角洲的物质来源提供重要线索,而其内部特征则是判断沉积环境最灵敏、最可靠的因素.三角洲砂体的上覆和下伏层及其与砂体的接触关系,有助于辩认海进海退和沉积盆地发育历史.此外,三角洲砂体紧靠富含有机质的泥质沉积,是石油和天然气储集的良好场所,是勘探的主要目标.因此,研究三角洲砂体不仅具有理论意义,而且能为沉积矿产资源的勘探提供有价值的资料.     

黄河三角洲地区末次盛冰期以来浅地层划分与海平面变化的响应

通过对黄河三角洲几个钻孔的分析.将其自上而下划分成3个海相层和3个陆相层,并且划分为1个4级层序(准层序)和4个5级层序。每个层序代表了一次海平面的升降旋回。4级层序的海退沉积与末次冰期的后期对应,海平面下降最大时期是末次冰期最盛期(LGM)的反映。     

Holocene sedimentation of a wave-dominated barrierisland shoreline: Cape Lookout, North Carolina

The sedimentary record of 130 km of microtidal (0.9 m tidal range) high wave energy (1.5 m average wave height) barrier island shoreline of the Cape Lookout cuspate foreland has been evaluated through examination of 3136 m of subsurface samples from closely spaced drill holes. Holocene sedimentation and coastal evolution has been a function of five major depositional processes: (1) eustatic sea-level rise and barrier-shoreline transgression; (2) lateral tidal inlet migration and reworking of barrier island deposits; (3) shoreface sedimentation and local barrier progradation; (4) storm washover deposition with infilling of shallow lagoons; and (5) flood-tidal delta sedimentation in back-barrier environments.

Twenty-five radiocarbon dates of subsurface peat and shell material from the Cape Lookout area are the basis for a late Holocene sea-level curve. From 9000 to 4000 B.P. eustatic sea level rose rapidly, resulting in landward migration of both barrier limbs of the cuspate foreland. A decline in the rate of sea-level rise since 4000 B.P. resulted in relative shoreline stabilization and deposition of contrasting coastal sedimentary sequences. The higher energy, storm-dominated northeast barrier limb (Core and Portsmouth Banks) has migrated landward producing a transgressive sequence of coarse-grained, horizontally bedded washover sands overlying burrowed to laminated back-barrier and lagoonal silty sands. Locally, ephemeral tidal inlets have reworked the transgressive barrier sequence depositing fining-upward spit platform and channel-fill sequences of cross-bedded, pebble gravel to fine sand and shell. Shoreface sedimentation along a portion of the lower energy, northwest barrier limb (Bogue Banks) has resulted in shoreline progradation and deposition of a coarsening-up sequence of burrowed to cross-bedded and laminated, fine-grained shoreface and foreshore sands. In contrast, the adjacent barrier island (Shackleford Banks) consists almost totally of inlet-fill sediments deposited by lateral tidal inlet migration. Holocene sediments in the shallow lagoons behind the barriers are 5–8 m thick fining-up sequences of interbedded burrowed, rooted and laminated flood-tidal delta, salt marsh, and washover sands, silts and clays.

While barrier island sequences are generally 10 m in thickness, inlet-fill sequences may be as much as 25 m thick and comprise an average of 35% of the Holocene sedimentary deposits. Tidal inlet-fill, back-barrier (including flood-tidal delta) and shoreface deposits are the most highly preservable facies in the wave-dominated barrier-shoreline setting. In the Cape Lookout cuspate foreland, these three facies account for over 80% of the sedimentary deposits preserved beneath the barriers. Foreshore, spit platform and overwash facies account for the remaining 20%.