海洋二号卫星厘米级定轨的实施建议

针对海洋二号（HY-2）卫星如何实现厘米级定轨问题,提出下列建议：海洋二号卫星不必采用DORIS定轨;给海洋二号卫星装备无电功耗需求的激光后向反射镜阵列,以便对它进行多个SRL测站观测的激光厘米级定轨;给海洋二号卫星装备具有双频载波相位测量能力的GPS信号接收机,实现高精度的星载GPS测量定轨.     

星载GPS误差源及定轨精度分析

星载GPS对低轨卫星定轨受多种误差源的影响。对CHAMP卫星星载GPS数据的误差源进行了分析,并将定轨结果与德国地球科学中心提供的精密卫星轨道数据相比较,对定轨精度进行了详细分析,为CHAMP卫星精密定轨提供了误差分析基础。     

卫星重力测量系统的发展和测量模式

从地球重力场测量要素出发,按照局部重力场模型、区域重力场模型、全球重力场模型求解的发展思路,分析了对地球重力场测量技术手段的要求。根据高-低卫星跟踪卫星的距离和距离变率开展定轨研究的概念,梳理了卫星跟踪卫星重力测量系统的发展。针对卫星跟踪卫星重力测量技术的内涵,分析了高-低卫星跟踪卫星测量模式（SST-hl）和高-低低卫星跟踪卫星测量模式（SST—hll）的地球重力场测量本质。     

顾及系统误差的地球静止轨道卫星PDOP值加权几何法定轨

对顾及系统误差的地球静止轨道（GEO）卫星几何法定轨做了初步探讨,给出顾及系统误差的GEO卫星几何法定轨数学模型,推导了参数解算公式,提出PDOP值加权的几何法定轨方法,并讨论了权函数的选取。最后以卫星钟差为例进行模拟计算。结果表明：顾及系统误差的GEO卫星几何法定轨,可大大减弱系统误差对定轨结果的影响;基于PDOP值加权的几何法定轨,可进一步提高系统参数解算精度和定轨精度。     

基于波形重定技术的杭州湾平均海面高模型建立

利用AVISO提供的SARAL卫星杭州湾周年的WAVEFORM数据,通过对卫星波形分析,提出了一种新的波形重定方法,该方法在顾及波形物理机制基础上,根据各波形的特征进行重定。对重定前后的波形数据进行粗差剔除、共线平均,分析了重定后数据质量。通过交叉点平差,结合验潮站数据建立杭州湾平均海面高模型,所建模型与验潮站平均海面高差值的平均值为0.006m,标准差为0.038m。结果表明,利用本文提出的方法能显著提高卫星测高数据的精度与质量。     

基于星载GPS数据的HY-2B卫星简化动力学精密定轨

为研究满足HY-2B星载GPS定轨要求的EGM2008重力场模型合理阶次和HY-2B卫星简化动力学定轨精度,采用HY-2B卫星14天星载GPS观测数据及不同阶次EGM2008重力场,进行简化动力学轨道确定。结果表明：采用120阶及以上阶次的EGM2008重力场模型,能够获得厘米级高精度定轨结果。同时,检核结果显示：采用简化动力学法定轨时,载波相位残差结果稳定在6.2～6.8 mm之间,重叠轨道对比结果在轨道径向、切向、法向上均优于0.6 cm, SLR检核整体轨道精度优于4 cm。定轨结果满足测高卫星需求,可为后续我国海洋系列卫星精密轨道确定等相关科学研究提供借鉴。     

北斗导航卫星迭代双向卡尔曼滤波定轨

以不同天的广播星历拟合初值结果作为北斗星导航系统(BDS)卫星轨道解算参数初值,分析了状态参数不同初始值对BDS双向卡尔曼滤波定轨结果的影响。针对卡尔曼滤波系统不稳定时或弧段长度未能使卡尔曼滤波达到稳定时,初始值的误差对BDS卫星滤波结果影响较大的情况,提出了将双向卡尔曼滤波定轨解算得到的卫星初始历元状态参数估计值作为初值,其他参数初值重新解算,初始方差保持不变,进行迭代计算的迭代双向卡尔曼滤波定轨算法。实验结果表明,在相同初始先验方差的情况下,迭代双向卡尔曼滤波定轨方法整体提高了BDS卫星轨道精度。     

跟踪环路误差对卫星导航伪距测量精度影响的评定

伪距测量精度决定了伪距定位的精度。伪距测量值主要由卫星至用户机的真实距离、卫星钟差、大气传播延迟、用户机钟差、用户机通道延迟以及用户机跟踪环路误差组成。提出了伪距测量精度的三种评定方法。详细推导了如何通过数据仿真将伪距观测值中的用户机跟踪环路误差与其他误差进行分离，将得出的数据用于评定计算以获得伪距测量精度。最后通过算例，证明了方法的可行性，并分析了这三种方法的优缺点。     

北斗二代卫星导航系统定位精度分析方法研究

卫星导航系统的定位精度主要受观测量的精度和卫星的空间几何分布两方面的影响，GPS等相同轨道分布的卫星导航系统一般采用几何精度因子（GDOP）来分析定位精度。我国的北斗二代卫星导航系统是由三类异质卫星组成的混合星座导航系统，不同轨道卫星定轨误差不同，用户所得到的观测量精度也不相同，因此精密定位精度计算和分析时必须要考虑这种差异。引入了加权几何精度因子（WGDOP），利用模拟观测数据对北斗二代卫星导航系统的定位精度进行了分析。外部检核计算结果表明，精密定位计算时顾及观测量精度差异可进一步提高定位精度。     

海洋测高卫星的激光定轨

综述了海洋测高卫星激光定轨的发展近况,论述了我国将发射的HY-2海洋二号卫星实现激光定轨的技术途径及其达到厘米级精度定轨的可能性。     

The 1-Centimeter Orbit: Jason-1 Precision Orbit Determination Using GPS,SLR, DORIS,and Altimeter Data Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

The Jason-1 radar altimeter satellite, launched on December 7, 2001 is the follow on to the highly successful TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) mission and will continue the time series of centimeter level ocean topography measurements. Orbit error is a major component in the overall error budget of all altimeter satellite missions. Jason-1 is no exception and has set a 1-cm radial orbit accuracy goal, which represents a factor of two improvement over what is currently being achieved for T/P. The challenge to precision orbit determination (POD) is both achieving the 1-cm radial orbit accuracy and evaluating the performance of the 1-cm orbit. There is reason to hope such an improvement is possible. The early years of T/P showed that GPS tracking data collected by an on-board receiver holds great promise for precise orbit determination. In the years following the T/P launch there have been several enhancements to GPS, improving its POD capability. In addition, Jason-1 carries aboard an enhanced GPS receiver and significantly improved SLR and DORIS tracking systems along with the altimeter itself. In this article we demonstrate the 1-cm radial orbit accuracy goal has been achieved using GPS data alone in a reduced dynamic solution. It is also shown that adding SLR data to the GPS-based solutions improves the orbits even further. In order to assess the performance of these orbits it is necessary to process all of the available tracking data (GPS, SLR, DORIS, and altimeter crossover differences) as either dependent or independent of the orbit solutions. It was also necessary to compute orbit solutions using various combinations of the four available tracking data in order to independently assess the orbit performance. Towards this end, we have greatly improved orbits determined solely from SLR+DORIS data by applying the reduced dynamic solution strategy. In addition, we have computed reduced dynamic orbits based on SLR, DORIS, and crossover data that are a significant improvement over the SLR- and DORIS-based dynamic solutions. These solutions provide the best performing orbits for independent validation of the GPS-based reduced dynamic orbits. The application of the 1-cm orbit will significantly improve the resolution of the altimeter measurement, making possible further strides in radar altimeter remote sensing.     

The 1-Centimeter Orbit: Jason-1 Precision Orbit Determination Using GPS, SLR, DORIS, and Altimeter Data

The Jason-1 radar altimeter satellite, launched on December 7, 2001 is the follow on to the highly successful TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) mission and will continue the time series of centimeter level ocean topography measurements. Orbit error is a major component in the overall error budget of all altimeter satellite missions. Jason-1 is no exception and has set a 1-cm radial orbit accuracy goal, which represents a factor of two improvement over what is currently being achieved for T/P. The challenge to precision orbit determination (POD) is both achieving the 1-cm radial orbit accuracy and evaluating the performance of the 1-cm orbit. There is reason to hope such an improvement is possible. The early years of T/P showed that GPS tracking data collected by an on-board receiver holds great promise for precise orbit determination. In the years following the T/P launch there have been several enhancements to GPS, improving its POD capability. In addition, Jason-1 carries aboard an enhanced GPS receiver and significantly improved SLR and DORIS tracking systems along with the altimeter itself. In this article we demonstrate the 1-cm radial orbit accuracy goal has been achieved using GPS data alone in a reduced dynamic solution. It is also shown that adding SLR data to the GPS-based solutions improves the orbits even further. In order to assess the performance of these orbits it is necessary to process all of the available tracking data (GPS, SLR, DORIS, and altimeter crossover differences) as either dependent or independent of the orbit solutions. It was also necessary to compute orbit solutions using various combinations of the four available tracking data in order to independently assess the orbit performance. Towards this end, we have greatly improved orbits determined solely from SLR+DORIS data by applying the reduced dynamic solution strategy. In addition, we have computed reduced dynamic orbits based on SLR, DORIS, and crossover data that are a significant improvement over the SLR- and DORIS-based dynamic solutions. These solutions provide the best performing orbits for independent validation of the GPS-based reduced dynamic orbits. The application of the 1-cm orbit will significantly improve the resolution of the altimeter measurement, making possible further strides in radar altimeter remote sensing.     

月球扰动引力频谱特性及在恢复月球重力场的应用

利用谱分析方法，通过对月球外空间扰动引力频谱特性的分析研究，估计了其谱分量信息随高度的衰减特点及在不同频段的谱敏感度，得到了敏感各频段位系数与所需探测器轨道高度的关系，同时为联合不同数据求解月球重力场模型在改进解算方法和跟踪数据定权上提供了参考依据。     

Jason-1 Precision Orbit Determination by Combining SLR and DORIS with GPS Tracking Data

With the implementation of the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission, the goal of reaching the 1-cm level in orbit accuracy was set. To support the Precision Orbit Determination (POD) requirements, the Jason-1 spacecraft carries receivers for DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) and GPS (Global Positioning System), as well as a retroreflector for SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging). The overall orbit accuracy for Jason will depend on the quality and the relative weighting of the available tracking data. In this study, the relative importance of the SLR, DORIS, and GPS tracking data is assessed along with the most effective parameterization for accounting for the unmodeled accelerations through the application of empirical accelerations. The optimal relative weighting for each type of tracking data was examined. It is demonstrated that GPS tracking alone is capable of supporting a radial orbit accuracy for Jason-1 at the 1-cm level, and that including SLR tracking provides additional benefits. It is also shown that the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) gravity model GGM01S provides a significant improvement in the orbit accuracy and reduction in the level of geographically correlated orbit errors.     

Jason-1 Precision Orbit Determination by Combining SLR and DORIS with GPS Tracking Data

With the implementation of the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission, the goal of reaching the 1-cm level in orbit accuracy was set. To support the Precision Orbit Determination (POD) requirements, the Jason-1 spacecraft carries receivers for DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) and GPS (Global Positioning System), as well as a retroreflector for SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging). The overall orbit accuracy for Jason will depend on the quality and the relative weighting of the available tracking data. In this study, the relative importance of the SLR, DORIS, and GPS tracking data is assessed along with the most effective parameterization for accounting for the unmodeled accelerations through the application of empirical accelerations. The optimal relative weighting for each type of tracking data was examined. It is demonstrated that GPS tracking alone is capable of supporting a radial orbit accuracy for Jason-1 at the 1-cm level, and that including SLR tracking provides additional benefits. It is also shown that the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) gravity model GGM01S provides a significant improvement in the orbit accuracy and reduction in the level of geographically correlated orbit errors.     

沿海验潮站GNSS观测网BDS与GPS基线处理精度分析

为了评估北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）用于验潮站沉降监测的可靠性和精度,该文利用北海区沿海8个验潮站2022年全年的GPS和BDS观测数据,从基线解标准均方根误差、基线重复性和GPS与BDS基线互差等方面对GPS和BDS解算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,BDS基线解的NRMS值在0.17～0.25之间,GPS基线解的NRMS值在0.18～0.23之间,二者基线解的NRMS值基本相当;GPS基线解的长度和各分量基线重复率平均值要小于BDS,从GNSS网固定误差和比例误差看,GPS和BDS的基线长度重复性精度达到10-9～10-8量级,基线东西和南北分量重复性达到10-9量级,基线垂直分量重复性精度达到10-7～10-8量级。在GPS和BDS基线结果互差方面,GPS解算得到的基线长度均要大于BDS,二者平均差值为10.7 mm;东西分量差值最小,其次是南北分量,垂直分量差异最大,南北分量、东西分量和垂直分量差值平均值分别为-8.5 mm、-3.7 mm和10.6 mm。南北分量、东西分量、垂直分量和基线长度差值平均值最大值分别为23.6 mm、20.9 mm、30.4 mm和22.1 mm。总体...     

The Effects of GPS Carrier Phase Ambiguity Resolution on Jason-1

We have used GPS carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution to investigate improvements in the orbit determination for the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission. The technique has been implemented in the GIPSY orbit determination software developed by JPL. The radial accuracy of the Jason-1 orbits is already near 1 cm, and thus it is difficult to detect the improvements gained when the carrier phase ambiguities are resolved. Nevertheless, each of the metrics we use to evaluate the orbit accuracy (orbit overlaps, orbit comparisons, satellite laser ranging residuals, altimeter crossover residuals, orbit centering) show modest improvement when the ambiguities are resolved. We conservatively estimate the improvement in the radial orbit accuracy is at the 10–20% level.     

DORIS-DIODE: Jason-1 has a Navigator on Board

DIODE (Doris Immediate On-board orbit DEtermination) is a series of real-time orbit determination software, which process one-way up-link Doppler measurements performed by a DORIS receiver on a satellite. The DIODE software are embedded within the DORIS receivers, and they provide orbit and time determination to the user as well as technical parameters to adjust the tracking loop within the instrument. After a first successful flight on-board SPOT4, the second generation of the family operates on-board Jason-1, with more efficient and more accurate algorithms. Similar versions have been embarked onboard SPOT5 and ENVISAT. The accuracy is between 10 and 30 centimeters RMS for the radial component, and about 50 centimeters RMS in 3D. With several Failure Detection and Incident Recovery (FDIR) enhancements implemented in the software, DIODE/Jason-1 has experienced only one anomaly in July 2004; its availability is 99.7%, after two years and a half in-orbit. This article describes the DORIS/DIODE element of the Jason-1 system. It summarizes the main results obtained from the various verification activities that concerned all parts of this navigation and time-tagging Jason-1 subsystem.     

不同天线组合对GPS姿态测量精度的影响分析

GPS姿态确定的精度不仅与单历元基线解算精度有关,还受基线长度和天线布设结构的影响。探讨了GPS姿态测量系统中基线长度和天线布设结构与姿态测量精度的关系。仿真结果表明:增加航向基线长度,能够提高航向角和俯仰角的精度,增加横向基线长度,能提高横滚角的精度;当基线长度一定时,将两基线正交布设,横滚角的精度最高。