渤海中部海域海底热扩散率及恒温层深度研究

利用渤海中部海域泥温实测资料，计算出该海域海底热扩散率及恒温层深度。结果表明，８＃平台处的热扩散率为０．００１～０．００５ｃｍ２ｓ－１，Ａ（Ｂ）平台处为０．００２～０．０１０ｃｍ２ｓ－１。恒温层深度８＃平台处为８ｍ，Ａ（Ｂ）平台处１０ｍ，也有差异。与陆地比较，海底恒温层深度较浅，且水深越深恒温层深度越浅。     

渤海中部海底泥温铅直分布特征以及与水温的关系

于１９９１年８月－１９９２年５月对渤海两个测点水温和泥温进行观测，对泥温的铅直分布特征、季节变化以及与水温间的关系进行初步探讨。结果表明，泥温（指０－２ｍ）的变化是由海水热含量的变化引起的，而后者又与太阳辐射有直接关系；泥温的变化幅度和位相一民水温和水深有密切关系。泥温几乎无日变化，但有明显的季节变化，其变化幅度远小于水温，且随深度的增加迅速减小；与水温比较，泥温变化相位随深度增加依次滞后，至２ｍ     

鲢鱼幼鱼对盐、碱耐受性的研究

利用盐碱地区氯化物型地下水进行了鲢鱼幼鱼（Ｌ＝５．４～８．２ｃｍ）对盐度（ｐＨ＝８．６０±０．１８）、碱度（ｐＨ＝８．７４±０．３４）及盐碱混合的急性毒性试验。研究结果表明：鲢鱼幼鱼对盐度的２４、４８、７２和９６ｈ的半致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）分别为：１１．２,９．０,８．６和８．２ｇ·Ｌ－１;对碱度的相应ＬＣ５０值分别为５１．４、２７．１、２３．７和１５．７ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。盐碱混合的正交试验表明盐度和碱度在致毒过程中作用显著;２４ｈＬＣ５０碱度（Ａｌｋ,ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）及盐度（Ｓ,ｇ·Ｌ－１）的关系为：Ａｌｋ＝３４．１７－１．７８Ｓ。     

淡水白鲳幼鱼盐碱耐受性的初步研究

通过淡水白鲳（ＣｏｌｏｓｓｏｍａｂｒａｃｈｙｐｏｍｕｍＣｕｖｉｅｒ）幼鱼（Ｌ＝２．９ｃｍ±０．０５ｃｍ）对氯化钠浓度（ｐＨ＝８．２１±０．０７）及碱度（ｐＨ＝８．８５±０．１８）的急性毒性试验。用概率单位法求得其２４、４８、９６ｈ的半致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）：氯化钠浓度分别为１２．０、１１．４、１０．４ｇ·Ｌ－１;碱度分别为８３．２５、５６．９９、４５．７０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１,并在此基础上进行盐碱混合正交试验,经统计分析得出碱度致死作用显著。在此条件下２４ｈＬＣ５０值时碱度与氯化钠浓度的关系为：Ａｌｋ（ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）＝２５６．２４－２４．６９Ｓａｌ（ｇ·Ｌ－１）。     

厌氧接触消化技术处理高浓度淀粉废水研究

实验采用厌氧接触消化技术，分别在中温（３２℃）和自然温度条件下处理淀粉厂的高浓度废水。结果表明，采用中温厌氧消化可取得较好的处理效果，原水不调ｐＨ（原水ｐＨ为４．０～４．９）直接进反应器，容积负荷最高达５．０６ｋｇＣＯＤｃｒ／ｍ３·ｄ，进水ＣＯＤｃｒ平均１１．６０４×１０３ｍｇ／ｌ，出水ＣＯＤｃｒ平均１．７７８×１０３ｍｇ／ｌ，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达８５．８％，出水ｐＨ提高到６．４～７．０。采用自然温度消化，当气温大于２４℃时，可取得较好的处理效果     

江苏建湖庆丰剖面全新世气候变迁和海面变化

本文报道了江苏建湖庆丰剖面全新世地层研究新结果，提出了新的年代地层格架，建立了１万年来具有较高精度与分辨率的年均温与海面变化曲线。研究结果表明，全新世气温与海面均经历过７次明显的暖，冷与高，低法动；高温期出现于８．５－４．０ｋａ ＢＰ间，当时年均温普遍高于现今０．８－１．７℃；高海面时期出现于７．５－４．０ｋａ ＢＰ间，其中最高海面时期（６．５－４．０ｋａ ＢＰ）海面可高于现今２－３ｍ；气候变迁与     

江苏建湖庆丰剖面全新世气候变迁和海面变化

本文报道了江苏建湖庆丰剖面全新世地层研究新结果，提出了新的年代地层格架，建立了１万年来具有较高精度与分辨率的年均温与海面变化曲线．研究结果表明，金新世气温与海面均经历过７次明显的暖、冷与高、低波动；高温期出现于８．５～４．０ｋａＢＰ间，当时年均温普遍高于现今０．８～１．７℃；高海面时期出现于７．５～４．０ｋａＢＰ间，其中最高海面时期（６．５～４．０ｋａＢＰ）海面可高于现今２～３ｍ；气候变迁与海面变化均兼具区域性与金球性特征．     

大洋沉积物中^10Be和^26Al的浓度变化与定年

＾１０Ｂｅ和＾２６Ａｌ都是长寿命宇宙成因放射性核素（半衰期分别为１．５１和０．７Ｍａ）。在深海沉积物剖面上＾１０Ｂｅ浓度随深度的增加并不是成简单的指数衰减,而往往表现出较大幅度的起伏和跳跃,沉积物中＾１０Ｂｅ的初始浓度不仅仅取决于＾１０Ｂｅ的海底通量,而且还与沉积物的成分以及沉积速率密切相关,＾１０Ｂｅ在广海海水中的滞留时间可以达到５００￣３０００年,这意味着在沉积到海底之前＾１０Ｂｅ与＾９Ｂｅ可     

南海增生棱柱体BSR分布及其构造意义:来自美日三维地震实验的推论

利用Ｒ／ＶＭａｕｒｉｃｅＥｗｉｎｇ（ＥＷ９９０７／８）的美日联合三维地震调查于１９９９年６～８月在南海增生棱柱体西部完成 ,一年后完成了三维分析。但也收集了二维资料 ,显示了详细的ＢＳＲ分布及清晰的地质构造图象 ,尤其在巨大的上冲带解释了前人未解决的深部构造。这就使得讨论地质构造与ＢＳＲ形成过程的相关关系成为可能。调查区ＢＳＲ的分布完全取决于地形和地质构造 ,尤其是杂乱层序上冲带（其对增生棱柱体的形成给予了有益贡献）的ＢＳＲ深度变化明显。ＢＳＲ的深度向海增加 ,直至巨型上冲带斜坡坡脚（由海底０．４～０．８…     

海水分光反射率与叶绿素浓度的相关分析

通过对东京湾两年度不同季节海水分光反射率与叶绿素浓度进行统计分析，结果表明，叶绿素浓度Ｃ与两谱段分光反射率之比Ｒｗ（λｊ）／Ｒｗ（λｊ）具有幂函关系Ｃ＝Ａ［Ｒｗ（λｊ）／Ｒｗ（λｊ）Ｂ。两者的对数显示出较好的线性关系，即ｌｏｇＣ＝ｌｏｇＡ＋Ｂｌｏｇ［Ｒｗ（λｊ）／Ｒｗ（λｊ）］。负相关系数达０．９９。相关方程之一为Ｃ＝３．３２９［Ｒｗ（５２０）／Ｒｗ（５５０）］－１．３８４（１９８７年６月初）．在梅雨季节之后，相关方程为Ｃ＝１２．６８［Ｒｗ（５２０）／Ｒｗ（５５０）］－２．０１０（１９８８年８月）。这表明了海湾或混浊的沿岸水质，在叶绿素浓度算法中，统计参数Ａ和Ｂ的确立，要基于不同季节不同水质的现场观测资料。     

Ocean temperature climate off North‐East New Zealand

The ocean temperature field off the north‐east coast of New Zealand is studied to quantify the annual cycle and reveal the intra‐ and inter‐annual variability. The data used are repeat expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections between Auckland and either Suva or Honolulu which have been collected quarterly since 1986. These sections give temperature measurements between the surface and 800 m and Auckland and 30°S from 1986 to August 1999. The mean and annual cycle are compared with those from the NOAA World Ocean Atlas (WOA98). The results are similar; however WOA98 lacks the horizontal resolution to fully discern the East Auckland Current and North Cape Eddy, while the XBT analysis lacks the temporal resolution to discern higher frequency intra‐annual signals. The temperature variability in the mixed layer is dominated by the annual cycle, which accounts for 80–90% of the variance. The amplitude of the annual cycle diminishes rapidly with depth, from 2.8°C at the surface, to c. 0.1°C at 180 m. The phase of the annual cycle is retarded with depth, with peak temperatures occurring in February at the surface and in June/July at 180 m. Removing the annual cycle from the time series reveals the more subtle inter‐ and intra‐annual variability. This variability is of the order of 1°C in the upper 50 m, decreasing to 0.3°C at 400–500 m. The surface layer was cold between 1991 and 1994 (c. 0.7°C cooler than average), and 0.7°C warmer than average in 1999. The deeper ocean shows a different signal, being up to 0.3°C cooler in 1990–92, 0.3°C warmer in 1998, and c. 0.2°C warmer than average in 1999. The inter‐annual mixed layer variability is highly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index and also with inter‐annual terrestrial air temperature and wind measurements from northern New Zealand. In contrast, at higher intra‐annual frequencies, the mixed layer variability is not correlated with air and wind measurements. At these higher frequencies, the air temperature is better correlated with the sea surface temperature (SST) than with the bulk mixed layer temperature.     

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow Sea：focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system,the diel vertical migration(DVM) of the sound-scattering layer(SSL) in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water(YSBCW) of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April(spring) and August(summer) of 2010 and 2011.For each survey,13–27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station.The acoustic volume scattering strength(Sv) data were analyzed with temperature profile data.In the spring of both 2010 and 2011,the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column,moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day.Conductivity,temperature,and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8 C.However,the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011.In the summer of 2010(28 C at the surface),the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day,but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10–30 m at night.In the summer of 2011(20 C at the surface),the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night,possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area.It was concluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.     

A description of short period temperature fluctuations in the upper ocean

Dynamical properties of short-period temperature fluctuations are studied. Water temperature was measured continuously at several depths at the following stations: at 38°29.5′N, 141°35.8′E (100 m depth) on the continental shelf off Miyagi Prefecture in the summer of 1967, at 35°01.8′N, 139°0.8.5′E (100 m depth) in Sagami Bay in the summer of 1968, and at 32°32.2′N, 129°53.7′E (74 m depth) in Tachibana Bay in the summer of 1970. These measurements were made with a thermistor array laid down from the R. V.Tanseimaru (Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo) which was fixed with bow and stern anchors. Significant temperature fluctuations found at the first and the third stations are thought to be due to first mode internal waves having amplitude 3 to 5 m and period 5 to 20 minutes. The wave length of the waves is estimated to be 25 m to 400 m from the observed density structure. At the second station, we found second-mode internal waves. The period, amplitude and wave length of the waves are about 30 minutes, 1.3 m and 600 m, respectively. In all cases, the spectral density of the temperature fluctuations decreases with increase in frequency. However, the decrease obey neither the ?3 power law nor the ?5/3 power law. Coherences in the temperature fluctuations between two depths of measurement in the seasonal thermocline are significantly high in the range of frequencies lower than the local Brunt-Väisälä frequency, but are low in the higher frequency range. At the first and the third stations, the difference in the level of coherences between the lower frequencies and the higher frequencies are large. Phase differences between two depths in the thermocline are small in the lower frequency range. This suggests that the first-mode internal waves are predominant over higher-mode internal waves and over other disturbances.     

Upper ocean responses to category 5 typhoon Megi in the western north Pacific

Category 5 typhoon Megi was the most intense typhoon in 2010 of the world. It lingered in the South China Sea (SCS) for 5 d and caused a significant phytoplankton bloom detected by the satellite image. In this study, the authors investigated the ocean biological and physical responses to typhoon Megi by using chlorophylla (chla) concentration, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), sea surface wind measurements derived from different satellites and in situ data. The chla concentration (>3 mg/m³) increased thirty times in the SCS after the typhoon passage in comparison with the mean level of October averaged from 2002 to 2009. With the relationship of wind stress curl and upwelling, the authors found that the speed of upwelling was over ten times during typhoon than pretyphoon period. Moreover, the mixed layer deepened about 20 m. These reveal that the enhancement of chla concentration was triggered by strong vertical mixing and upwelling. Along the track of typhoon, the maximum sea surface cooling (6-8℃) took place in the SCS where the moving speed of typhoon was only 1.4-2.8 m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 20 m in pretyphoon period. However, the SST drop at the east of the Philippines is only 1-2℃ where the translation speed of typhoon was 5.5-6.9 m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 40 m in pretyphoon period. So the extent of the SST drop was probably due to the moving speed of typhoon and the depth of the mixed layer. In addition, the region with the largest decline of the sea surface height anomaly can indicate the location where the maximum cooling occurs.     

Long-Term Variations of Potential Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen of the Japan Sea Proper Water

Observed potential temperatures and concentrations of dissolved oxygen are analyzed to elucidate their variations during the period from 1958 to 1996 at Stn. P (37°43′ N, 134°43′ E) and from 1965 to 1996 at Stn. H (40°30′ N, 137°40′ E) in the Japan Sea. At Stn. P, increases of the potential temperature for the period are found below 800 m depth with the largest value of 0.16 ± 0.09°C per century at 800 m depth. At Stn. H, the potential temperature increased below 500 m depth. The increase rate has the largest value of 0.50 ± 0.18°C per century at 500 m depth and it is 0.30 ± 0.09°C per century at 800 m depth. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen increased around 800 m depth at Stn. P. At Stn. H, they increased above 800 m depth. On the other hand, they decreased below 1200 m depth at both stations. The layer of the dissolved oxygen minimum has deepened in these decades. These features appearing in the distributions of temperature and dissolved oxygen are successively simulated by a vertical one-dimensional advection-diffusion model including consumption of dissolved oxygen and termination of the deep water supply. These results suggest that the supply of the Japan Sea Proper Water into the deep layer, which is cold and rich in dissolved oxygen, has been decreasing for the last four decades. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长江口外海域冬、春季水温变化规律研究

收集了1963—1996年长江口外海域水温的观测数据,分析了该海域冬、春季表层、10m层、20m层和30m层不同层次水温的季节和年际变化规律,以及其间水温垂向结构的变化。季节变化上,表层多年平均水温在8月最高,3月最低,底层多年平均水温9月最高,3月最低。年际变化上,冬季在1979年存在一个由冷到暖的跃迁;4月水温的年际变化较冬季复杂,表层、10m层、20m层和30m层水温分别在1979、1973、1973和1975年发生从冷到暖的跃迁。水平分布上,冬季除东南角小范围表层水温降低外,沿岸及北部海区表层水温均升高,春季北部和南部中间海域水温升高,升温幅度由表层至30m层逐渐变小。垂向结构上,冬季表底混合均匀,表层与20m层的年际变化相关系数高达0.97,春季表层与20m层的水温差存在10年左右的变化周期。本文将一些可能影响春季水温年际变化的因素与海温进行了比较并发现,在冷期,春季表层海温与长江口外海域气温相关较暖期好,相关指数为0.79;而暖期的春季表层与20m层的水温差与净热通量相关系数较高,为0.65。     

Metabolic adaptations and reduced respiration of the copepod Calanoides carinatus during diapause at depth in the Angola-Benguela Front and northern Benguela upwelling regions

Stage C5 copepodids and adult females of the herbivorous copepod Calanoides carinatus were sampled in the Angola-Benguela frontal region and northern Benguela upwelling area off Namibia in February–March 2002, using a multiple opening/closing net system. Respiration rates of C5s collected between 400m and 700m were measured onboard at the simulated in situ temperature of 8°C and at sea surface temperature (SST ≥20°C). These data were compared to the oxygen demand of epipelagic individuals of C. carinatus caught in the upper 30m and incubated at ambient SST. Deep-living C5s consumed 0.21 ± 0.08ml O₂ h^?1 (g dry mass)^?1 at 8°C and 0.96ml O₂ h^?1 (g dry mass)^?1 (range 0.84–1.09) at 25.9°C. These results were substantially lower than respiration rates of 5.23 ± 0.55ml O₂ h^?1 (g dry mass)^?1 in epipelagic individuals incubated at SST. The results reveal a reduction by 96% of metabolic rate in deep-living, diapausing C5s relative to surface-dwelling, active individuals. Only 14.4% of this metabolic reduction is explained by the lower ambient temperature at depth and a Q₁₀ value of 2.34. Therefore, the major fraction (81.6%) of the metabolic reduction is attributable to active physiological changes or processes during diapause at depth. The study emphasises the importance for herbivorous copepods, in areas with a highly variable food supply, to adopt a dormant phase in their life cycle in order to survive long periods of starvation.     

Characterizing the thermal regime of cold vents at the northern Cascadia margin from bottom-simulating reflector distributions, heat-probe measurements and borehole temperature data

Several cold vents are observed at the northern Cascadia margin offshore Vancouver Island in a 10 km² region around Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311 Site U1328. All vents are linked to fault systems that provide pathways for upward migrating fluids and at three vents methane plumes were detected acoustically in the water column. Downhole temperature measurements at Site U1328 revealed a geothermal gradient of 0.056 ± 0.004°C/m. With the measured in situ pore-water salinities the base of methane hydrate stability is predicted at 218–245 meters below seafloor. Heat-probe measurements conducted across Site U1328 and other nearby vents showed an average thermal gradient of 0.054 ± 0.004°C/m. Assuming that the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) marks the base of the gas hydrate stability zone variations in BSR depths were used to investigate the linkages between the base of the gas hydrate stability zone and fluid migration. Variations in BSR depth can be attributed to lithology-related velocity changes or variations of in situ pore-fluid compositions. Prominent BSR depressions and reduced heat flow are seen below topographic highs, but only a portion of the heat flow reduction can be due to topography-linked cooling. More than half of the reduction may be due to thrust faulting or to pore-water freshening. Distinct changes in BSR depth below seafloor are observed at all cold vents studied and some portion of the observed decrease in the BSR depth was attributed to fault-related upwelling of warmer fluids. The observed decrease in BSR depth below seafloor underneath the vents ranges between 7 and 24 m (equivalent to temperature shifts of 0.07–0.15°C).