南黄海西北部夏季潮锋的观测和分析

根据2001-2004年逐年6月多学科综合调查资料和同期NASA的MODIS/Terra卫星遥感SST资料,对南黄海西北部夏季潮锋的不连续分布现象做了分析;并通过三维潮流数值模式计算Simpson-Hunter参数(以下简称S-H参数)分布,对不连续分布的形成机制做了讨论.层化季节南黄海西北部的苏北浅滩-海州湾外侧和山东半岛东部的成山头-石岛外海存在显著潮锋现象,而在两海域之间、青岛以东的山东半岛南部121°~122°E的近岸海域无显著潮锋持续存在;较高分辨率的潮流数值模拟的结果表明潮锋的不连续性分布主要是由潮混合和地形的共同作用而形成.潮锋不连续处海域潮混合较弱,层化现象更为显著.南黄海西北部底层锋形态较为显著,位于通过潮流模式计算的Simpson-Hunter参数1.8~2.4之间,与2.2等值线分布较为一致;表层锋则在海州湾外侧和石岛沿岸海域较为明显.潮锋不连续的分布特征对该海域的生态环境造成一定的影响,叶绿素a、中华哲水蚤、鳀鱼卵子等的数量分布都在潮锋显著的苏北浅滩-海州湾外侧和成山头-石岛外海海域形成较为密集的分布.     

三维陆架海模式在渤海中的应用

本文用三维斜压陆架海模式对渤海温度的季节性变化进行了研究。模式较好地再现了渤海温度场从混合在层化至再混合和季节性变化过程；在混合区与层化区之间有一次冷水带；夏季，３个湾的湾顶和秦皇岛外海的海表层温度相对较高，后者与秦皇岛外海较弱的风和潮混合有关，ＳＳＴ、温跃层及潮锋位置的变化与气象外力和潮运动有关，具有天气尺度和大小潮变化的特征。     

三维陆架海模式在渤海中的应用Ⅱ.温度的季节性变化

本文用三维斜压陆架海模式对渤海温度的季节性变化进行了研究。模式较好地再现了渤海温度场从混合到层化至再混合的季节性变化过程；在混合区与层化区之间有一冷水带；夏季，３个湾的湾顶和秦皇岛外海的海表层温度（ＳＳＴ）相对较高，后者与秦皇岛外海较弱的风和潮混合有关；ＳＳＴ、温跃层及潮锋位置的变化与气象外力和潮运动有关，具有天气尺度和大小潮变化的特征。     

长江河口盐淡水混合的数值模拟计算

建立了河口三维非线性斜压潮流盐度数学模型，数学模型中的水平压强梯度分为水位梯度的正压项和密度变化的斜压项，以反映河口盐淡水混合中的斜压现象。采用欧拉－拉格朗日法离散潮流运动方程中的对流项和盐度扩散方程，以提高计算稳定性和数值模拟精度，提出盐度边界条件，初始条件以及盐度场计算稳定标准的设置方法，针对长江河口水域的盐淡水混合情况进行模拟计算，结果反映了部分混合型河口盐度分布特征，表明所建立的河口三维非线性斜压潮流盐度数学模型能够较好地模拟长江河口盐淡水混合的时空分布。     

2017年辽东湾夏季潮汐锋位置变化的分析

近海潮汐锋的分布和变化，主要受表层风摩擦、底层潮混合、净热通量和浮力平流的影响。基于2017年7、8月份辽东湾东部海域的实测数据，并结合ROMS（Regional Ocean Model System）模拟结果，利用考虑浮力平流效应的Stigebrandt公式对夏季辽东湾潮汐锋的位置变化进行了诊断计算，计算结果与ROMS模拟的潮汐锋位置符合较好，进一步探讨了风、净热通量和浮力平流对锋面位置变化的影响。主要结论如下：（1）位于辽东湾北部和东、西沿岸浅水区的潮汐锋呈"几"字形分布；（2）2017年6-7月潮汐锋位置变动不大，7月份仅在辽东湾东、西两岸潮汐锋位置略微向深水区移动，这主要是净热通量整体略微减小和风场略微增大造成的，浮力平流作用效果不够显著；（3）2017年8月辽东湾潮汐锋位置较7月向深水区大幅移动，最大移动距离约为20km，辽东湾8月份净热通量的大幅减弱起到了重要作用，浮力平流使潮汐锋位置向浅水区偏移，其调节效果比较显著。     

苏北浅滩外侧潮汐锋的季节变化及结构分析

利用高分辨率(1/18°)的POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模式数值模拟结果,结合观测数据分析了苏北浅滩外侧潮汐锋的季节分布特征和变化规律。研究结果表明,苏北浅滩外侧潮汐锋的季节变化特征显著,春末开始出现,夏季底层温度锋强度最大且锋区位置较稳定,锋区宽度约40 km,平均强度约0.35℃/km,秋、冬季随上层海洋湍流垂向混合的加强,潮汐锋逐渐减弱至消失不见。对比实测数据和模拟结果发现,沿34°N断面,夏季潮汐锋区附近等温线明显抬升,存在由陡峭地形和分层流体的内埃克曼效应共同作用形成的上升流现象。次表层海水出现低温冷水区,位于122.2°E附近。跨锋区断面的温度和流场分布特征同浅水区强烈的潮混合过程密切相关,斜压在锋面处产生了较强的南向流动。本研究结果促进了对苏北浅滩外侧陆架潮汐锋结构特征的认识,为研究黄海西部生态环境的动力过程影响提供参考。     

东海西北部海域盐度锋的分布特征及其变化

本文利用1975—1981年东海断面调查资料,分析了东海西北部海域(北纬28°—33°,东经125°以西)盐度锋的分布特征及其变化,指出了该区盐度锋终年存在,且有明显的季节变化和年际变化,影响盐度锋分布和变化的主要因子是台湾暖流的强弱、径流量的多寡以及浙江沿岸上升流的盛衰,盐度锋的位置与邻近海域渔场的关系密切,中心渔场一般位于盐度锋的外海侧。     

日本海的锋面分布特征及其季节变化

基于1980—2015年的SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)数据,采用绝对梯度方法提取了海洋锋信息,分析了日本海锋区的空间分布特征、锋轴线位置和锋出现频率,研究了日本海温度锋、盐度锋的分布特征和季节变化规律。结果表明:日本海温度锋总体上呈SW—NE走向,季节变化特征显著;锋轴线没有随季节变化发生明显摆动,但随着深度的增加向日本沿岸移动。盐度锋季节性变化规律显著,但轴线位置相对稳定;在整体空间分布上和季节变化上均与温度锋截然不同;整个盐度锋可分为对马海峡锋和日本海北部锋两部分,其中对马海峡锋位于对马海峡附近,具有和当地温度锋相同的特征,日本海北部锋位于日本海最北部,沿着俄罗斯海岸分布。     

南海北部潮汐与内潮作用下粒子追踪研究

利用ROMS模式对南海北部的正压潮和內潮进行了模拟,并通过ROMS自带的粒子追踪模块对表层、中层、底层释放的粒子进行了追踪实验,分别讨论了大陆架区域附近的粒子在正压潮和內潮作用下的运动特点和分布情况。在正压潮作用下,水体不同深度的粒子运动方向基本相同,垂向运动和粒子输运范围较小,而內潮对粒子运动的影响较为显著,在吕宋海峡传播过来的內潮和局地生成內潮的共同作用下,水体不同深度的粒子运动较正压潮作用下更为复杂,粒子运动的水平和垂向范围显著加大,粒子的输运方向也不相同。     

夏季南黄海潮混合锋的分布

本文根据南黄海风、潮、热通量等实测资料,用stigebrandt的一维模式,对夏季南黄海潮混合锋的位置进行模拟。通过对阳光透射效应和风作用的讨论发现,可以忽略阳光透射对锋的水平位置的影响,而风的作用则是不可忽略的。根据实测锋的剖面结构,文中特别指出,由于浮力平流效应,表层锋水平位置往往与底层锋相距较远,应对二者分别研究。尽管文中的一维模式也不能对受浮力平流影响较大的表层锋准确模拟,但计算结果与实测底层锋符合良好,可见,用此模式来研究底层锋是合适的。     

黄海潮生陆架锋的数值模拟研究

采用海洋三维热结构及环流模式,模拟了黄海在Ｍ２潮流混合作用下,夏季温度的分布和变化特征。从数值研究的角度,对黄海陆架水域的海洋锋现象,诸如苏北浅滩外、山东半岛东端、大连、木浦水域的锋面以及锋面沿岸一侧的表层冷水区的成因及分布进行了探讨,模拟结果再现了黄海陆架锋的潮生性质。     

Three Dimensional Baroclinic Numerical Model for Simulating Fresh and Salt Water Mixing in the Yangtze Estuary

For simulating fresh and salt water mixing in estuaries, a three dimensional nonlinear baroclinic numerical model is developed, in which the gradients of horizontal pressure contain the gradient of barotropic pressure arising from the gradi-ent of tidal level and the gradient of baroclinic pressure due to the gradient of salinity. The Eulerian-Lagrangian method is employed to descretize both the momentum equations of tidal motion and the equation of salt water diffusion so as to im-prove the computational stability and accuracy. The methods to provide the boundary conditions and the initial conditions are proposed, and the criterion for computational stability of the salinity fields is presented. The present model is used for modeling fresh and salt water mixing in the Yangtze Estuary. Computations show that the salinity distribution has the characteristics of partial mixing pattern, and that the present model is suitable for simulalion of fresh and salt waler mixing in ihe Yanglze Esluary.     

黄海在有无潮作用下对“布拉万”不同响应的数值模拟研究

黄海是典型的强潮驱动的陆架浅海。为了研究黄海对台风的响应特点,本文利用区域海洋模式(Regional Ocean Modeling Systems,ROMS)分别模拟了在有潮和无潮作用下黄海对台风"布拉万"的响应过程。结果表明,不管潮存在与否,"布拉万"经过黄海后都引起了海表面降温和流速的近惯性振荡响应,这种响应主要分布于黄海中部较深区域,带通滤波提取的近惯性流速具有垂向第一模态特征。同时,研究发现强背景潮流能显著地影响黄海对"布拉万"的响应过程。主要结论如下:一方面,由于潮的存在,近岸垂向混合均匀的较暖水体与远岸较冷水体之间会形成潮混合温度锋面,"布拉万"过后,暖水发生了明显的离岸扩张,尽管路径右侧的混合层降温更显著,但是左侧即黄海西岸的暖水扩张更明显;另一方面,潮的存在减弱了布拉万产生的近惯性振荡响应,半日潮流在黄海仍然占据主导地位。在混合层中潮流的作用减弱了"布拉万"产生的近惯性能量,但也使其更易穿过跃层传入黄海内部。     

A three-dimensional numerical study of river plume mixing processes in Otsuchi Bay,Japan

The three-dimensional numerical model SUNTANS is applied to investigate river plume mixing in Otsuchi Bay, an estuary located along the Sanriku Coast of Iwate, Japan. Results from numerical simulations with different idealized forcing scenarios (barotropic tide, baroclinic tide, and diurnal wind) are compared with field observations to diagnose dominant mixing mechanisms. Under the influence of combined barotropic, baroclinic and wind forcing, the model reproduces observed salinity profiles well and achieves a skill score of 0.94. In addition, the model forced by baroclinic internal tides reproduces observed cold-water intrusions in the bay, and barotropic tidal forcing reproduces observed salt wedge dynamics near the river mouths. Near these river mouths, vertically sheared flows are generated due to the interaction of river discharge and tidal elevations. River plume mixing is quantified using vertical salt flux and reveals that mixing near the vicinity of the river mouth, is primarily generated by the barotropic tidal forcing. A 10 ms^?1 strong diurnal breeze compared to a 5 ms^?1 weak breeze generates higher mixing in the bay. In contrast to the barotropic forcing, internal tidal (baroclinic) effects are the dominant mixing mechanisms away from the river mouths, particularly in the middle of the bay, where a narrow channel strengthens the flow speed. The mixing structure is horizontally asymmetric, with the middle and northern parts exhibiting stronger mixing than the southern part of the bay. This study identifies several mixing hot-spots within the bay and is of great importance for the coastal aquaculture system.     

The structure of the tidal mixing front in the region of Shantar Islands (Sea of Okhotsk) according to data of satellite observations

The location and seasonal variability of the tidal mixing front in the region of Shantar Islands are studied based on an analysis of satellite data. The Shantar tidal mixing front is related to the main features of the oceanographic structure of the northwestern shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk in summer. This front separates the coastal waters mixed by tidal currents and the stratified part of the shelf. The temperature tidal mixing front forms in July after the melting ice cover and disappears in the end of October when the stratification is broken. The mean position of the front changes insignificantly and is determined by the critical value of the Simpson-Hunter parameter (logh/u ₃ = 2.5); the front is located over the isobath of 50 m. The temperature tidal mixing front corresponds to the front in the distribution of chlorophyll a determined from SeaWiFS and MODIS satellite imagery. High (when compared to the stratified part of the shelf) concentrations of chlorophyll a were observed within the zone of intense tidal mixing. Satellite images in the IR range of the spectrum (Landsat-5 TM) demonstrated that the front is dynamically unstable. Mixing effects connected with frontal submesoscale baroclinic eddies have an influence on the structure of the stratified part of the shelf.     

Tidal front and its relation to the biological process in coastal water

A tidal front is a unique structure in coastal waters where tidal mixing is dominant during the summer. Various indexes to define tidal fronts and their dynamics have been reviewed in coastal waters where tidal mixing is dominant. The classification of a front in coastal waters is determined by the freshwater inflow, heating/cooling, Ekman transport, and mixing intensity. The strength of mixing plays an important role, dynamically, in creating a tidal front. The hydrography and circulation around a tidal front are crucial in the biological processes leading to the cross-frontal transport of nutrients and phytoplankton blooms. Physical-biological cooperation is necessary to clearly assess the impact of a tidal front on the distribution of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a in the tidal front area.     

山东半岛东北部海域悬浮体季节分布及控制因素

基于2018年山东半岛东北部海域冬、夏两季悬浮体浓度、浊度及水温和盐度调查资料,分析了研究区水体悬浮体浓度的季节性变化,探讨了其控制因素。结果表明:夏季浊度在0.2~37.8FTU之间变化,冬季浊度在1.5~100.1FTU之间变化,均表现为底高表低、东高西低的特征。夏季水温分层明显,表现为表层高、底层低的特征,盐度整体无明显变化;冬季温盐垂向上混合均匀,平面上表现为近岸低温低盐水体向远岸高温高盐水体的过渡。悬浮体浓度分布受潮流、波浪、温跃层和温盐锋面等因素影响。夏季,悬浮体垂向上受到温跃层影响,底层悬浮体难以向表层输运;平面上潮混合和波浪差异性作用阻碍了悬浮体的水平输运。冬季,强风浪促使悬浮体垂向混合剧烈,表层悬浮体浓度明显较夏季变高;平面上沿岸流和黄海暖流形成的温、盐锋面阻碍了水团间悬浮体的输运。     

南海东沙岛西南大陆坡内潮特征

2008年4月-10月,在南海东沙岛西南大陆坡底部布放了1套全剖面锚系,同时沿大陆坡底部布放了3套近底锚系,应用谱分析和调和分析方法分析温度和海流连续观测资料,进而研究该海域的内潮特征.结果表明,东沙岛西南大陆坡存在强内潮现象,大陆坡底部温度变化受到内潮波的影响,上层海洋存在强日潮周期的内潮波振动;正压潮和斜压潮均以O...     

Modelling the tides and their impacts on the vertical stratification over the Sofala Bank,Mozambique

The Sofala Bank, a wide shelf located along the central coast of Mozambique, hosts tides with high amplitudes. The Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) was used to analyse the tidal currents on the bank and to investigate their effects on the stratification and generation of tidal fronts. During spring tides, barotropic tidal currents with maximum values ranging from 40 cm s^–1 to 70 cm s^–1 are found on the central bank. The major axis of the tidal ellipses for M₂ and S₂ follow a cross-shelf direction with mainly anticlockwise rotation. Similar to observations, three distinct regimes occur: (i) a warm well-mixed region on the inner shelf where the depths are <30 m; (ii) a wellmixed colder region above the shelf edge; and (iii) a stratified region offshore. The model shows that the tides lead to cooling where two criteria are satisfied: the Simpson and Hunter parameter log₁₀(h/U³) <3.2 and the depth h >30 m. The shelf edge of the bank is important for internal tide generation. Two frontal structures result, one offshore between cooler mixed waters and warmer stratified waters and the other in shallow inshore waters, between cooler mixed waters and solar heated mixed waters.