基于多变量分析的环肋圆柱壳结构特性研究

为了从整个可行解空间研究圆柱壳结构特性,采用全因子试验设计获得变量范围内的可行解空间,通过相关理论推导计算得到不同结构形式圆柱壳的强度、稳定性以及振动频率等指标。采用相关性分析、主成分分析以及变量聚类分析方法根据可行解空间的数据对环肋圆柱壳强度、稳定性、振动频率之间以及这些属性与设计变量之间的关系进行研究。采用相关系数矩阵图、主成分分布图以及谱系聚类图将多变量分析的结果可视化。对可视化结果进行分析发现了圆柱壳结构属性之间的矛盾性,变量、属性之间的相似性和关系的复杂性。通过多变量分析得到的相关结论能够作为实际工程设计的参考。     

水下加筋圆柱壳结构声散射特性研究

采用有限元/边界元(FEM/BEM)方法对水下加筋圆柱壳结构的声散射特性进行分析。考虑入射声场激发弹性结构振动产生二次辐射声场,总声场为入射场与散射场之和。基于Mindlin理论建立结构受迫振动的有限元模型,考虑入射声场为简谐激励,采用模态叠加法求出结构振动表面速度。根据声学边界元相关理论,利用有限元方法计算得出的弹性结构表面动力相应,可求出弹性结构的散射声场。研究结果表明,在同一波数下,不加筋结构后向散射强于加筋结构;加筋结构的散射指向性图案分叉较为明显;同种结构在波数增加的时候后向散射强度逐渐增大,前向散射强度逐渐减弱。     

椰丝纤维加筋对钙质砂强度影响的试验研究与机理分析

通过纤维加筋来加固南海钙质砂对我国南海岛礁海岸带边坡防护的安全稳固具有重要意义。本文将南海钙质砂掺入不同含量(0.2%、0.5%、0.8%、1.1%、1.4%和1.7%)的椰丝纤维,通过室内三轴试验,对椰丝纤维加筋钙质砂的应力-应变关系、纤维掺量对峰值强度及割线模量的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明：加筋钙质砂的抗剪强度和割线模量随椰丝掺量先增大后减小。当椰丝纤维掺量为1.4%时,加筋钙质砂的峰值强度和割线模量分别为293 kPa和2.85 MPa,此时纤维掺量为最佳;当椰丝纤维掺量为1.1%时,加筋钙质砂峰值强度所对应的应变最大,此时椰丝在砂土中分布较为均匀,延性效果最好。研究成果可对纤维加筋钙质砂应用于南海岛礁海岸带边坡防护提供试验数据和理论依据。     

不同养殖海域栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)混合家系的通径分析

为了深入认识栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)壳尺寸性状和体重之间的关系,达到通过直观可见形状判断非直观性状,在栉孔扇贝苗种培育中指导种贝挑选工作的目的,本实验将600余只扇贝分别于三个不同纬度养殖环境(山东青岛、山东荣成和辽宁大连)下养殖一年后测量其性状数据,包括壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重,进行壳尺寸性状对体重性状的通径分析。偏回归系数统计表明,除大连海域壳长对体重的偏回归系数为0.266,差异不显著(P0.05)外,其它参数对体重均极显著(P0.01),表明大多数自变量和因变量之间都有极显著的共线性关系。对各个海域建立以壳尺寸为自变量,体重为因变量的回归方程,得出通径系数、各性状间的相关性指数以及各参数对体重的决定系数,计算出了不同养殖地点的栉孔扇贝壳尺寸性状和体重之间关系的回归方程。通径分析显示,对青岛海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳高,对荣成海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳长,而对大连海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳宽。因此,以体重为目标挑选青岛海域的种贝时,应以壳高为优先选择指标;挑选荣成海域的种贝时,优先选择壳长;挑选大连海域的种贝时,优先选择壳宽。不同养殖海域栉孔扇贝的通径分析为栉孔扇贝亲贝的挑选提供了理论支持。     

水下环肋圆柱壳弹性失稳临界载荷无损预报方法

基于振动的水下环肋圆柱壳临界载荷的预报具有结构无损的优势。以Flügge壳体理论和基于正交各向异性理论的环肋圆柱壳自由振动方程为基础,运用波传播法得出耦合系统的频率方程,并求出对应外压下的固有频率,通过最小二乘法线性拟合获得临界载荷、外压及固有频率的关系表达式。绘图得知任意边界的同一模态下,水下环肋圆柱壳的固有频率平方与静水压力成正比。结构失稳时,刚度丧失,固有频率降为零,据此求出水下环肋圆柱壳的最小弹性临界载荷。分析了不同边界条件对环肋圆柱壳临界载荷的影响,得知边界约束越强,环肋圆柱壳的临界载荷越大。结果对比表明了本方法的正确性,为水下环肋圆柱壳的固有频率及临界载荷的理论计算提供了一种新的方法。     

深海顶张紧式立管涡激振动疲劳可靠性研究

以深海顶端张紧式立管为研究对象,基于圆柱体受迫振荡实验数据和能量平衡原理预报立管涡激振动响应及其诱发的疲劳损伤度,各主要参数随机化,应用响应面法建立了涡激振动疲劳安全系数与极限状态方程关系,研究了疲劳安全系数对结构可靠性的影响,并分析了各随机变量的灵敏度。研究结果表明:1)随着疲劳安全系数的增大,结构失效概率逐渐减小,且失效概率的减小幅度随疲劳安全系数的增加而趋缓。疲劳安全系数SF无需超过20。2)增加疲劳安全系数SF可降低疲劳载荷不确定量B、S-N曲线参数A、顶张力、流速、外径和壁厚等立管及环境随机变量对结构涡激振动疲劳损伤可靠性的影响。3)立管各参数中,流速、外径和壁厚均值越大,立管结构安全度越低,顶张力对结构影响相反;各参数的标准差越大,结构可靠度越低。均值灵敏度由大到小依次为顶张力、流速、外径和壁厚,标准差灵敏度由大到小依次为流速、张力、外径和壁厚。4)壁厚对深海顶张紧式立管涡激振动所致疲劳损伤影响很小,可忽略其影响。研究成果可为深海顶张紧式立管涡激振动疲劳安全系数的选取提供参考。     

汕头—台湾浅滩渔场中国枪乌贼形态学初步分析

形态学研究是海洋生物学的基础,对了解渔业资源的群体组成有重要意义。根据2018年7月至2019年6月在汕头—台湾浅滩渔场采获的940尾中国枪乌贼(Uroteuthis chinensis)的形态学数据,对其群体组成、胴长与体质量关系进行了研究;对各形态参数比进行了主成分分析;采用线性、指数、幂函数、Logistic4种函数对各形态学指标即右第一至第四腕长、右触腕长、鳍长和鳍宽与胴长的关系进行了拟合并选出最优方程。结果发现:中国枪乌贼的胴长范围为50.00～300.00 mm,平均胴长为111.44 mm,体质量范围为7.43～301.00 g,平均体质量为53.95 g,雌、雄生长系数b值分别为2.269 6和2.067 5,雌性比雄性生长速度更快,并存在个体小型化持续的趋势。主成分分析表明各形态参数比的差异可简化为2个主成分,第1主成分主要解释了各腕长、鳍宽的差异;第2主成分主要解释了鳍长的差异,因子荷载可视化雌雄在第2主成分具有明显偏离态势。各腕指标及鳍长、鳍宽与胴长关系以线性函数拟合最佳,协方差分析表明雌性与雄性个体之间存在显著差异(p0.05)。研究结果可为中国枪乌贼渔业生物学积累基础资料,加深对该资源种群组成及变动的了解,从而为实现资源的可持续利用和科学管理提供依据。     

西北印度洋鸢乌贼内壳形态特性研究

为探究西北印度洋鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)内壳的形态特性,利用2019年9—11月中国灯光罩网作业在西北印度洋海域采集的594尾鸢乌贼样本,通过内壳结构研究生长特性及不同性别间生长差异。主成分分析表明,内壳长(gladius length, GL)、翼长(vanes length, VL)、尾锥长(cones length, CL)、尾锥宽(greatest width of cones, GWC)和叶轴最大宽度(greatest width of proostracum, GWP)可作为描述西北印度洋鸢乌贼内壳外形变化的特征参数。协方差分析表明,除VL外所有特征参数与胴长(mantel length, ML)的生长关系均存在性别间显著性差异;所有特征参数与体重(body weight, BW)的生长关系也均存在性别间显著性差异。根据方程拟合与AIC(Akaike''s Information Criterion)比较,内壳的参数与胴长和体重均具有显著相关性,可以用线性函数、幂函数、对数函数等表示。由于内壳参数测量相对于胴长测量误差小更准确,因此内壳参数可用于鸢乌贼生物学特性的研究。对比不同头足类内壳结构与胴体的函数关系的差异,可用内壳参数作为种群划分的参考,也为利用内壳结构研究鸢乌贼渔业生物学及资源评估提供了参考依据。     

长牡蛎四种壳色选育系壳色性状的量化分析

壳色是长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)重要的可遗传经济性状,对壳色进行量化分析可为长牡蛎壳色判定提供有效方法。本研究运用国际照明委员会(CIE)L*a*b*颜色模型评估了黑壳、紫壳、白壳和金壳4个长牡蛎选育群体以及1个普通养殖群体的贝壳颜色参数(L*、a*和b*)。对比壳色参数,结果显示,L*、a*、b*值的方差均小于普通养殖群体,表明经过继代选育,纯化的壳色已经得到较稳定的遗传。通过主成分分析,从3个参数中提取了2个主成分(PC1和PC2),分别解释了53.09%和38.89%变异,PC1解释大部分变异且PC1中参数a*负荷值最大,表明影响壳色不同的主要因素是参数a*。通过逐步判别法分析黑壳、紫壳、白壳和金壳长牡蛎群体,建立了4个判别方程,4种壳色综合判别准确率为96.05%,说明该判别方程在实际应用时参考价值较大。     

涪陵页岩气田焦石坝地区含气量定量预测技术

页岩含气量是页岩气勘探选区和储层评价的一项重要指标。目前,利用地震资料对页岩含气性评价多停留在定性预测阶段,定量化表征方法尚不成熟。从已钻井的实测含气量出发,利用横波测井资料,分析实测含气量与地球物理参数之间的关系,利用数理统计学的思想,优选出密度、纵波阻抗、纵横波速度比、λρ4个参数变量,建立了适合焦石坝页岩气田的含气量多元线性回归预测模型;通过叠前同时反演获得的密度、纵波阻抗等相关数据体,实现页岩含气量的定量预测,结果表明,预测的含气量与实钻结果吻合度较高,相对误差小,预测方法可靠;同时指出,焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组一亚段含气量较高,为有利开发层段。     

Formulation of reduction rate for ultimate compressive strength of stiffened panel induced by opening

The main objective of this study is to numerically investigate the characteristics of ultimate compressive strength of stiffened panels with opening and also to fit the design-oriented formulae. For this purpose, three series of well executed experimental data on longitudinally stiffened steel plates with and without opening subjected to the uniform axial in-pane load which is carried out to study the buckling and post-buckling up to the final failure are chosen. Also, a nonlinear finite element method capable of efficiently analyzing the large elasto-plastic deflection behavior of stiffened panels is developed and used for simulation. The feasibility of the present simulation process is confirmed by a good agreement with the experimental results. More case studies are developed employing the simulation process to analyze the influence of various design variables on the reduction rate of ultimate strength of stiffened panel induced by opening. Based on the computed results, two design formulae are fitted and the accuracy of design formulae is studied. Furthermore, the viability of the design formulae for practical engineering is proved.     

Analysis of stiffened shell for ships and ocean structures by finite element method

Static analysis of stiffened shells has been carried out using an eight-noded isoparametric element for the shell and a three-noded curved beam element for the stiffener. A same displacement function is used for the shell and the stiffener elements. A modified technique has been followed to analyse the shell, which is an improvement over the degenerated shell concept. The stiffness matrix of the curved beam element is generated irrespective of its position and orientation within the shell element. The stiffness matrix of the stiffener is then transferred to all the nodes of the shell element. Numerical examples of stiffened shells with concentric and eccentric stiffeners have been analysed and the results presented together with those available in published literature.     

基于实密度的卧式浪流轮机水槽实验研究分析

实密度是影响轮机获能特性的关键因素之一。文中以卧式轮机实密度为基变量,以其获能系数为主要考察点,对3种实密度卧式轮机进行水槽实验方案设计和水动力性能研究。实验分别对水流流速、轮机旋转角速度、主轴转矩以及功率进行测量,并对其对主轴的扭矩、轮机的获能系数以及叶片的旋转特性进行定量分析,最终证实了该卧式轮机的单一运行特性。通过绘制基于实密度的轮机转矩—转角曲线、获能系数—尖速比曲线和轮机功率—尖速比曲线,阐明了实密度影响卧式轮机获能水动力性能的规律,即其获能系数和发电功率都随着工况速比呈先增后降趋势。实密度较低轮机因浪流流失而获得能量小,但实密度过高轮机会导致叶片间湍流涌动,加速叶片失速特性而影响轮机获能。这为卧式浪流轮机结构优化提供了可靠依据和借鉴。     

海洋平台基于隔振锥体装置的减振效应研究

针对导管架式海洋平台结构型式与特点,利用冲击隔振理论,将冰锥体与隔振技术结合起来,提出一种能有效降低冰荷载激励的"两级柔性隔振锥体"设计方案。建立了两极隔振锥体简化计算模型,确定了系统振动传递系数参数之间的关系。通过建立海洋平台有限元模型,采用有限元程序,进行了模拟冰荷载激励下的振动响应分析,并对安装隔振装置的小比例模型结构进行了冲击荷载下的减振试验。结果表明采用"两级柔性隔振锥体"能有效降低传递给海洋平台的冰力极值,减小海洋平台冰激励的响应。     

Ultimate Strength of Ship Plating under Axial Compression

The failure of a ship hull girder is governed by buckling and plastic collapse of the deck, bottom and side shell steel stiffened plates. The stiffened steel plating in ships is generally subjected to both in-plane and out-of-plane loading and is more important to understand the characteristics of these panels under buckling. Tests are reported on the collapse load of stiffened plates with and without cutout and with reinforced cutout under uniaxial compression. A generalized computer program for the semi-analytical solutions proposed by various investigators based on strut approach and orthotropic plate approach, and a finite element analysis program based on orthotropic plate approach are developed. The panels are also analysed using the finite element analysis software ANSYS. An approximate method based on strut approach is proposed to calculate the collapse load of stiffened plates with cutouts and initial imperfections. The reduction in strength of the panels due to the presence of square cutout, rectangular cutout and increase in strength due to reinforcement around rectangular cutout are calculated based on the test results. Comparisons are made between the test results and predictions based on semi-analytical solutions and finite element analyses, and the uncertainty parameters calculated are discussed. Based on this study it is concluded that the cutout can be reinforced with a maximum increase in strength up to 19% for plate initiated failures.     

耐压柱壳参数化设计与灵敏度分析

为提高耐压柱壳设计效率,设计了耐压柱壳参数化分析流程。研究了有限元分析所涉及的材料属性、载荷施加、边界条件设置等内容,确定了采用弧长法分析耐压柱壳稳定性。利用Python语言对于ABAQUS软件进行了二次开发,利用Isight软件实现了ABAQUS的集成,实现了耐压柱壳有限元分析模型的网格自动划分、自动分析计算等。选择样本点进行参数化分析,利用响应面模型对于样本点进行了拟合,得到了具有较高拟合精度、满足工程需要的近似模型,进行了设计变量的灵敏度分析。研究结果表明:参数化分析流程可实现耐压柱壳的自动分析、近似模型及灵敏度分析,可降低耐压柱壳分析难度,均可提高耐压柱壳设计效率。     

Vibration and Acoustic Radiation from Orthogonally Stiffened Infinite Circular Cylindrical Shells in Water

Based on the motion differential equations of vibration and acoustic coupling system for thin elastic shells with ribs, by means of the Fourier integral transformation and the Fourier inverse transformation, as well as the stationary phase method, an analytic solution, which has satisfying computational effectiveness and precision, is derived for the solution to the vibration and acouslic radiation from a submerged stiffened infinite circular cylinder with both ring and axial ribs. It is easy to analyze the effect of stiffening supports in the acoustic radiation field by use of the formulas obtained by the pre-sented method and corresponding numerical computation. It is shown that the axial-stiffeners can improve the mechanical and acoustical characteristics. Moreover, the present method can be used to study the acoustic radiation mechanism of the type of structure.     

各向均匀外压力作用下环肋圆柱壳的稳定特性

各向均匀外压力作用下的环肋圆柱壳，在总稳定方面会出现异常特性，例如，其稳定性不能正常地随其刚度的增加而增大。本文根据环肋圆柱壳在三种外力状态下（仅受轴向均匀外压，仅受横向均匀外压和各向均匀外压），总稳定性随几何参数变化的规律，从理论上详细说明了异常特性的实质是仅受轴向外压的特性，最后用模型实验结果证明理论分析与研究的正确性。     

On the effective breadth of stiffened platings

A stiffened plate is one of the principal structural components of the hull. During the design phase it is useful to study this structure considering it as a system consisting of monodimensional elements. Therefore, it is appropriate to identify the plate breadth that collaborates with the stiffener in the simplified calculation.The aim of this work is to investigate the effective breadth, regarding both stiffness and strength. The analysis is performed comparing various numerical solutions supplied by a finite-element program with solutions based on the beam theory. Analytic expressions and graphs, derived from the results of the parametric investigation, are proposed to design this kind of structure.     

Design sensitivity analysis for vertical free vibration of hull girder

This paper presents a calculation method of derivatives of natural frequencies and mode shapes to parameters affecting vertical hull girder vibration based on design sensitivity analysis. The method premises free vibration analysis of hull girder using the transfer matrix method. Governing sensitivity equation is derived from the direct differentiation of state vector and transfer matrix to design variables. Derivatives of natural frequencies and mode shapes are determined after two trial calculations of the equation. By using the obtained derivatives, the changes of natural frequencies can be rationally and efficiently predicted in case of ship design modification and loading variation.