太平洋海山铁锰结壳矿床地质特征

在总结大量资料及对麦哲伦海山和中太平洋海山冈区铁锰结壳研究的基础上,阐述了海山铁锰壳类型、下伏基岩特征、元素组成变化及其成矿特征。     

中太平洋海山富钴结壳与基岩关系的研究

对我国首次取得的中太平洋海山基岩和富钴结壳样品的结构构造、矿物和化学组成特征的研究表明,该区主要基岩类型为碱性玄武岩、磷块岩、磷酸盐化碳酸盐岩和燧石等,碱性玄武岩分布最广,并均有不同程度的风化.观察表明,富钴结壳的载体可以是各种岩性的基岩.玄武岩、风化火山岩和磷块岩上的结壳厚度比燧石的大,有较高的经济价值,是选矿冶炼的主要对象.对于调查区内富钴结壳形态总体上可分为三种类型:板状、砾状和结核状结壳.从以下四个方面探讨结壳与基岩之间的关系:(1)海水、基岩和结壳中主要金属元素含量特点;(2)通过聚类分析方法探讨结壳与基岩之间的亲疏程度;(3)结壳的分布特征;(4)不同基岩类型对结壳生长的影响.分析结果表明,调查区内的火山岩及磷块岩对结壳形成的贡献大(比其他类型岩石).     

火山岩浆活动与富钴结壳成矿间的关系——以中太平洋海山群和麦哲伦海山链所在的中西太平洋区为例

以中西太平洋的麦哲伦海山链和中太平洋海山群为例,从研究区的区域地质背景出发,概括了研究区富钴结壳的分布规律,简单的讨论了火山岩浆活动与富钴结壳成矿间的关系,认为中西太平洋海山上富钴结壳的分布与形成其赋存海山的火山岩浆活动及其后续的岩浆活动改造作用有关。     

麦哲伦海山区MA、MC、MD、ME、MF海山结壳基岩的岩石学

麦哲伦海山区MA、MC、MD、ME、MF海山的结壳基岩类型主要有玄武岩、火山碎屑岩，其次为灰岩和磷块岩。玄武岩为蚀变玄武岩、橄榄玄武岩等，造岩矿物斜长石的成份多为拉长石和中长石，辉石多为普通辉石，橄榄石多已伊西石化。玄武岩的硅酸盐全分析表明，其P2O5含量普遍偏高，超出了玄武岩正常值范围；玄武岩的稀土分配模式与洋岛碱性玄武岩类型基本相似，但出现一定程度的Ce负异常，这是由于玄武岩中混有磷酸盐矿矿物的结果，经过成分校正后，化学成分分类上属碱性系列的碱性玄武岩。火山碎屑主要为玄武质火山碎屑岩，其中玄武质碎屑的矿成分及结构特征与玄武岩相似，玄武质火山碎屑岩的稀土分配模式与玄武岩的稀土分布模式基本相似，推测其与玄武岩为同一期火山喷发的产物。灰岩包括生物屑微晶灰岩、微晶生物屑灰岩等，多数灰岩具有不均匀的磷酸盐化现象，成为磷块岩。另一种类型的磷块岩，是由磷酸盐矿物交火山碎屑岩形成。磷块岩的稀土元素特征表现为稀土总量较高，Ce呈明显负异常。灰岩和火山碎屑岩的磷酸盐化作用对稀土元素的富集及Ce的亏损起了重要作用。     

中太平洋海山区富钴结壳构造与地球化学特征及意义

为了释读蕴藏在富钴结壳中的环境变化信息,运用电子探针技术对中太平洋海山CXD05结壳进行了详细的构造和地球化学研究.结果表明:1)CXD05结壳约从19.4 Ma BP(早中新世)开始发育,从基部至顶部依次发育了斑杂构造、柱状构造和纹层构造;2)结壳中亲氧元素和碎屑组分从老至新发生规律性变化.结壳构造序列反映了其生长过程中海洋动力环境能量由高到低的变化;而壳层亲氧元素和碎屑组分的变化则记录了海水的氧化程度和风尘影响强度的变化.     

磷酸盐化对莱恩海山链MP2海山结壳Co富集的影响

利用电子探针对中太平洋莱恩海山链MP2海山典型富钴结壳样品的剖面分别进行壳层、碎屑矿物和自生矿物主元素原位分析.通过对壳层(主要的成矿金属元素、脉石元素)、碎屑矿物和自生矿物中的Si,Al,Ca和P等元素质量分数的研究,探讨磷酸盐化作用对MP2海山富钴结壳中Co元素富集的影响.发现结壳第Ⅱ层未磷酸盐化壳层存在贫钴壳层,...     

浅论富钴结壳柱状构造的成因机制

柱状构造为富钴结壳中多种微观构造类型之一。为探讨富钴结壳柱状构造的形成机制,利用高分辨率电子探针技术分析了位于中太平洋某海山的富钴结壳中柱状构造的微观形态和微区元素化学特征,结果表明,柱状构造是由围绕核心的微层呈弓形外延辐射生长逐渐分枝而成。壳层由亮色、暗色微层交替叠置而成,其中亮色微层富锰、钴、镍和氧,而暗色微层富铁和硅;同一微层各部分的生长速率不同,介于0.27~0.92 mm/Ma。柱状构造壳层亮色、暗色微层交替变化以及相应成分的不同是微观氧化还原环境变化的结果,而柱状构造的分枝和同一微层生长速率的差异则与富钴结壳生长界面有界面双电层有关。     

西太平洋富钴结壳矿物学和地球化学特征——以麦哲伦海山和马尔库斯-威克海山富钴结壳为例

本文对分别取自西太平洋麦哲伦海山和马尔库斯-威克海山的两块富钴结壳进行了系统的矿物学和地球化学特征的研究,运用XRD、ICP-AES(MS)等测试技术分析了结壳的矿物物相组成、主微量元素和稀土元素的组成和赋存相态,并在此基础上探讨了结壳的成因类型及成矿物质来源。研究表明,结壳主要由锰、铁相矿物组成,其中锰相矿物主要为水羟锰矿,含少量钡镁锰矿及钠水锰矿,铁相矿物为针铁矿及隐晶质-非晶质相;两结壳样品的Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Ni平均值与中太平洋及西北太平洋富钴结壳相比基本相当,分别是20.08%和19.01%、16.28%和16.52、0.68%和0.64%、0.15%和0.09%、0.34%和0.39%,但Mn/Fe比值均偏低;∑REE平均值分别为2 182.89×10-6和1 367.29×10-6,其中,麦哲伦海山结壳的稀土元素平均值明显比中太平洋及西北太平洋结壳高,而马尔库斯-威克海山结壳则略低;LREE/HREE平均值分别为10.14和7.67,均富集轻稀土,同时具有不同程度的Ce,Gd,Ho正异常和Y的负异常。相态分析结果显示,样品中Mn、Ni、Ba、Co、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ti、REE等元素主要赋存在锰相中,Fe、Al、Pb等元素则主要赋存在非晶质和结晶质铁相中;两结壳样品均属于水成成因,未受明显成岩作用和磷酸盐化作用的影响。     

大洋富钴结壳的高频声波模拟测试研究

针对"蛟龙"载人潜水器深海探测中利用超声波对富钴结壳进行原位探测的问题,在实验室模拟不同地区的富钴结壳与各类型基岩,使用2.25 MHz超声波探头发射的的高频超声波信号对采用地质拖网采集的富钴结壳进行测量。首先,对不同海山的富钴结壳进行了声速的测量与回波强度的测试。然后,对富钴结壳样品的下伏基岩进行测试,通过数字示波器得到反射波形数据,并分析得到其回波强度,通过回波强度对富钴结壳下的基岩种类进行分类。实验结果表明,样品的下伏基岩蚀变玄武岩、碳酸盐沉积物、钙质远洋沉积与泥质块的反射波形不同,回波强度存在差异,高频声波能够有效地区分富钴结壳下基岩的种类,为载人潜水器的水下原位测厚提供了可能。     

中西太平洋海山形态类型与钴结壳资源分布关系

通过对中西太平洋海山形态剖面的山体高度、山顶直径、基底直径、山顶直径与基底直径之比、山体坡度、山体高度与基底直径比值六个参数多元统计分析,发现可以根据山体高度与基底直径的比值对海山形态类型进行分类:比值小于0.10的为平顶海山(Ⅰ类),大于0.10的为尖顶海山(Ⅱ类),对于等于0.10的海山需参考平坦度和山体坡度,平坦度大和山体坡度缓的为Ⅰ类,反之为Ⅱ类。西太平洋的麦哲伦海山区、马绍尔群岛基本以平顶海山为主,介于中西太平洋之间的威克—马尔库斯海山区和中太平洋海山区、莱恩群岛平顶海山与尖顶海山共同发育。对各种类型海山上钴结壳分布研究发现,无论是在尖顶海山还是在平顶海山,板状结壳均比较发育,但砾状结壳在平顶海山比在尖顶海山的发育。中太平洋尖顶海山的结壳比平顶海山的发育,但由于山顶面积小,钴结壳资源量不大。仅从平顶海山看,在麦哲伦海山区、威克—马尔库斯海山区板状结壳比中太平洋海山区、马绍尔群岛、莱恩群岛的板状结壳发育,前者的板状结壳平均厚度大于3 cm,后者的板状结壳平均厚度小于3 cm,总体上是西太平洋平顶海山钴结壳比中太平洋平顶海山的发育。两种类型海山各方向上的资源分布明显不同,在平顶海山的西部山坡的资源比东部山坡的丰富,尖顶海山的则刚好相反。     

麦哲伦海山区MA、MC海山玄武岩基岩的岩石学特征

麦哲伦海山区MA、MC海山玄武岩基岩的岩石学特征研究表明,岩性为蚀变玄武岩、橄榄玄武岩等;结构为基质具间隐、间往结构及拉斑玄武结构的斑状结构;矿物组成为斜长石、橄榄石、辉石及脱玻化玻璃等。按岩石化学成分分类属碱性玄武岩,而稀土分配模式属洋岛碱性玄武岩类型。     

热带西太平洋Y3和M2海山微食物网主要类群生态分布与比较

2014年12月和2016年3月分别对热带西太平洋Y3海山(中层海山)和M2海山(浅海山)微食物网主要类群(包括聚球藻、原绿球藻、微微型真核浮游生物、异养细菌和浮游纤毛虫)丰度和生物量垂直分布进行了研究。结果表明,Y3和M2海山水文环境比较相似但略有区别,叶绿素最大值层(DCM)分别在75—100m和110m水层,微食物网各主要类群在垂直尺度上的分布与叶绿素a浓度紧密相关。其中浮游纤毛虫呈现"双峰型"模式,即丰度高值出现在表层和DCM层;原绿球藻和微微型真核浮游生物呈现"单峰型"模式,丰度高值出现在DCM层;聚球藻和异养细菌峰型相对不显著,DCM层以浅丰度较高,DCM层以深丰度明显降低。分析其原因,可能是受到温度、光照和营养盐的共同影响。Y3和M2海山微食物网结构的垂直变化不完全一致。其中,Y3海山30m以浅和150m以深异养细菌生物量占绝对优势,75—100m水层自养型生物(原绿球藻和微微型真核浮游生物)占绝对优势;M2海山75m以浅和200m以深异养细菌占绝对优势,110—150m自养型生物占绝对优势。M2海山自养型生物占优势的水层要明显深于Y3海山,可能与它们的海山类型和采样季节不同有关。     

中太平洋海山区尖顶和平顶海山结壳成矿与分布的比对研究

尖顶海山和平顶海山是洋底海山的两种类型,同时也是富钴结壳资源赖以成长的主要载体,两者在地形上具有显著差别,资源状况和分布也不尽一致。以地形分类为基础,就中太平洋海山区两类海山结壳的成矿特征、宏微观构造、矿物和化学组成以及空间分布等进行了比对研究。研究认为,尖顶海山体积虽小,但地形演化连续,底层流及环境氧化性较强,有利于结壳的长期稳定生长,结壳厚度总体较大,富成矿元素和生物组分,远景成矿区域连续绵长。平顶海山山体巨大,顶部和斜坡陡崖区不利于结壳成长,底流活动只在山顶边缘和山脊地带表现突出,环境氧化性整体较弱,后期构造活动相对频繁,结壳总体厚度较小,铁,碎屑和热液组分含量较高,远景矿区相对狭窄。     

Seamounts an additional tool to confirm the nature of the crust and to locate possible mineral resources for dredging

Study of bathymetric data for the distal Bengal Fan reveals the presence of positive topographic features resembling seamounts. These features exhibit a relief of about 800 m above the surrounding seafloor at 4,400 m and are associated with large‐amplitude magnetic and gravity anomalies. Magnetic model studies suggest that one of the seamounts evolved along with the oceanic crust represented by the magnetic isochron A32 (～ 72 My), while the other seamount was emplaced over the Cretaceous Quiet Zone Crust with reversed polarity. The seamounts studied provide an environment for possible locations of polymetallic encrustations. Morphology of the seamounts depends on several factors, including physical and chemical composition of the magma, eruption style, sediment thickness, maturity of underlying crust, and time of origin. Studying the seamounts together with integrated geophysical and physical data gave useful indications of their evolution and the existence of possible mineral deposits.     

麦哲伦海山区MD、ME、MF海山富钴结壳特征

麦哲化海山区MD、ME、MF海山具有三层构造的结壳特征，研究表明，结壳可分为上部较致密层、中部疏松层、下部致密层。致密层构造单一，含很少脉石矿物；疏松层构造杂乱，含有大量脉石矿物；较致密层介于两者之间，壳层矿物有锰相矿物（主要为水羟锰矿）、铁相矿物和次要矿物（粘土矿物、钙十字沸石、石英、方解石、磷灰石等）。不同壳层地球化学特征具有明显差异性，Ce异常表明在结壳从下层到上层的生长过程中，环境的氧化性逐渐减弱，结壳^10Be测年结果表明，疏松层的生长速率最大，其次为致密层，较致密层的生长速率最小。推测区的最老的结壳的生长年代为中新世晚期，在4Ma以前，区内水动力条件很弱，氧化性较强；4－3．1MaBP水动力条件较强，氧化性较弱；2．6MaBP以来，水动力条件为强－弱波动期，氧化性较弱。     

Physical characterisation and a biologically focused classification of “seamounts” in the New Zealand region

The physical, biological, and oceano‐graphic characteristics of seamounts of the New Zealand region of the South Pacific Ocean are poorly known. The aim of this study was to present a synopsis of the physical characteristics of seamounts within the region, and to present a preliminary classification using biologically meaningful variables. Data for up to 16 environmental variables were collated and used to describe the distribution and characteristics of the c. 800 known seamounts in the New Zealand region. Seamounts span a wide range of sizes, depths, elevation, geological associations and origins, and occur over the latitudinal range of the region, lying in different water masses of varying productivity, and both near shore and off shore. As such, it was difficult to generally describe New Zealand seamounts, as there is no “typical” feature. Thirteen environmental variables were included in a multivariate cluster analysis to identify 12 seamount similarity groupings, for a subset of over half the known seamounts. The groupings generally displayed an appreciable geographic distribution throughout the region, and were largely characterised by a combination of four variables (depth at peak, depth at base, elevation, and distance from continental shelf). In the future, the findings of the present study can be tested to determine the validity and usefulness of the approach for directing future biodiversity research and informing management of seamount habitat.     

Seamount detection and size estimation using filtered geosat altimetry data

Local changes in the marine geoid (<100 nm in size) correspond well with bathymetric features such as seamounts. Thus the marine geoid height may be used to verify existing features, predict the bathymetry of unsurveyed areas, and fill gaps in existing data. The application of matching high‐pass filters to both the geoid and bathymetry data of an area allows the regional trends to be removed so that only the features remain. Filter values that begin to pass data with wavelengths less than 125 miles and all data with wave lengths less than 70 miles were selected. The high‐frequency variations of the geoid can then be correlated to the bathymetry and a scaling factor between the two calculated. The highest correlations (.81) were achieved using a cut‐off value for the filtered geoid data. A gridded synthetic bathymetry file was created by scaling the filtered geoid to the filtered bathymetry and adding the low pass background bathymetry. The gridded historical bathymetry could then be subtracted from the synthetic bathymetry in an automated method to display probable new features. A final selection of 458 previously unreported major features was then made.     

Abundant seamounts of the Rano Rahi seamount field near the Southern East Pacific Rise, 15° S to 19° S

A widespread seamount province, the Rano Rahi Field, is located near the superfast spreading Southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) between 15°–19° S. Particularly abundant volcanic edifices are found on Pacific Plate aged 0 to 6.5 Ma between 17°–19° S, an area greater than 100,000 km². The numbers of seamounts and their volume are several times greater than those of a comparablysurveyed area near the Northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR), 8°–17° N. Most of the Rano Rahi seamounts belong to chains, which vary in length from 25 km to >240 km and which are very nearly collinear with the Pacific absolute and relative plate motion directions. Bends of 10°–15° occur along a few of the chains, and some adjacent chains converge or diverge slightly. Many seamount chains have fluctuations in volume along their length, and statistical tests suggest that some adjacent chains trade-off in volume. Several seamount chains split into two lines of volcanoes approaching the axis. In general, seamount chains composed of individual circular volcanoes are found near the axis; the chains consist of variably-overlapping edifices in the central part of the survey; to the west, volcanic ridges predominate. Near the SEPR, the volume of nearaxis seamount edifices is generally reduced near areas of deflated cross-sectional area of the axial ridge. Fresh lava flows, as imaged by sidescan sonar and sampled by dredging, exist around some seamounts throughout the entire survey area, in sharp contrast to the absence of fresh flows beyond 30 km from the NEPR. Also, the increases in seamount abundance and volume extend to much greater crustal ages than near the NEPR. Seamount magnetization analysis is also consistent with this wider zone of seamount growth, and it demonstrates the asynchronous formation of most of the seamount chains and volcanic ridges. The variety of observations of the SEPR seamounts suggests that a number of factors and mechanisms might bring about their formation, including the mantle upwelling associated with superfast spreading, off-axis mantle heterogeneities, miniplumes and local upwelling, and the vulnerability of the lithosphere to penetration by volumes of magma. In particular, we note the association of extensive, recent volcanism with intermediate wavelength gravity lineaments lows on crust aged 6 Ma. This suggests that the lineaments and some of the seamounts share a common cause which may be related to ridge-perpendicular asthenospheric convection and/or some manner of extension in the lithosphere.     

海山微生物多样性研究进展

随着深海海山区域生物多样性的发现,人们越来越关注深海微生物的研究。海山山脉火山活跃部分具有非常广泛的特殊微生物栖息环境,因此成为人们研究海山微生物多样性的热点。但从现有报道来看,我们对海山微生物的了解还很少。作者主要针对海山、尤其是西太平洋深海海山的类型及其微生物群落(包括对铁、硫循环起指示作用的特殊群落)的研究进展进行综述。在这些研究中,通过基于SSU rDNA克隆测序、T-RFLP、系统发育比较等培养与非培养分析手段发现,西太平洋深海火山活跃海山周围具有比较高的环境多样性与特殊微生物类群多样性,其中ζ变形菌纲(ζ-proteobacteria)和/或ε变形菌纲(ε-proteobacteria)微生物是最普遍的类别。这些研究对于进一步开展其他海山的地质形成过程及微生物栖息环境与类群研究具有较大的指导意义。     

A map series of the Southern East Pacific Rise and its flanks, 15° S to 19° S

Four large-scale bathymetric maps of the Southern East Pacific Rise and its flanks between 15° S and 19° S display many of the unique features of this superfast spreading environment including abundant seamounts (the Rano Rahi Field), axial discontinuities, discontinuity migration, and abyssal hill variation. Along with a summary of the regional geology, these maps will provide a valuable reference for other sea-going programs on-and off-axis in this area, including the Mantle ELectromagnetic and Tomography (MELT) experiment.