舟山市酸雨气象特征以及对农业影响分析

本文利用舟山市2004～2006年的定海测站酸雨观测资料.通过分析酸雨月、季、年变率,进一步揭示了影响舟山市酸雨的基本特征,分析表明海岛酸雨强度(PH值)与天气系统,降水量、风、雾等气象条件之间有密切关系.文中亦讨论了酸雨对农业生产的影响.     

泰山酸雨特征及影响因素分析

利用2006—2015年泰山气象站的降水pH、电导率、降水量和风向风速资料,统计分析了泰山酸雨特征和变化趋势,探讨了降水量和风向风速对酸雨的影响。结果表明,泰山降水年均pH变化范围为4. 31～4. 99,酸雨发生频率达到69. 3%; pH随降水量的增加而趋于5. 60(中性); 5月至次年1月的月均pH与月平均过程降水量的变化趋势一致;月均电导率与月平均过程降水量的变化趋势相反。泰山降水期间盛行西南风,在南风和东北风条件下,酸雨出现频率最高且酸性最强,这主要是风速风向因素和人为排放源分布共同导致的。近10 a泰山降水酸性程度有所减弱,酸雨频率明显下降,表明近年来酸雨污染情况有所改善,有利于保护泰山生态环境。     

福建省酸雨形势与污染损耗及其控制对策

本文介绍了福建省近年来的酸雨形势，分析其特征与成因，并对其酸雨污染的影响与损耗进行评估，提出解决福建省酸雨问题的对策措施．     

福建省酸雨及其天气系统的统计分析

本文以福州、邵武及厦门三个主要气象酸雨观测站为代表,通过对1992年1月～2000年12月各场降水的pH值观测资料与对应地面和850hPa天气形势进行分析,以期得到酸雨与天气背景间的统计关系.     

酸雨是沿海污染的主要原因

美国科学家说,目前的防污染法规只注重防止化肥、污水排放和地面水源中所含的氮,却不重视预防和消除雨水中所含的氮造成的污染。研究人员对采自200多个地点的雨水样品的分析表明,沿海的主要污染源是酸雨而不是地面水源。     

酸雨对湖,河水生生态系的危害

酸雨是当代人类注瞩的重要环境公害之一。它主要是由于工业生产和燃烧排放的二氧化硫及氮氧化物,在大气和水滴中,经一系列物理化学过程转化为硫酸、硝酸和有机酸所造成的。它的危害是多方面的。科学家特别注意它对森林、农作物和水生生态系的影响。本文拟讨论酸雨对淡水水生态系一些主要环节的影响。酸雨活动不仅降低淡水的pH值,促成一系列的水化学变化,而且扰乱水生生态系统,使生物种群正常结构产生畸变。其影响有短期的,也有长期的。这些问题对淡水资源和水产增养殖有不容忽视的后果。     

细菌有可能用来解决酸雨问题

深海火山处的细菌具有把硫化氢和二氧化碳转化为有机物质和硫酸盐的能力。这可能为工业国家面临的酸雨问题最终提供一个有益的解决途径。美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究听的两位科学家Holger Jannasch和Craig Taylor,正在研究利用化能合成菌把工业废物硫化氢转化为元素硫,再转化为硫酸盐稀释到海洋中去。在海洋中硫酸盐是无害的。 低价硫的化合物被排放到大气中后,以酸雨的形式返回地面。这会对湖泊和河流环境造成危害。把低价硫的化合物直接排放到地表水中也会产生相同的危害。但是,硫酸盐或硫进入海洋后,它们的不利影响     

回填贝壳砂耐久性试验研究

介绍了对我国浅海大量存在的贝壳砂进行化学性质和耐久性试验研究结果,从贝壳在酸雨中质量损失、溶蚀对贝壳成分和形态的影响及溶蚀对贝壳砂工程特性的影响三方面研究了贝壳砂的化学性质和耐久性,发现酸雨对贝壳有一定的溶蚀作用,在贝壳表面形成溶蚀凹坑,但是溶蚀作用缓慢,质量损失很小,酸雨溶蚀和海水溶出后的贝壳砂工程特性与未溶蚀的贝壳砂的工程特性相近,因而贝壳砂可用作海洋工程或港口工程回填砂。     

源解析受体模型在伶仃洋沉积物重金属污染研究中的应用

源解析受体模型是在大气气溶胶粒子来源及酸雨成因研究中建立与发展起来的。首次将该模型移植到水环境的沉积物重金属污染研究中，经验证处理后，解析了伶仃洋沉积物中重金属的地理区域源，并定量计算了这些区域源对特征污染元素的贡献率。     

源解析受体模型在伶仃洋沉积物重金属污染研究中的应用

源解析受体模型是在大气气溶胶粒子来源及酸雨成因研究中建立与发展起来的。首次将该模型移植到水环境的沉积物重金属污染研究中，经验证处理后，解析了伶仃洋沉积物中重金属的地球区域源，并定量计算了这些区域源对特征污染元素的贡献率。     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

Reductions in TBT concentrations in UK estuaries following legislation in 1986 and 1987

In 1986 the Government of the United Kingdom (UK) introduced legislation to control the sale of tribytltin (TBT)-based paints. From 1986 to 1989 monitoring was undertaken, whereby samples of water, sediment, oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) were collected from six estuaries and water samples from five marinas/harbours, and analysed for TBT. In 1989 the concentrations of TBT in water, oysters and mussels were generally only one-third to one-quarter of those observed in 1986. The most marked decrease in concentrations of TBT in oysters and mussels occurred in 1987–1988, following the 1987 ban on the use of TBT-based paints on small boats and mariculture equipment. As the concentrations of TBT in oyster tissues had decreased there has been improvement in oyster growth in terms of both meat production and growth of thin (i.e. normally shaped) shells. Oysters with a normal shell shape can now be grown in five of the six estuaries which were monitored. In contrast to the reduction in concentrations of TBT noted in water and bivalves, changes in concentrations of TBT in sediments showed no clear trend from 1986 to 1989.     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

海水黄色物质研究进展

叙述了海水黄色物质的研究历史、研究动态和研究方法,并且指出黄色物质荧光性质研究的重要性.海水中黄色物质在海洋生态系统、光学遥感和海洋碳循环等方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来，在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步，做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展，概述了取得的主要科研成果，分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战，并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。     

Changes in the nutrient ratios and phytoplankton community after declines in nutrient concentrations in a semi-enclosed bay in Hong Kong

Tolo Harbour is a landlocked bay with poor tidal flushings in the northeastern part of Hong Kong. During the 1980s, excessive nutrient loading led to dramatic increase in nutrient concentrations, accompanied by lower N:P ratios, higher algal biomass and shifts in the phytoplankton community. We studied the effects of nutrient loading reduction measures on nutrient concentrations, nutrient ratios and phytoplankton dynamics in Tolo Harbour by comparing data collected before the full implementation of nutrient loading reduction measures (1986-1997) to those after the implementation (1998-2008). Such measures led to declines in nutrient concentrations, changes in N:P and N:Si ratios, lower chlorophyll-a concentrations and fewer algal blooms. Diatoms were the most abundant phytoplankton group in Tolo Harbour both before and after declines in nutrient concentrations. The density of dinoflagellates did not change, but substantial increase in other algal group abundance was recorded.     

九龙江口红树林区底栖动物体内的多环芳烃

2001年8月和11月在九龙江口红树林区采集了6种底栖动物,测定了它们体内16种多环芳烃的含量.紫游螺(Neritina [Dostia] violacea)、黑口滨螺(Littoraria melanostoma)、可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)、弹涂鱼(Periophthalmus cantonensis)、查加拟蟹守螺(Cerithideadj adjariensis)、孔虾虎鱼(Trypauchen vagina)对沉积物中多环芳烃的富集系数均小于1.弹涂鱼和黑口滨螺体内多环芳烃的含量有随沉积物中多环芳烃含量的增加而增加的趋势,但它们的富集系数却有随沉积物中多环芳烃含量增加而减少的趋势.弹涂鱼、黑口滨螺、查加拟蟹守螺和可口革囊星虫体内多环芳烃主要由二环多环芳烃组成,紫游螺和孔虾虎鱼体内分别是四环和五环多环芳烃比例最高.