渤海COD与石油烃环境容量计算

总结评述海洋环境容量计算的3类方法,分析了它们的适用条件和不足之处,并对最优化法加以改进计算了渤海的环境容量。然后用HAMSOM模式模拟了渤海的流场,用SPM模式模拟了渤海的浓度场,计算了渤海的COD和石油烃环境容量。渤海在Ⅰ~Ⅳ类海水水质标准下的COD环境容量分别为36.59×104t/a,54.88×104t/a,73.13×104t/a和91.45×104t/a;在Ⅰ~Ⅳ类海水水质标准下的石油烃环境容量分别为2.82×104t/a,16.86×104t/a和28.17×104t/a。     

象山港溶解无机氮环境容量研究

综合考虑凫溪、颜公河、郭巨大碶等10个陆源污染物入海口的影响,建立了象山港三维水质模型并对该海域溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN)时空分布进行了数值模拟。结合象山港海域功能区划要求,通过调整各入海口DIN最低排海浓度(Rmin)的取值范围设置了四类情境,基于排海通量最优化法计算了对应情境下象山港DIN的环境容量。结果表明,象山港DIN环境容量随Rmin的增大而减小,其范围介于127.16~274.17 t/a;同时Rmin的增大也导致各入海口DIN排海通量需要削减,按削减优先程度,可将各入海口划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四级,入海口所处海域水体半交换时间越长、DIN年排海通量越大,相应的削减优先程度越高。     

2001—2011年黄河口营养盐变化及入海通量估算

为更好地认识黄河向渤海的营养盐输送情况及其对渤海生态环境的影响,根据文献资料和实验室监测数据,讨论了黄河口淡水端4a间的营养盐浓度月际变化,并用月均浓度占年均浓度比例的方法对2001—2011年营养盐入海通量进行了估算。结果表明:黄河口DIN的月平均浓度变化范围为222.6～403.8μmol/L,NO3--N占DIN的比例约为94.3%,5月份浓度约为8月份的1.8倍。NH4+-N枯水期浓度约为丰水期的10倍。NO2--N浓度变化范围较大,约有1/4的月份超过7.14μmol/L。PO34--P普遍处于0.80μmol/L以下,秋、冬季高于春、夏季。SiO23--Si的月浓度基本在年均浓度上下浮动。2001—2011年黄河口DIN的年平均通量约为6.51×104 t/a,其中NO3--N约为5.76×104 t/a,NH4+-N约为0.80×104t/a,NO2--N约为0.108×104 t/a。PO34--P的年入海通量约为211.4t/a,SiO23--Si约为5.79×104 t/a。2005年以来DIN通量的下降幅度大于同期径流量的下降幅度,说明黄河向渤海输送的营养盐浓度呈现降低趋势。     

广西防城港湾水环境质量现状与石油烃环境容量的初步研究

环境容量是评估海域污染物最高容纳量的一个重要指标,污染物排放量控制指标的合理性取决于项目所在海域的环境容量的正确估算。本文首先根据近年来对防城港湾海水环境质量的现场调查资料,采用单因子指数法对防城港湾的水环境质量现状进行评价和分析,然后,通过模型和模拟对城港湾的水交换周期进行了计算,最后选取水质评价中出现超标的石油烃作为分析因子,采用改进的标准浓度法估算了防城港湾石油烃的环境容量。结果表明,防城港湾的水环境质量状况良好,石油烃环境容量在一、三、四类水质标准下分别为2023t/a、51334t/a、92896t/a。     

基于非线性规划的莱州湾营养盐环境容量计算

在前人研究的基础上提出了基于非线性规划的排海通量最优化法(简称非线性规划法),以进行海域内非保守物质环境容量计算,并选取莱州湾这个水动力较强、面积较大的半封闭海域进行模拟、计算。为更好地保护生态环境,对于氮(N)、磷(P)等非保守物质(以无机氮(DIN)、无机磷(DIP)为例进行分析),选取其月最高浓度场数据,依次计算出莱州湾海域每个月的营养盐响应系数场,并进一步使用非线性规划法求解出营养盐的月环境容量。最终计算结果显示,21世纪初莱州湾的营养盐环境容量为:在保持莱州湾DIP排放现状不变的前提下,其DIN年环境容量为21 843t/a,剩余年环境容量为-8 264t/a,需要减少点源DIN的排放量;而在保持莱州湾DIN排放现状不变的前提下,其DIP年环境容量为1 794t/a,剩余年环境容量达1 485t/a,可继续容纳部分DIP的排放。     

江苏滨海工业园区排污口海域 COD 环境容量

本文以江苏滨海沿海工业园尾水离岸排放区为例,在参考和借鉴国内外海洋水环境容量研究成果和实践的基础上,综合分析离岸排放的特点,建立了基于物理扩散的离岸排放区COD三维对流-扩散运输模型。根据海洋水环境现状,按半径2 km设定排污区,排污区外边界按照二类水质标准确定水质标准控制点,计算出该海域COD在一级排放标准80 mg/dm3的条件下,允许的尾水最大排放量为不超过12×104t/d,由此确定出该离岸排放区COD基准剩余环境容量为不超过9.6 t/d。     

El Ni?o事件对河流入海COD的调控机制

入海污染物在线监测是实现海洋污染总量控制和测管协同的关键手段之一。本文基于布设在福建省九龙江口的多参数浮标,获取2014?2018年浮标盐度和荧光溶解有机质(FDOM)数据,结合人工采样测定化学需氧量(COD)浓度,建立了河口区COD浓度的快速反演模型。使用有效浓度法外推得到河端COD浓度,结合流量数据估算了高频率的COD入海通量,利用通量分解模型定量分析了COD入海通量的调控因素。结果表明:(1) COD河端有效浓度的拟合值与实测值的偏差为(10.4±8.8)%,模型能够较好地反演九龙江口河端的COD浓度;(2)在季节尺度上,受2015?2016年超强El Ni?o事件影响,2016年旱季的异常降雨降低了河流COD浓度,但是径流量的增加仍然显著提高了该季节COD的入海通量;(3)在年际尺度上,2015?2016年El Ni?o事件所引起的异常降雨事件导致2016年九龙江COD入海通量为(4.4 ± 0.9)×104 t/a,显著高于2014年、2015年及2017年的3.0×104～3.2×104 t/a。上述研究结果表明,FDOM水质浮标在线监测系统,有助于实现对陆源COD入海通量及其调控因素的长期连续高频监测,可为海洋生态环境保护和管理提供重要技术支撑。     

大亚湾水环境质量变化与环境容量评估

2004～2008年期间,在大亚湾进行了春、夏季两航次水质的溶解氧（DO）、化学需氧量（COD）、活性磷酸盐（PO4-P）、无机氮（DIN）、石油类（oil）含量的监测,结果表明除溶解氧含量只是季节间变化外,其余均呈不断上升趋势,其中活性磷酸盐和无机氮含量升幅较明显,有超一类水质现象出现,且夏季水质普遍劣于春季.利用海湾内外水交换参数和这些年间污染物监测资料,估算以功能水质标准为控制目标的水环境容量,结果表明,大亚湾水质化学需氧量、无机氮仍有较大的环境容量,两者的环境容量分别为22 239 t/a和1 361 t/a;但活性磷酸盐和石油类环境容量偏小,两者的环境容量分别仅有19 t/a和23 t/a.     

九龙江口水体中1995年有机物的转移

1995年3个航次调查研究结果表明,九龙江口水体总有机物的含量受悬浮物含量控制。在S＜5的低盐度区,悬浮泥沙和有机物产生明显的絮凝沉降;在S＞5的广阔海域,它们的迁移接近于理想混合。估算得出九龙江河流的入海通量约：悬浮泥沙为9．8×105t／a;总COD为3．2×104t／a,其中溶解态COD为2.1×104t／a,约占2／3,为水体有机物的主要形态,如换算为溶解有机碳,则DOC的平均通量为3．2×104t／a。     

胶州湾营养盐环境容量计算

根据营养盐在多介质海洋环境，包括海水、浮游植物、浮游动物、悬浮颗粒和沉积物中分布动力学模型建立了胶州湾溶解无机氮（DIN）和磷酸盐（PO4-P）自净容量、环境容量和剩余环境容量的计算方法。结果表明，胶州湾营养盐自净容量夏季最大，冬季最小，春秋居中，这主要是海洋中物理、化学和生物自净过程共同作用的结果。胶州湾DIN剩余环境容量和PO4-P剩余环境容量在20世纪70年代末至80年代中期变化较小，相对一级海水水质标准下的环境容量还具有约60％的容纳能力。但自80年代中后期至90年代中后期，营养盐剩余环境容量迅速减小，其中至1997年DIN剩余环境容量已超过1级海水水质标准下环境容量的70％，而自90年代末开始DIN剩余环境容量又有所增加，而PO4-P剩余环境容量减小速度趋缓。胶州湾营养盐环境容量计算不仅可以深入了解海洋各种自净过程对特定海域容纳营养盐能力的作用，而且更为重要的是可以为排海营养盐总量控制方案的制定提供直接、科学和实用的理论基础和技术支撑。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.